Article(id=1240631880161218938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723651200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773719290056, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1738339200000, pubDateStr=2025-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773719290056, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773719290056, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773719290056, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240631872800215183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='187', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773719288300, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773724138257, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240652215052989235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240652215052989236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=86, endPage=91, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240631881591476636, articleId=1240631880161218938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Separation of Nickel from High-Nickel Electroplating Sludge and Preparation of Nickel Sulfate, columnId=1236276106727321817, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=METALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A technique consisting of acid leaching, oxidative precipitation for impurity removal, and solvent extraction was adopted to effectively separate and recover nickel from high-nickel electroplating sludge, and then high-purity nickel sulfate hexahydrate was prepared. Firstly, the sludge was leached with sulfuric acid, and most of nickel, copper, iron and aluminum in the sludge were leached out in the leachate; then, hydrogen peroxide was added to the leachate for oxidation and precipitation to remove iron therein, and the suitable endpoint pH value was 3; after that, sodium sulfide with an appropriate excess coefficient of 1.2 was added to remove impurities therein, resulting in the precipitation rates of Fe and Cu reaching 99.43% and 98.13% respectively; by adjusting the pH value of the precipitated solution, nickel hydroxide was precipitated and then dissolved with sulfuric acid into nickel sulfate solution, which was extracted with P204 for deep removal of impurities. As a result, the secondary extraction rates of Cu, Fe and Al were up to 98.41%, 99.99% and 95.15% respectively, and the extraction rate of Ni was just 9.4%. The obtained raffinate was subjected to evaporation concentration, followed by cooling crystallization, and a nickel sulfate hexahydrate with purity exceeding 99.95% was finally prepared.

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采用酸浸-氧化沉淀除杂-溶剂萃取深度除杂的方法有效分离与回收高镍电镀污泥中镍,并制备高纯六水合硫酸镍。首先通过硫酸浸出污泥,使污泥中绝大部分镍、铜、铁和铝进入浸出液;然后往浸出液中加入过氧化氢氧化沉淀除铁,适宜的终点pH值为3;再采用硫化钠除杂,适宜的硫化钠过量系数为1.2,铁和铜沉淀率分别达到了99.43%和98.13%;调节沉淀后液pH值,得到氢氧化镍沉淀后用硫酸溶解为硫酸镍溶液,并用P204萃取剂深度除杂,Cu、Fe、Al二级萃取率分别达到了98.41%、99.99%、95.15%,Ni萃取率仅9.4%;萃余液经过蒸发浓缩-冷却结晶制得纯度超过99.95%的六水合硫酸镍。

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刘牡丹(1982—),女,湖南郴州人,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为资源综合利用与环境保护。E-mail:
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焦奥博(1996—),男,河南安阳人,硕士,主要研究方向为固体废弃物资源化处理。E-mail:

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焦奥博(1996—),男,河南安阳人,硕士,主要研究方向为固体废弃物资源化处理。E-mail:

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焦奥博(1996—),男,河南安阳人,硕士,主要研究方向为固体废弃物资源化处理。E-mail:

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journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631880161218938, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Content of main metal elements in nickel-containing sludge

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NiCuFeAl
29.551.514.143.29
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含镍污泥主要金属元素含量(质量分数)

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NiCuFeAl
29.551.514.143.29
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高镍电镀污泥中镍的分离与硫酸镍的制备研究
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焦奥博 1, 2 , 刘牡丹 1, 2 , 吕先谨 1, 2 , 刘勇 1, 2 , 吕建芳 1, 2 , 冯嘉颖 1, 2 , 周吉奎 1, 2
矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025,45(1): 86-91
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矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025, 45(1): 86-91
高镍电镀污泥中镍的分离与硫酸镍的制备研究
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焦奥博1, 2 , 刘牡丹1, 2 , 吕先谨1, 2, 刘勇1, 2, 吕建芳1, 2, 冯嘉颖1, 2, 周吉奎1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.广东省科学院资源利用与稀土开发研究所,广东 广州 510650
  • 2.稀有金属分离与综合利用国家重点实验室,广东 广州 510650
  • 焦奥博(1996—),男,河南安阳人,硕士,主要研究方向为固体废弃物资源化处理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘牡丹(1982—),女,湖南郴州人,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为资源综合利用与环境保护。E-mail:
Separation of Nickel from High-Nickel Electroplating Sludge and Preparation of Nickel Sulfate
Aobo JIAO1, 2 , Mudan LIU1, 2 , Xianjin LYU1, 2, Yong LIU1, 2, Jianfang LYU1, 2, Jiaying FENG1, 2, Jikui ZHOU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Resource Utilization and Rare Earth Development, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Separation and Comprehensive Utilization of Rare Metals, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2025-02-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.016
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采用酸浸-氧化沉淀除杂-溶剂萃取深度除杂的方法有效分离与回收高镍电镀污泥中镍,并制备高纯六水合硫酸镍。首先通过硫酸浸出污泥,使污泥中绝大部分镍、铜、铁和铝进入浸出液;然后往浸出液中加入过氧化氢氧化沉淀除铁,适宜的终点pH值为3;再采用硫化钠除杂,适宜的硫化钠过量系数为1.2,铁和铜沉淀率分别达到了99.43%和98.13%;调节沉淀后液pH值,得到氢氧化镍沉淀后用硫酸溶解为硫酸镍溶液,并用P204萃取剂深度除杂,Cu、Fe、Al二级萃取率分别达到了98.41%、99.99%、95.15%,Ni萃取率仅9.4%;萃余液经过蒸发浓缩-冷却结晶制得纯度超过99.95%的六水合硫酸镍。

