Article(id=1240631880882648031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725465600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773719290227, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1738339200000, pubDateStr=2025-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773719290227, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773719290227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773719290227, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240631872800215183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='187', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773719288300, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773724138257, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240652215052989235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240652215052989236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=171, endPage=178, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240631881973166101, articleId=1240631880882648031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Influence of Diffusional Lithium Trapping on Polarization Behavior of Li-Al Anode Materials, columnId=1236276108207902848, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The effect of solid state diffusion of Li on the polarization behavior of Li-Al alloy anode was studied, and Li-Al electrodes with different specific surface areas and Cu@Li electrodes without the effect of solid state diffusion of Li were prepared. The polarization behavior of electrodeposited Li-Al alloy with a deposited capacity of 0.51 mAh/cm2 in a half cell and a full cell were investigated by using galvanostatic charge-discharge measurement, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique. The results show that the solid-state diffusion of Li in Li-Al is the main reason for the polarization of Li-Al electrode in a half cell and a full cell, and the diffusional lithium trapping will increase the internal resistance of the cell, bringing in enhanced polarization phenomenon and finally resulting in the low discharge potential of about 1.84 and 1.55 V for Li-Al‖S battery. Surface α-Al layer causes diffusional lithium trapping, and disrupting it can not only increase the Li+ concentration in the electrolyte and promote the precipitation of Li2S, leading to reduced polarization, but also increase discharge voltage of LiAl‖S battery to approach the thermodynamic discharge potential.

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研究了Li的固态扩散对LiAl合金负极极化行为的影响,制备了具有不同比表面积的LiAl电极与不受Li固态扩散影响的Cu@Li电极。采用恒流充放电、循环伏安法、电化学阻抗与恒流间歇滴定测试对沉积容量为0.51 mAh/cm2的电沉积LiAl合金在半电池和全电池中的极化行为进行探究。结果表明:Li在LiAl中的固态扩散是导致LiAl电极在半电池和全电池中极化的主要原因;扩散捕获效应将增加电池内阻,使极化现象增强,最终导致LiAl‖S全电池约1.84和1.55 V的低放电电位;通过破坏导致扩散捕获效应的表面α-Al层,可提高电解液中的Li+浓度,促进Li2S析出,从而减轻极化,提高LiAl‖S全电池的放电电压,使其接近热力学放电电位。

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张福勤(1964—),男,湖南邵东人,教授,长期从事轻质纳米新能源材料、复合材料等新材料的基础研究和应用研究。E-mail:
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黄方铎(1999—),男,广西南宁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为锂合金负极材料。E-mail:

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黄方铎(1999—),男,广西南宁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为锂合金负极材料。E-mail:

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黄方铎(1999—),男,广西南宁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为锂合金负极材料。E-mail:

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(a)Li在Al基体和Cu基体上的电沉积容量-电位曲线;(b)恒电流Li沉积过程[13]

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(a)Cu@Li电极;(b)R-LiAl电极;(c)P-LiAl电极

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(a)0.5 mA/cm2,1 mAh/cm2;(b)1 mA/cm2,1 mAh/cm2

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(a)Cu@Li电极表面形貌;(b)R-LiAl电极表面形貌;(c)R-LiAl电极的XRD衍射谱

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(a)Cu@Li‖Li电池;(b)R-LiAl‖Li电池

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(a)R-LiAl‖Li;(b)P-LiAl‖Li;(c)充电曲线中值电位对比

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(a)循环伏安曲线;(b)0.1C下的恒电流充放电曲线;(c)电化学阻抗谱;(d)~(f)恒流间歇滴定曲线

, figureFileSmall=JJTY0bbFvtR0rCQx0yl57w==, figureFileBig=KiTVsp8y6O4jFjhtT3qP+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651358056017964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631880882648031, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Surface morphologies of electrodes in Cu@Li‖S, R-LiAl‖S and P-LiAl‖S batteries after cycling, figureFileSmall=7VFoYEm3m4CUqT3HFL9CVQ==, figureFileBig=LzEBdwmWkG44CxQtCEA/8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651358181847092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631880882648031, language=CN, label=图8, caption=Cu@Li‖S、R-LiAl‖S和P-LiAl‖S电池的电化学性能及循环后电极表面形貌

