Article(id=1240648784275886253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240648781595725960, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711641600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773723320310, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1727712000000, pubDateStr=2024-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773723320310, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773723320310, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773723320310, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240648781595725960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773723319672, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773824608750, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241073618831078097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240648781595725960, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241073618831078098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240648781595725960, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=137, endPage=141, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240648785014083769, articleId=1240648784275886253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Thermodynamic Analysis and Experimental Study for Removing Arsenic by Sulfuration from Waste Acidic Solution After Copper Electrolysis, columnId=1236276106727321817, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=METALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Thermodynamic analysis was conducted with HSC Chemistry 9.0 software for removing arsenic by sulfuration from waste acidic solution left after copper electrolysis, and it is found that H2S could effectively make asenous acid and arsenate in the high-concentrated sulfuric acid system precipitated by sulfuration. Based on the theoretical analysis results, an experiment on arsenic removal of waste acidic solution by sulfuration was carried out to investigate the effects of sulfurizing agent dosage and reaction time on the arsenic precipitation effect by sufuration. Results show that by 30 min-sulfuration with an addition of H2S at 0.87 times the theoretical amount, the arsenic content in waste acidic solution after precipitation process falls down to 10.68 mg/L from 6 777.52 mg/L, and the removal rates of arsenic, copper and antimony are 99.84%, 99.76% and 99.33%, respectively. The iron and nickel therein are hardly precipitated, and the mass fraction of arsenic and sulfur in the residue of the arsenic removal process are 43.21% and 44.68%, among which the arsenic in the form of arsenic sulfide is in a mass fraction of 42.33%, and S/As in the arsenic sulfide is in a ratio of 2.29. The finally obtained product is a mixture of As2S3 and As2S5. It is shown that the thermodynamic analysis results differ slightly from the experimental results, but are still of guiding reference for experiments and practice.

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运用HSC Chemistry 9.0热力学软件对铜电解黑酸硫化脱砷反应进行热力学分析,发现H2S可以实现对高浓度硫酸体系中亚砷酸和砷酸的硫化沉淀。根据理论分析结果进行黑酸硫化脱砷试验,考察了硫化剂用量、反应时间对硫化沉砷效果的影响。结果表明,在室温下,H2S用量为理论量的0.87倍、反应时间30 min条件下,经硫化沉淀后的黑酸含砷量从6 777.52 mg/L降至10.68 mg/L,黑酸中砷、铜、锑去除率分别为99.84%、99.76%、99.33%,铁镍几乎不沉淀,脱砷渣中砷和硫质量分数分别为43.21%和44.68%,其中硫化砷形态的硫质量分数为42.33%,硫化砷S/As物质的量比为2.29,产物为As2S3和As2S5等的混合物。热力学分析与试验结果略有出入,但其对试验和实践仍具有一定的指导作用。

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周兆安(1987—),男,浙江平阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事有色金属二次资源综合利用研究工作。E-mail:

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周兆安(1987—),男,浙江平阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事有色金属二次资源综合利用研究工作。E-mail:

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周兆安(1987—),男,浙江平阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事有色金属二次资源综合利用研究工作。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=E2fYdSN6ZIS6pky0VXlLmQ==, figureFileBig=qu1SX63hEtk/fqgrHuKRLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240648795038470820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648784275886253, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同硫化氢用量及不同温度下的元素平衡组成情况

(a)As平衡组成;(b)Sb平衡组成;(c)硫化沉淀物平衡组成

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(a)As的平衡物相组成及沉淀率;(b)硫化砷的物相组成

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(a)Sb的平衡物相组成及沉淀率;(b)其他元素的沉淀率

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(a)各元素沉淀率;(b)砷沉淀的线性拟合

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NiAs(Ⅴ)As(Ⅲ)CuFeSb
6 8305 956.23821.2969.6383.47102.37
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铜电解黑酸主要杂质含量(质量浓度)

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NiAs(Ⅴ)As(Ⅲ)CuFeSb
6 8305 956.23821.2969.6383.47102.37
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H2OH+ H3AsO4H3AsO3
413.8683.3783.370.880.12
Cu2+Fe2+Ni2+SbO+H2S
0.010.021.280.010~3.08
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模拟计算参数设定值