电镀污泥  /  镍  /  酸浸  /  溶剂萃取  /  除杂  /  硫酸镍  /  除铁  /  沉铜  /  除铝

A technique consisting of acid leaching, oxidative precipitation for impurity removal, and solvent extraction was adopted to effectively separate and recover nickel from high-nickel electroplating sludge, and then high-purity nickel sulfate hexahydrate was prepared. Firstly, the sludge was leached with sulfuric acid, and most of nickel, copper, iron and aluminum in the sludge were leached out in the leachate; then, hydrogen peroxide was added to the leachate for oxidation and precipitation to remove iron therein, and the suitable endpoint pH value was 3; after that, sodium sulfide with an appropriate excess coefficient of 1.2 was added to remove impurities therein, resulting in the precipitation rates of Fe and Cu reaching 99.43% and 98.13% respectively; by adjusting the pH value of the precipitated solution, nickel hydroxide was precipitated and then dissolved with sulfuric acid into nickel sulfate solution, which was extracted with P204 for deep removal of impurities. As a result, the secondary extraction rates of Cu, Fe and Al were up to 98.41%, 99.99% and 95.15% respectively, and the extraction rate of Ni was just 9.4%. The obtained raffinate was subjected to evaporation concentration, followed by cooling crystallization, and a nickel sulfate hexahydrate with purity exceeding 99.95% was finally prepared.