(a)0.1C长循环性能对比;(b)~(d)全电池长循环后负极的表面形貌;(e)比表面积不同的LiAl电极表面形貌演变与扩散捕获效应关系示意图

, figureFileSmall=7VFoYEm3m4CUqT3HFL9CVQ==, figureFileBig=LzEBdwmWkG44CxQtCEA/8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651358316064834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631880882648031, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Curves of discharge voltage of three full cells after the 1st, 5th, 10th, 15th, and 20th cycles at 0.1C, figureFileSmall=Oiv5VLxSDM0FFNdvrDbrcA==, figureFileBig=UsQUgmNohxJlMyQgs52Q5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651358416728138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631880882648031, language=CN, label=图9, caption=3种全电池在0.1C下循环的第1、5、10、15和20次放电电压曲线

(a)Cu@Li‖S;(b)R-LiAl‖S;(c)P-LiAl‖S

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扩散捕获效应对LiAl负极材料极化行为的影响
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黄方铎 , 孙婷婷 , 刘俊良 , 丰雪帆 , 喻文瑞 , 张福勤
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2025,45(1): 171-178
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2025, 45(1): 171-178
扩散捕获效应对LiAl负极材料极化行为的影响
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黄方铎 , 孙婷婷, 刘俊良, 丰雪帆, 喻文瑞, 张福勤
作者信息
  • 中南大学 粉末冶金研究院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 黄方铎(1999—),男,广西南宁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为锂合金负极材料。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张福勤(1964—),男,湖南邵东人,教授,长期从事轻质纳米新能源材料、复合材料等新材料的基础研究和应用研究。E-mail:
Influence of Diffusional Lithium Trapping on Polarization Behavior of Li-Al Anode Materials
Fangduo HUANG , Tingting SUN, Junliang LIU, Xuefan FENG, Wenrui YU, Fuqin ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2025-02-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.032
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研究了Li的固态扩散对LiAl合金负极极化行为的影响,制备了具有不同比表面积的LiAl电极与不受Li固态扩散影响的Cu@Li电极。采用恒流充放电、循环伏安法、电化学阻抗与恒流间歇滴定测试对沉积容量为0.51 mAh/cm2的电沉积LiAl合金在半电池和全电池中的极化行为进行探究。结果表明:Li在LiAl中的固态扩散是导致LiAl电极在半电池和全电池中极化的主要原因;扩散捕获效应将增加电池内阻,使极化现象增强,最终导致LiAl‖S全电池约1.84和1.55 V的低放电电位;通过破坏导致扩散捕获效应的表面α-Al层,可提高电解液中的Li+浓度,促进Li2S析出,从而减轻极化,提高LiAl‖S全电池的放电电压,使其接近热力学放电电位。

锂硫电池  /  锂铝合金负极  /  扩散捕获效应  /  结构退化  /  负极材料  /  极化行为

The effect of solid state diffusion of Li on the polarization behavior of Li-Al alloy anode was studied, and Li-Al electrodes with different specific surface areas and Cu@Li electrodes without the effect of solid state diffusion of Li were prepared. The polarization behavior of electrodeposited Li-Al alloy with a deposited capacity of 0.51 mAh/cm2 in a half cell and a full cell were investigated by using galvanostatic charge-discharge measurement, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique. The results show that the solid-state diffusion of Li in Li-Al is the main reason for the polarization of Li-Al electrode in a half cell and a full cell, and the diffusional lithium trapping will increase the internal resistance of the cell, bringing in enhanced polarization phenomenon and finally resulting in the low discharge potential of about 1.84 and 1.55 V for Li-Al‖S battery. Surface α-Al layer causes diffusional lithium trapping, and disrupting it can not only increase the Li+ concentration in the electrolyte and promote the precipitation of Li2S, leading to reduced polarization, but also increase discharge voltage of LiAl‖S battery to approach the thermodynamic discharge potential.