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H2OH+ H3AsO4H3AsO3
413.8683.3783.370.880.12
Cu2+Fe2+Ni2+SbO+H2S
0.010.021.280.010~3.08
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H2S用量(理论用量倍数)/倍沉淀后液中元素质量浓度/(mg·L-1
As(Ⅴ)As(Ⅲ)CuSb
0.222 938.292 909.6367.4787.43
0.441 084.442 871.5153.0779.72
0.65348.011 992.8348.2276.83
0.7653.70857.5239.0664.45
0.871.049.640.170.69
1.090.447.660.140.89
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不同硫化氢用量条件下硫化沉淀后液组成情况

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H2S用量(理论用量倍数)/倍沉淀后液中元素质量浓度/(mg·L-1
As(Ⅴ)As(Ⅲ)CuSb
0.222 938.292 909.6367.4787.43
0.441 084.442 871.5153.0779.72
0.65348.011 992.8348.2276.83
0.7653.70857.5239.0664.45
0.871.049.640.170.69
1.090.447.660.140.89
), ArticleFig(id=1240648797030765401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648784275886253, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
H2S用量(理论用量倍数)/倍硫化渣中元素质量分数/%S/As物质的量比y/x
总As总SAsxSy-SCuSbFeNi
0.2230.9554.3133.000.191.810.0204.112.50
0.4432.5944.1633.720.190.840.020.093.172.42
0.6541.9547.4140.790.230.790.040.052.652.28
0.7645.7147.7342.000.190.670.020.072.452.15
0.8743.2144.6842.330.471.100.020.022.422.29
1.0945.7745.8139.180.381.050.0202.342.00
), ArticleFig(id=1240648797139817315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648784275886253, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同硫化氢用量条件下硫化渣组成情况

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H2S用量(理论用量倍数)/倍硫化渣中元素质量分数/%S/As物质的量比y/x
总As总SAsxSy-SCuSbFeNi
0.2230.9554.3133.000.191.810.0204.112.50
0.4432.5944.1633.720.190.840.020.093.172.42
0.6541.9547.4140.790.230.790.040.052.652.28
0.7645.7147.7342.000.190.670.020.072.452.15
0.8743.2144.6842.330.471.100.020.022.422.29
1.0945.7745.8139.180.381.050.0202.342.00
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铜电解黑酸硫化脱砷热力学分析及试验研究
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周兆安 1, 2 , 李俊 1, 2 , 刘小文 1, 2 , 毛谙章 1, 2 , 周爱青 1, 2
矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2024,44(5): 137-141
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矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2024, 44(5): 137-141
铜电解黑酸硫化脱砷热力学分析及试验研究
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周兆安1, 2 , 李俊1, 2, 刘小文1, 2, 毛谙章1, 2, 周爱青1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.广东飞南资源利用股份有限公司,广东 肇庆 526233
  • 2.广东省工业固废含铜污泥资源综合利用工程技术研究中心,广东 肇庆 526233
  • 周兆安(1987—),男,浙江平阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事有色金属二次资源综合利用研究工作。E-mail:

Thermodynamic Analysis and Experimental Study for Removing Arsenic by Sulfuration from Waste Acidic Solution After Copper Electrolysis
Zhao'an ZHOU1, 2 , Jun LI1, 2, Xiaowen LIU1, 2, Anzhang MAO1, 2, Aiqing ZHOU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangdong Feinan Resources Recycling Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526233, Guangdong, China
  • 2.Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Copper-Containing Industrial Sludge, Zhaoqing 526233, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2024-10-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.028
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运用HSC Chemistry 9.0热力学软件对铜电解黑酸硫化脱砷反应进行热力学分析,发现H2S可以实现对高浓度硫酸体系中亚砷酸和砷酸的硫化沉淀。根据理论分析结果进行黑酸硫化脱砷试验,考察了硫化剂用量、反应时间对硫化沉砷效果的影响。结果表明,在室温下,H2S用量为理论量的0.87倍、反应时间30 min条件下,经硫化沉淀后的黑酸含砷量从6 777.52 mg/L降至10.68 mg/L,黑酸中砷、铜、锑去除率分别为99.84%、99.76%、99.33%,铁镍几乎不沉淀,脱砷渣中砷和硫质量分数分别为43.21%和44.68%,其中硫化砷形态的硫质量分数为42.33%,硫化砷S/As物质的量比为2.29,产物为As2S3和As2S5等的混合物。热力学分析与试验结果略有出入,但其对试验和实践仍具有一定的指导作用。