electroplating sludge  /  nickel  /  acid leaching  /  solvent extraction  /  impurity removal  /  nickel sulfate  /  iron removal  /  copper precipitation  /  aluminum removal
焦奥博, 刘牡丹, 吕先谨, 刘勇, 吕建芳, 冯嘉颖, 周吉奎. 高镍电镀污泥中镍的分离与硫酸镍的制备研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (1) : 86 -91 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.016
Aobo JIAO, Mudan LIU, Xianjin LYU, Yong LIU, Jianfang LYU, Jiaying FENG, Jikui ZHOU. Separation of Nickel from High-Nickel Electroplating Sludge and Preparation of Nickel Sulfate[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (1) : 86 -91 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.016
电镀及表面处理是我国一个基础性工业行业,该行业会产生大量电镀废水[1]。电镀废水中常存在铬、镍、铜等有毒重金属[2-3],随着电镀废水排入自然环境,这些重金属会随着食物链进入人体,引起人体慢性中毒[4]。沉淀法处理电镀废水简单有效[5-8],但沉淀法处理电镀废水会产生电镀污泥,全球每年产生的电镀污泥在100万吨以上[9]。电镀污泥重金属含量很高,被生态环境部列入《国家危险废物名录》[10]中。利用技术手段降低或消除电镀污泥毒性并回收其中有价金属,不仅可以减少电镀污泥对人类和生态系统的危害,还能产生附加价值,促进资源的综合循环利用。
电镀污泥资源化处理常用的方法[11]有火法、湿法、微生物法等。其中火法包括焙烧、熔炼等,具有能耗高、金属回收能力低等缺点[12]。微生物法[13]由于细菌的适应性和稳定性等问题,尚限于实验室规模。湿法工艺包括酸浸法[14]和氨浸法[15],酸浸法使用范围广,原料廉价易得,是处理电镀污泥的常用方法。
溶剂萃取法[16]是从溶液中分离回收金属的常用方法,具有操作简单、处理量大、便于连续操作、产品质量好等优点。P204是一种有机磷酸萃取剂,在不同条件下可以有效分离溶液中的各种重金属[17]。P204在低镍萃取分离有着较多运用,而针对镍含量较高的原料应用研究较少。本文以硫酸浸出高镍污泥,然后经过沉淀除杂后得到粗氢氧化镍,再经硫酸溶解后利用P204萃取剂进一步除杂,得到的硫酸镍溶液经过蒸发浓缩-冷却结晶得到硫酸镍产品。该工艺实现了污泥中有价金属的有效分离,并制备了高附加值的硫酸镍产品,为高镍电镀污泥资源化利用提供新思路。
实验原料为淡绿色块状含镍污泥。将原料磨细后混匀、烘干后测得其中的主要金属元素含量如表1所示。由表1可知,污泥中Ni质量分数高达29.55%,其他主要金属杂质有Cu、Fe和Al。
实验用98%硫酸、30%过氧化氢、氢氧化钠、氢氧化镍和硫化钠均为分析纯,P204萃取剂和260#溶剂油稀释剂为工业级试剂。
高镍电镀污泥分离回收镍的工艺流程如图1所示。电镀污泥经硫酸浸出后得到浸出液;往浸出液中加入氢氧化钠调节pH值,以过氧化氢氧化溶液中的二价铁,通过黄钠铁矾法沉铁;沉铁后液加入硫化钠沉淀铜。
沉淀除铁过程发生的主要反应如下:
沉淀除杂后通过调节pH值将镍沉淀为粗氢氧化镍,铝则形成四羟基合铝酸根留在溶液中。此过程发生的主要反应为:
粗氢氧化镍经硫酸溶解后用P204萃取剂进一步深度去除铜、铁、铝等杂质,然后经蒸发浓缩-冷却结晶后得到硫酸镍晶体。萃取过程发生的主要反应为:
式中:Me代表金属元素(Fe、Cu、Al);H2R2代表P204萃取剂。
采用比色法检测铝元素含量,采用原子吸收法检测其他金属元素含量。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对固体试样进行物相分析。
浸出过程各金属浸出率以渣计,计算公式为:
式中:r1为金属浸出率;ms为浸出渣质量,g;ωs为浸出渣中对应金属的质量分数;mm为原料质量,g;ωm为原料中对应金属的质量分数。
沉淀过程各金属的沉淀率以液计,计算公式为:
式中:r2为金属沉淀率;c1c2分别为沉淀前、后对应金属的浓度,mol/L;V1V2分别为沉淀前、后溶液体积,L。
萃取过程各金属的萃取率以水相计,计算公式为:
式中:r3为金属萃取率;c3c4分别为萃取前、后溶液中对应金属的浓度,mol/L;V3V4分别为萃取前、后溶液体积,L。
液固比3∶1、反应时间2 h条件下,硫酸用量对含镍污泥中Ni、Cu、Fe、Al浸出率的影响如图2所示。由图2可知,硫酸用量对各金属浸出率影响显著,Ni、Fe、Cu、Al浸出率均随着硫酸用量增加而升高。硫酸用量200 mL/kg时,Ni、Fe、Cu、Al基本完全浸出,此时浸出液pH值为1.3。继续增加硫酸用量,浸出率变化不大。确定适宜的硫酸用量为200 mL/kg。