lithium-sulfur battery  /  Li-Al alloy anode  /  diffusional lithium trapping  /  structural degradation  /  cathode material  /  polarization behavior
黄方铎, 孙婷婷, 刘俊良, 丰雪帆, 喻文瑞, 张福勤. 扩散捕获效应对LiAl负极材料极化行为的影响. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (1) : 171 -178 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.032
Fangduo HUANG, Tingting SUN, Junliang LIU, Xuefan FENG, Wenrui YU, Fuqin ZHANG. Influence of Diffusional Lithium Trapping on Polarization Behavior of Li-Al Anode Materials[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (1) : 171 -178 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.032
铝(Al)的密度低、电导率高、机械性能良好,在电池中常用作集流体[1-2]。Al作为负极应用时,通常将Al与Li合金化,形成LiAl合金作为负极储锂材料[3]。在合金化过程中,Li通过扩散,在约0.39 V vs. Li/Li+的沉积电位下与Al形成β-LiAl相合金[4]。β-LiAl相合金的理论比容量为993 mAh/g,虽较Li3Al2相合金(1 490 mAh/g)和Li9Al4相合金(2 235 mAh/g)的低,但其具有在Li合金化/去合金化过程中可逆、合金化后体积膨胀小的特性,仍成为一种很有前途的二次电池负极材料[4-5]
去合金化过程通常从电极表面开始,当LiAl电极表面的锂被耗尽,即使电极内部仍有大量锂原子未脱出,去合金化过程还是会提前停止[6-7],这一现象通常称为扩散捕获效应,是Li原子在β-LiAl相和α-Al相间的扩散速率存在4个数量级差异导致的[8]。当LiAl电极表面无法提供足够的扩散通量时,表面将整体相变为α-Al相[9]。Li原子在α-Al相中的扩散速率较低,电极内部LiAl相中Li原子向表面的扩散受阻,导致部分Li“受困”于电极中,使电极性能受到影响[9]。Li的扩散捕获效应对电池极化行为的影响方式与内在机制仍不明确,尤其是对LiAl负极材料应用于锂硫电池的研究不多[5,10-11]。为此,本文对具有不同比表面积的Al基体进行Li+电沉积,制备出具有不同比表面积的LiAl电极;并在Cu上沉积相同容量的Li+,制备Cu@Li电极作为Li金属电极对照组,探究LiAl电极中Li+的固态扩散对LiAl‖Li半电池和LiAl‖S全电池性能与极化行为的影响与机制。
纯度为99.99%的Al和Cu圆片(Φ10 mm×0.5 mm)购于清河县奥硕金属材料有限公司;升华硫(99.5%)购于国药集团化学试剂有限公司;碳纳米管(CNT,>95%)和N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP,>99.5%)购于上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;聚偏二氟乙烯黏结剂(PVDF)和含有双三氟甲基磺酰亚胺锂盐的1,3-二氧戊烷与乙二醇二甲醚混合电解液(1 mol/L LiTFSi溶于DOL∶DME体积比1∶1的溶液中)购于苏州多多化学科技有限公司;Celgard-2400型聚丙烯隔膜购于美国CELGSRD公司。