铜电解  /  黑酸  /  硫化沉淀  /  砷  /  热力学  /  脱砷  /  硫化砷

Thermodynamic analysis was conducted with HSC Chemistry 9.0 software for removing arsenic by sulfuration from waste acidic solution left after copper electrolysis, and it is found that H2S could effectively make asenous acid and arsenate in the high-concentrated sulfuric acid system precipitated by sulfuration. Based on the theoretical analysis results, an experiment on arsenic removal of waste acidic solution by sulfuration was carried out to investigate the effects of sulfurizing agent dosage and reaction time on the arsenic precipitation effect by sufuration. Results show that by 30 min-sulfuration with an addition of H2S at 0.87 times the theoretical amount, the arsenic content in waste acidic solution after precipitation process falls down to 10.68 mg/L from 6 777.52 mg/L, and the removal rates of arsenic, copper and antimony are 99.84%, 99.76% and 99.33%, respectively. The iron and nickel therein are hardly precipitated, and the mass fraction of arsenic and sulfur in the residue of the arsenic removal process are 43.21% and 44.68%, among which the arsenic in the form of arsenic sulfide is in a mass fraction of 42.33%, and S/As in the arsenic sulfide is in a ratio of 2.29. The finally obtained product is a mixture of As2S3 and As2S5. It is shown that the thermodynamic analysis results differ slightly from the experimental results, but are still of guiding reference for experiments and practice.