LiAl合金负极与Cu@Li负极的制备:采用1000#砂纸对Al基体和Cu基体表面进行打磨,得到待沉积的Cu基体与粗糙Al基体(R-Al);对经1000#砂纸打磨过的Al基体(R-Al),再用2500#,3000#、4000#砂纸逐级打磨,并作镜面抛光,得到抛光Al基体(P-Al)。基体经超声清洗后,在水氧浓度小于0.01×10-6的氩气手套箱中,以Li为对电极,Celgard-2400为隔膜,加入80 μL电解液组装成CR2032电池,静置6 h后,使用LAND电池测试系统以0.51 mA/cm2放电至5.1 mAh/cm2。放电后的电池使用MSK-110拆卸机拆开,得到经电沉积的Cu、R-Al和P-Al,将其命名为Cu@Li、R-LiAl与P-LiAl电极。
碳纳米管硫(CNT-S)正极的制备:使用玛瑙研钵将碳纳米管与硫以质量比1∶3混合并研磨均匀,在通以氩气的管式炉中155 ℃煅烧12 h。煅烧后的材料、乙炔黑、PVDF以质量比7∶2∶1均匀混合于NMP中,并使用工字涂布器涂覆在铝箔上,干燥后裁成直径10 mm的圆片制得CNT-S电极。CNT-S电极的硫负载量约1.2 mg/cm2
半电池与全电池的组装:分别以Li和CNT-S为对电极,Celgard-2400为隔膜并加入40 μL电解液,组装R-LiAl‖Li、P-LiAl‖Li和Cu@Li‖Li半电池及R-LiAl‖S、P-LiAl‖S和Cu@Li‖S全电池。组装完成的电池静置6 h后开始测试。
恒流充放电测试:使用LAND电池测试系统,R-LiAl‖Li和Cu@Li‖Li半电池分别在0.5 mA/cm2和1 mA/cm2电流密度下进行1 mAh/cm2的充放电循环,直至电池失效;R-LiAl‖S、P-LiAl‖S和Cu@Li‖S全电池以0.1C进行300圈恒电流循环(对于硫正极,1C=1 675 mA/g)。
循环伏安法测试:使用CHI760e型电化学工作站,以0.1 mV/s的扫描速率,分别对Cu@Li‖S、R-LiAl‖S和P-LiAl‖S全电池进行循环伏安测试。Cu@Li‖S电池的扫描范围为1.7~2.8 V,LiAl‖S电池的扫描范围为1.4~2.5 V。
电化学阻抗测试:使用CHI760e型电化学工作站,在频率10-2~10-5Hz和振幅5 mV条件下对全电池进行电化学阻抗测试。
恒流间歇滴定测试:使用LAND型恒流充放电测试仪对全电池进行恒电流间歇滴定法(GITT)测试。电池活化后,首先以0.08C充电7.5 min、静置75 min的步骤重复100次得到GITT充电电压曲线,后以0.08C放电7.5 min、静置75 min的步骤重复100次得到GITT放电电压曲线。
电沉积后,Li在Al基体和Cu基体上的电沉积产物分别为LiAl合金与Li金属单质[4-5,12-14]。0.51 mA/cm2、5.1 mAh/cm2下Li在Al基体与Cu基体上电沉积过程中的沉积容量-电位曲线如图1所示。由图1可知,Li的电沉积可分为成核区域和生长区域,其分别对应沉积开始时的成核过电位(ηn)和成核后继续生长的平台过电位(ηp)。Li在Cu基体上电沉积开始时存在一个约-0.09 V的成核过电位,该电位随后稳定至-0.03 V直至沉积结束。这2个过电位分别对应Li晶胚的形核与长大,形核过程所需的高能垒使其有着较高的过电位值[15]。对于Al基体,表面Al2O3层与Li的反应、α-Al相的饱和与β-LiAl相的成核将共同减缓Li在Al基体中的扩散动力学,使电沉积在开始时出现一个骤降至约-0.13 V的初始过电位[4,16]。在随后的电沉积过程中,稳定的α-β相变将产生约0.29 V的平台过电位,使电极表面转化为具有Fd3m-NaTl晶体结构、Li固溶度47.8%~53.7%(原子分数)的β-LiAl相[17]
为探究电沉积后电极的结构变化与成分分布,使用了二次电子(Secondary Electrons,SE)和背散射电子(Backscattered Electrons,BE)对电极的表面与截面进行表征。Cu@Li、R-LiAl和P-LiAl电极表面与截面微观形貌见图2。由于Li、Cu、Al元素的原子序数分别为7、29、13,电沉积后Li和Cu、LiAl和Al相将出现明显的背散射电子衬度对比。由图2(a)可见,电沉积后,Cu基体上覆盖了大量的沉积Li,仅有少部分Cu基体露出,在背散射电子图中呈现明亮的衬度。然而,Cu@Li电极的截面形貌表明其表面存在大量Li枝晶,且Li并未渗入Cu基体中发生合金化。