copper electrolysis  /  waste acidic solution  /  precipitation by sulfuration  /  arsenic  /  thermodynamics  /  arsenic removal  /  arsenic sulfide
周兆安, 李俊, 刘小文, 毛谙章, 周爱青. 铜电解黑酸硫化脱砷热力学分析及试验研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (5) : 137 -141 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.028
Zhao'an ZHOU, Jun LI, Xiaowen LIU, Anzhang MAO, Aiqing ZHOU. Thermodynamic Analysis and Experimental Study for Removing Arsenic by Sulfuration from Waste Acidic Solution After Copper Electrolysis[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (5) : 137 -141 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.028
在铜电解精炼过程中,电解液的成分不断发生变化,特别是砷、铋、锑这类电位较铜负且与铜电位接近的元素会在铜电解过程中不断累积而影响正常生产和产品质量,一般需要定期开路净化[1]
目前,工业上广泛应用的铜电解液净化一般采用硫酸铜浓缩结晶-电积法脱铜、砷-硫酸镍结晶组合工艺[1]。电积净化工艺包括控制阴极电势和电流密度电积法[2-3]、并联循环连续电积法[4]、旋流电积法[5]、分步电积法[6]。其他净化工艺主要有吸附法[7]、离子交换法[8]、溶剂萃取法[9]、沉淀法[10]等。电积法最大的缺点在于电积脱砷能耗高、铜消耗量大,产出大量黑铜粉(铜砷渣),铜砷渣需要二次分离铜和砷,砷的稳定化处理工艺流程冗长。
鉴于此,本文对铜电解液电积脱铜-蒸发结晶硫酸镍之后的含砷黑酸进行硫化沉淀,对砷、锑等进行选择性去除并再生硫酸返回电解使用,大幅缩短脱砷工艺。硫化沉淀法已经广泛应用于冶金烟气制酸污酸的脱砷生产实践[11],但污酸中的硫酸质量浓度较低(低于200 g/L),远低于黑酸的硫酸质量浓度(一般700 g/L以上),且污酸中的砷主要以三价砷存在,而黑酸中砷主要以五价离子形态存在,二者差异大。目前,鲜有高酸度体系下五价砷的硫化沉淀反应机理和应用报道。本文旨在通过热力学理论分析及试验研究揭示铜电解黑酸体系中多价态砷的硫化沉淀反应机理及硫化沉淀工艺条件,为工业应用提供技术指导。
试验所用原料铜电解黑酸取自国内某公司铜电解净液车间,该液样呈棕黑色,其中主要含有硫酸,质量浓度达742.77 g/L(约52.3%),此外含有As、Cu、Fe、Ni和Sb等杂质元素离子,详见表1
试验用试剂硫化钠、五水硫酸铜、浓硫酸、氢氧化钠、盐酸等均为分析纯;实验用水为反渗透纯水。
试验仪器包括自制密封反应袋和水平振荡器。分析仪器主要包括Agilent 5100 ICP-OES型电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪、DX-2700型X射线衍射仪。
每次试验用H2S气体均由Na2S固体和硫酸溶液(30%)反应制备,所得H2S气体经降温冷却后收集,并抽取500 mL在密封反应袋内与过量的硫酸铜溶液反应,通过硫化沉淀法校正硫化氢气体的有效浓度。试验按化学计量量取一定体积黑酸溶液置于容积约1 L的自制反应袋内,挤出空气并密封反应袋,再抽取500 mL H2S气体注入密封反应袋内,并将其置于水平振荡器内进行振荡反应,达到反应时间后对反应产物进行固液分离,清洗滤渣,收集滤液洗液,记录体积,烘干固体样品。通过电感耦合等离子体(ICP)发射光谱仪检测液体样品中Cu、Ni、Fe、As、Sb等离子浓度,并采用化学分析法测定总As和As(Ⅴ)浓度;固体样品测定硫化渣全组分及砷和硫的物相。
铜电解黑酸中的砷主要以亚砷酸和砷酸形态存在,采用硫化氢硫化沉砷过程中可能发生的化学反应如下:
另由反应(1)~(4)可知,理论上砷酸与硫化氢反应的物质的量比为n(H2S)∶n(H3AsO4)=5∶2,亚砷酸与硫化氢反应的物质的量比为n(H2S)∶n(H3AsO3)=3∶2。按照表1数据,黑酸中砷与硫化氢反应的硫/砷物质的量比理论值为2.38。
硫化沉淀反应涉及固液气三相反应,根据硫化反应特点及实际经验并结合HSC Chemistry热力学软件数据库判断三相反应过程中存在的可能组成,并将其列入数据模型中。参考表1中黑酸组成数据,以1 kmol总砷为参照,设定模拟计算的主要参数见表2
基于表2参数,控制H2S物质的量在0~3.08 kmol(为沉砷所需理论量的0~1.3倍)范围内,利用HSC Chemistry 9.0软件的Equilibrium Compositions模块功能[12],计算不同硫化氢用量及温度下的As、Sb和硫化沉淀物的平衡组成,结果如图1所示。由图1可以看出,反应温度对黑酸硫化沉淀体系平衡物相组成影响较小,主要影响因素为H2S用量。黑酸溶液中砷主要以H3AsO3(a)、H3AsO4(a)形态存在,电离的离子比例少,硫化沉淀过程中砷主要出现了AsS、As2S3、As2S5这几种形态的沉淀物;Sb在黑酸硫化沉淀过程中会形成Sb2S3;硫化沉淀渣中主要含有各种硫化砷、硫磺及微量重金属硫化物。