相对的,R-LiAl与P-LiAl电极则存在Li与Al的合金化,在基体内形成了衬度较暗的LiAl合金层。在相变过程中,晶格参数为0.405 nm的α-Al转变为0.637 nm的β-LiAl,这导致Al在Li合金化后产生了约95%的体积膨胀[4]。同时,Li在Al中的固溶引起了韧-脆转变,通过合金丘的隆起与开裂释放了体积变化存储的内应力,最终形成图2(b)中的丘状表面形貌[18-20]
同样是在Al基体上的电沉积,P-LiAl的表面形貌与R-LiAl完全不同。由图2(c)可见,P-LiAl电极的表面平整且均匀,仅存在少量丘状组织,其截面的BE成像则显现出连续且均匀的β-LiAl层分布。这是抛光Al基体更均匀的沉积位点导致的。P-LiAl电极表面β-LiAl相更均匀的形核与长大过程引起了更均匀的应力分布,抑制了电极表面的局部凸起和开裂,最终呈现β-LiAl层的一维纵向生长趋势与均匀分布[18,21]
为探究Cu@Li和LiAl电极的Li沉积/剥离过程,本文进行了Cu@Li‖Li和R-LiAl‖Li半电池长循环性能测试。2种半电池在0.5和1 mA/cm2下长期循环的电位曲线如图3所示。不同于Cu@Li电极约0.02 V的电沉积与剥离电位,LiAl电极的电沉积Li合金化和去合金化电位分别约为0.30 V和0.43 V,这主要由LiAl与Li之间约0.4 V的电极电位差异所导致[5,10]
图3可知,随着循环时间增长,2种电极的充电(Li剥离)电压平台末端出现了电位迅速上升现象,最终导致电池失效。对失效电极表面进行SEM SE/BE表征,发现两者有着不同的形貌,如图4(a)、(b)所示。Cu@Li电极表面存在严重的活性Li损失,表现为BE成像中大面积的失活Li(亮度较高)以及少量Li枝晶(亮度较低)。相对的,R-LiAl电极表面呈现开裂与粉碎的形貌,其BE图像不存在具有明显衬度差异的组织。R-LiAl电极的X射线衍射分析(XRD)结果如图4(c)所示。XRD分析仅发现LiAl相和Al相,而无Li金属相的存在。这说明在充放电过程中,电极表面LiAl的粉碎才是导致LiAl‖Li电池失效的原因[22]
电池的极化主要受电池内阻影响,其在充放电过程中与电池工作电压、电动势的关系[23]为:
式中:U为电池工作电压;E为电池电动势;I为通过电池的电流;R为电池内阻;RΩ为电池的欧姆电阻;Rf为电池的极化电阻。在一些研究中,IRΩ也作为极化的一部分,称为欧姆极化(ηohm[24]。可见,任何一个电阻值的增加都会导致放电过程中电池端电压的降低以及充电过程中电池端电压的升高。
由于充电平台末端存在明显的电压升高现象,对充放电过程的中值电压变化进行研究,以评估电极在Li沉积/剥离过程中的极化行为,结果如图5所示。Cu@Li‖Li半电池在开始循环时有着较大的充放电电位差,其可能与循环开始时电极固体电解质界面(SEI)的形成有关[14]。在随后的循环中,中值电压逐渐稳定在0.015 V(1 mA/cm2)和0.010 V(0.5 mA/cm2),即使电池失效,也未出现充放电电位差增加的现象。
R-LiAl‖Li半电池循环30次后其合金化/去合金化电位稳定在0.321 V/0.406 V(0.5 mA/cm2)和0.310 V/0.418 V(1 mA/cm2),其充放电电位差分别为0.085 V(0.5 mA/cm2)和1.08 V(1 mA/cm2)。然而,在后续的循环中其充放电电位差出现了增长。在接近电池失效的第250次循环时,其合金化/去合金化电位分别为0.307 V/0.417 V(0.5 mA/cm2)和0.291 V/0.433 V(1 mA/cm2),其充放电电位差分别为0.110 V(0.5 mA/cm2)和0.142 V(1 mA/cm2)。这一结果表明,R-LiAl电极的失效不仅伴随着半电池充电电压平台末端电压的升高,其平台电位本身也存在变化。LiAl和Cu@Li电极的差异可能与LiAl电极中Li通过扩散实现Li沉积/剥离的机制有关。循环过程中,R-LiAl电极表面严重的粉碎将导致活性LiAl颗粒失去与基体的电接触,最终使表面LiAl层“失活”[22]。这将导致电极内Li原子更复杂的扩散路径,其提高了电池内阻,引起了图5(b)中的极化现象。
在电沉积前抛光Al基体,引入P-LiAl电极以探究扩散对LiAl电极极化的影响。相较于R-LiAl电极,P-LiAl电极比表面积较小,在以扩散为控制步骤的Li剥离过程中,扩散捕获效应对其影响更大。不同电流下P-LiAl‖Li、R-LiAl‖Li半电池的首圈恒流充电(去合金化)曲线如图6(a)、(b)所示,可见在任一电流密度下充电至0.5 V时,P-LiAl‖Li半电池的充电容量始终小于R-LiAl‖Li半电池。此外,还可发现P-LiAl‖Li半电池有着更高的充电中值电压,如图6(c)所示。这进一步说明了固态扩散对电池内阻的显著影响。
为探究Li的固态扩散对全电池极化行为的影响,对Cu@Li‖S、R-LiAl‖S、P-LiAl‖S全电池进行了电化学测试,结果如图7所示。图7(a)中3种电池的循环伏安(CV)曲线表明,Cu@Li‖S全电池的氧化峰位于2.4 V,还原峰位于2.0和2.3 V,与传统LiS电池一致[25]。相对的,R-LiAl‖S全电池的氧化峰位于2.07 V,还原峰位于1.6和1.9 V;P-LiAl‖S全电池的氧化峰位于2.12 V,还原峰位于1.55和1.84 V。可见,LiAl‖S与Cu@Li‖S全电池氧化还原电位的差异在于循环伏安曲线整体约0.4 V的左移,而P-LiAl‖S全电池和R-LiAl‖S全电池间的偏移则体现为氧化还原电位的左右偏移。该现象同样体现于图7(b)的恒流充放电曲线中,前者由LiAl和Li电极电位的差异导致,后者则可能由电极内固态扩散引起的极化所致[10]
CV与恒流充放电测试均为暂态测试,其测试结果同时包含了热力学和动力学因素,无法对全电池极化原因进行准确判断[26]。由此,对3种全电池进行电化学阻抗测试(EIS)与恒流间歇滴定测试(GITT),分别从动力学和热力学的角度探究固态扩散与LiAl‖S全电池极化现象的关系。动力学上,图7(c)展示了3种全电池的电化学阻抗谱,对比高频阻抗半圆与实轴的交点和半圆的半径,可知3种全电池的内部电阻存在P-LiAl‖S>R-LiAl‖S>Cu@Li‖S的关系,说明扩散通过影响电池内阻引起LiAl‖S电池的极化。
热力学上,图7(d)~(f)标出了3种全电池各个热力学电压平台的电位,充电过程和放电过程的热力学电压曲线分别对应着GITT曲线的下轮廓与上轮廓[24]。对于Cu@Li‖S全电池,GITT测试得到的热力学充放电电位更接近于Li‖S全电池的理论充放电电位[25]。相对的,LiAl‖S全电池和Cu@Li‖S全电池的充放电电位仍存在约0.4 V的差异,R-LiAl‖S全电池和P-LiAl‖S全电池则没有明显区别。这说明,R-LiAl‖S全电池和P-LiAl‖S全电池间的差异并不由电极电位因素导致,而仅受Li的固态扩散这一动力学因素影响。
对3种全电池进行了长循环性能测试,并比较循环后的电极表面形貌,以判断电极比表面积对扩散捕获效应的影响,结果如图8所示。如图8(a)可见,相比于Cu@Li‖S全电池初始放电比容量(947.7 mAh/g)和R-LiAl‖S全电池初始放电比容量(943.6 mAh/g),P-LiAl‖S全电池的初始放电比容量最低,为778.2 mAh/g。这是P-LiAl电极严重的扩散捕获效应所导致的[7,9]。然而,不同于另外2种全电池放电比容量的变化趋势,P-LiAl‖S全电池循环初期的放电比容量存在上升的趋势,其在第12次循环时上升至791 mAh/g。对于容量保持率,尽管P-LiAl‖S全电池在100、200、300次循环时其容量保持率分别为72%、49%、37%,出现了明显下降,但其始终高于R-LiAl‖S全电池的46%、38%、25%以及Cu@Li‖S全电池的42%、28%、12%。这一现象可能与扩散捕获效应随着电极表面开裂而减轻的机制有关[27]