热力学分析结果显示反应温度对硫化沉淀效果影响不明显,但由于H2S在水溶液体系中的溶解度随着温度升高而降低[13],推测升高温度可能会对固液气三相的反应造成不利。常温(25 ℃)时不同H2S用量对As平衡组成的影响见图2
由上述理论计算结果可知,增加H2S用量可以提高砷的沉淀率,在H2S用量为理论用量的0.1~0.8倍时,砷沉淀率与H2S用量近似呈线性关系。结合图2可以看出,H2S用量会影响砷的存在形态。H2S用量较小时,主要发生砷酸的还原反应;H2S用量增加,砷酸还原和硫化沉淀同时发生,其中沉淀物以As2S3为主,仅少量As2S5;H2S用量继续增加,砷酸直接硫化沉淀才逐渐占优势,沉淀物中As2S5逐渐增多,同时As2S3逐渐减少。
常温(25 ℃)下,H2S用量对Sb平衡组成和其他元素沉淀效果的影响如图3所示。
图3不难看出:增加H2S用量有利于Sb的沉淀,H2S用量为理论用量的0.1~0.4倍时,Sb沉淀率急剧上升,之后趋缓;H2S用量对Cu、Fe、Ni沉淀率影响较小,其中硫化铜具有比硫化砷更小的Ksp而优先沉淀,Fe、Ni则难以在该酸度体系下发生沉淀反应。
表1溶液为沉砷反应原液,室温下进行硫化沉淀反应,控制H2S用量为理论用量的0.76倍,考察了反应时间对沉淀效果的影响,结果如图4所示。由图4不难看出,随着反应时间延长,As、Cu、Sb沉淀率均有所增加,但反应时间大于30 min后,沉淀率几乎不再明显变化,这是由于硫化沉淀反应速度非常快[14]。综上考虑,反应时间30 min为宜。
表1溶液为沉砷反应原液,室温下进行硫化沉砷反应,反应时间30 min,考察了硫化氢用量对沉砷效果的影响,结果如图5表34所示。
图5可知:As、Cu、Sb去除率均随着H2S用量增加而增加,当H2S用量为理论用量的0.87倍时,三者去除率均接近100%;Fe、Ni在该酸度体系下几乎不会沉淀。
另外,由As的实际沉淀率和理论计算值对比来看,二者的总体结果较接近,实际硫化砷沉淀率在H2S用量为理论用量的0.22~0.87倍时几乎呈线性关系(R2=0.994 2),Cu和Sb在H2S用量较低时低于理论沉淀率,这个可能是因为溶液中本身的Cu、Sb质量浓度较低,受离子活度影响,与理论计算结果存在一些偏差。
表3可知,随着H2S用量增加,溶液中As(Ⅴ)和As(Ⅲ)均逐渐减少,但As(Ⅲ)在H2S用量低于理论用量的0.76倍时均大于原液中As(Ⅲ),说明在此区间发生了大量的还原反应。结合表4数据,随着H2S用量增加,S/As物质的量比和硫化砷AsxSy组成y/x比均下降,说明在较低H2S用量时还原产出大量硫磺,产物从最开始的接近As2S5的组成往As2S5、As2S3或AsS等多种混合物趋势变化;H2S过量后,S/As物质的量比接近理论值2.38。实验结果和理论分析在沉砷效果上接近,但对硫化砷渣组成结论有偏差。
综上,本着从黑酸开路除杂角度考虑,H2S用量选择理论倍数的0.76~0.87倍即可,此时砷沉淀产物由多种硫化砷的混合物组成。
原液黑酸含砷6 777.52 mg/L(其中As(Ⅴ)质量浓度5 956.23 mg/L,As(Ⅲ)821.29 mg/L),H2S用量为理论量的0.87倍,室温下反应30 min条件下硫化沉淀,沉淀后液中黑酸砷质量浓度降至10.68 mg/L,黑酸中As、Cu、Sb去除率分别为99.84%、99.76%、99.33%,Fe、Ni几乎不沉淀,脱砷渣中砷和硫质量分数分别为43.21%和44.68%,其中硫化砷形态的硫质量分数为42.33%,产物可能为As2S3和As2S5等多种硫化砷的混合物。硫化砷渣的XRD图谱见图6。由图6可知,该硫化砷渣衍射强度较低,说明产物结晶度差,无定型,符合硫化沉砷产物的特征[15]
1)基于HSC Chemistry热力学软件建立的H2S硫化沉淀电解液黑酸中砷的热力学模型分析,H2S可以实现对高酸度体系中As、Cu和Sb的有效去除,得到硫化沉淀渣。
2)黑酸原液含砷6 777.52 mg/L,H2S用量为理论用量的0.87倍,室温下气液固反应30 min,经硫化沉淀后的黑酸含砷降至10.68 mg/L,砷、铜、锑去除率分别为99.84%、99.76%、99.33%,沉砷渣为As2S3和As2S5等的混合物。
3)采用H2S进行硫化沉淀时反应速度快,但反应过程涉及气、液、固三相复杂反应,热力学理论计算结果和实验表现出的规律有些许偏差,但其对试验研发和生产实践仍具有一定的指导作用。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.028
  • 接收时间:2024-03-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2024-10-01
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    1.广东飞南资源利用股份有限公司,广东 肇庆 526233
    2.广东省工业固废含铜污泥资源综合利用工程技术研究中心,广东 肇庆 526233
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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