如同在半电池中所观察到的形貌,在全电池长循环后,Cu@Li电极表面出现了大量失活Li,如图8(b)所示,R-LiAl电极表面则出现了明显的粉碎现象,如图8(c)所示。相对的,P-LiAl电极原先均匀的电极表面出现了大量裂纹,如图8(d)所示。由于α-Al表面层的开裂释放了电极内部被捕获的Li原子,初期承受了更严重扩散捕获效应的P-LiAl电极在开裂后释放的容量也比R-LiAl更多,最终导致P-LiAl‖S全电池初期循环性能的上升与长期循环中较高的容量保持率[28],这一过程如图8(e)所示。
图9展示了图8(a)中3种全电池前20次循环的放电电压曲线。由式(1)~(2)可知,在同样电流密度下,电池极化行为仅取决于电池内阻。对LiAl‖S全电池而言,扩散捕获效应对放电反应的不同影响也将导致不同的电池放电电压曲线,其主要表现在LiAl‖S全电池的极化行为上。对于锂硫电池体系,第一放电平台(Li‖S:2.2~2.4 V,LiAl‖S:1.8~2.0 V)主要对应S8的溶解,第二放电平台(Li‖S:2.0~2.2 V,LiAl‖S:1.6~1.8 V)主要对应于Li2S的析出,而第二平台过电位的形成则与电解液中S2-过饱和却无法析出成Li2S的现象有关[10,25,28]
对比3种全电池的第一放电电压平台,可发现其在20次循环中均未出现明显变化。这说明S8的溶解过程不会受到扩散捕获效应的影响,使得这一过程的电池内阻保持恒定。对于第二放电电压平台,Cu@Li电极由于不受扩散捕获效应影响,其第二放电电压平台始终保持在约2.11 V的位置。R-LiAl和P-LiAl电极则由于表面α-Al层开裂,扩散捕获效应减轻,提高了电解液中Li+的浓度,其全电池随着循环的进行出现了过电位减小、平台电位上升的现象。其中,由于大量被捕获Li原子的释放,这一趋势对于P-LiAl‖S全电池尤为明显。这一现象最终证明:扩散捕获效应通过降低电解液中Li+浓度、抑制Li2S析出,最终导致LiAl‖S全电池第二放电电压平台的畸变。当导致扩散捕获效应的表面α-Al层被破坏,第二放电平台的电压将恢复正常。
1)Li在LiAl电极内的固态扩散是导致LiAl‖Li半电池、LiAl‖S全电池极化的主要原因。
2)在半电池循环测试中,相比于Cu@Li‖Li半电池恒定的充放电电压差,R-LiAl‖Li半电池的充放电电压差从第30次循环的0.108 V(1 mA/cm2)上升至第250次循环的0.142 V(1 mA/cm2)。LiAl电极表面粉碎引起的电池内阻上升是导致这一现象的原因。
3)全电池GITT测试结果表明,R-LiAl‖S和P-LiAl‖S全电池的热力学充放电平台电位基本一致,这说明2种全电池实际工作电压的差异主要受扩散捕获效应的影响,其增强了电池的极化。
4)循环过程中电极表面的开裂在释放负极容量的同时通过增加电解液中的Li+浓度,促进Li2S的析出,减轻了2种LiAl‖S全电池的极化。
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2025年第45卷第1期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.032
  • 接收时间:2024-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-05
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    中南大学 粉末冶金研究院,湖南 长沙 410083

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张福勤(1964—),男,湖南邵东人,教授,长期从事轻质纳米新能源材料、复合材料等新材料的基础研究和应用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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