硫酸用量200 mL/kg、浸出时间2 h条件下,考察了液固比对Ni、Cu、Fe、Al浸出率的影响,结果如图3所示。由图3可知,液固比对Ni和Cu浸出率影响较小,随着液固比增大,Ni和Cu浸出率始终保持在较高水平。液固比增大,Al浸出率略有上升,Fe浸出率则呈现下降的趋势。增大液固比可以提高浸出液pH值,有利于Fe与Ni的分离,但同时也导致浸出液体积增加,后续处理量增加。因此,在保证浸出效果的前提下,液固比应尽量减小。适宜的污泥硫酸浸出液固比为3∶1。
硫酸用量200 mL/kg、液固比3∶1条件下,考察了浸出时间对Ni、Cu、Fe、Al浸出率的影响,结果如图4所示。由图4可知:不同浸出时间下Ni、Cu、Fe浸出率基本保持不变;Al浸出率随着浸出时间增加先增加后保持不变,浸出时间大于1 h后,Al浸出率趋于稳定。浸出时间较短可能会导致浸出渣与含Ni组分互相包裹,降低Ni浸出率。适宜的硫酸浸出时间为1 h。
在硫酸用量200 mL/kg、液固比3∶1、浸出时间1 h的优化条件下,含镍污泥中Ni、Cu、Fe、Al浸出率分别为99.84%、99.39%、97.37%、99.60%,浸出渣XRD分析结果如图5所示。在优化条件下,Ni、Cu、Fe、Al绝大部分浸出,浸出渣主要成分为SiO2和钙铁铝石,少量铁和铝与污泥中的钙结合形成不溶物留在渣中。
以优化条件下硫酸浸出所得浸出液进行沉淀除杂试验。以过氧化氢溶液为氧化剂,通过氢氧化钠调节浸出液pH值,将铁以铁矾渣沉淀形式除去。在过氧化氢溶液过量系数2.5、反应时间0.5 h条件下,考察了反应终点pH值对各金属沉淀率的影响,结果如图6所示。由图6可知,Fe沉淀率随着沉淀终点pH值增加先增加后保持不变。浸出液中二价铁在氧化剂作用下转变为三价铁,终点pH值为3时,Fe沉淀率为96.03%,继续升高沉淀终点pH值,Fe沉淀率稳定在95%左右。沉淀终点pH值较低时,Ni、Cu和Al沉淀率均较低,沉淀终点pH值由3增至4时,Ni、Cu和Al沉淀率均明显升高,原因是沉淀终点pH值增加,Al离子形成氢氧化铝胶体并携带部分水分,这些水分难以通过过滤的形式完全分离,水分中溶解的Ni和Cu随着沉淀渣流失。为防止Ni进入沉淀损失,适宜的沉淀终点pH值为3。
利用硫化钠除去浸出液中的Cu,在反应时间1 h条件下,考察了Na2S过量系数对Ni和Cu沉淀率的影响,结果如图7所示。由图7可知,Cu沉淀率随着Na2S过量系数增加而增加,Na2S过量系数为1.0时,Na2S在反应过程中会生成硫化氢而损失,铜沉淀率较低。Na2S过量系数提高至1.2时,Cu沉淀率达到了99.57%,继续增加Na2S用量,Ni沉淀率上升。适宜的Na2S过量系数为1.2。在该条件下,经过氧化沉淀除铁和硫化除铜,浸出液中Ni、Cu、Fe、Al质量浓度分别由26.57、1.60、3.53、5.16 g/L降至24.82、0.03、0.02、1.97 g/L,Cu、Fe、Al沉淀率分别为98.13%、99.43%、61.82%,仅有6.59%的Ni进入沉淀。通过氧化沉淀除铁和硫化除铜可以有效分离浸出液中的Fe、Cu及部分Al。
将沉淀除杂后浸出液pH值调至强碱性,以便在沉Ni的同时使Al溶于碱性溶液。反应时间1 h条件下,pH值对Ni和Al沉淀率的影响如图8所示。由图8可知,随着pH值升高,Al沉淀率降低,Ni沉淀率呈现先增加后保持不变的趋势,pH值升至13时,Ni沉淀率达到99.99%,Al沉淀率仅1.09%,Ni、Al分离效果较好。氢氧化镍沉淀过程适宜的pH值为13。此时沉淀的Ni(OH)2水洗后Ni、Cu、Fe、Al金属质量分数分别为48.00%、1.38%、0.17%、2.11%。
Ni(OH)2用硫酸溶解后的溶液作为萃取的萃前液,其中Ni、Cu、Fe、Al金属质量浓度分别为22.02、0.63、0.08、0.97 g/L。以P204为萃取剂、260#溶剂油为稀释剂进行溶剂萃取。
萃前液pH值为4、萃取剂浓度(体积分数)30%、油水相比(O/A)2∶1、萃取时间5 min条件下,皂化率对Ni、Cu、Fe、Al萃取率的影响如图9所示。由图9可知,随着萃取剂皂化率递增,Cu、Ni、Al萃取率均呈现上升趋势,而Fe萃取率始终维持在95%以上的高水平。不同皂化率条件下,Fe、Cu有较好的萃取效果,但Al与Ni分离难度较大。因此,萃取前预先去除Al有助于提升后续产品的质量。皂化率30%时,大部分Fe和Cu已成功进入有机相,仅有19.64%的Ni进入有机相。适宜的皂化率为30%。
萃取剂体积分数30%、皂化率30%、油水相比(O/A)2∶1、萃取时间5 min条件下,萃前液pH值对Ni、Cu、Fe、Al萃取率的影响如图10所示。由图10可知,pH值2.0时,Fe萃取率已达到极高水平,Cu、Ni、Al萃取率相对较低;之后随着pH值增加,Fe萃取率保持稳定,Cu、Ni、Al萃取率持续上升。pH值3.5~4.0时,Cu萃取率显著提升至约80%,Al萃取率增加至约40%,Ni萃取率维持在25%左右。此时,Ni与杂质元素的分离效果较好。综合考虑各金属萃取率和分离效果,适宜的pH值范围为3.5~4.0。
萃前液pH值4、萃取剂体积分数30%、皂化率30%、萃取时间5 min条件下,O/A相比对Ni、Cu、Fe、Al萃取率的影响如图11所示。由图11可知,各金属萃取率随着O/A相比增加呈现先增加后趋于稳定的趋势,相比1/1时,Fe和Cu萃取率达到峰值,继续增加相比并不会显著提升这两种金属的萃取率。Al萃取率在相比增加到2/1后基本保持不变。综合考虑萃取效果和工艺成本,适宜的O/A相比为2/1。
在pH值4、皂化率30%、萃取O/A相比2/1的优化条件下对萃前液进行二级摇瓶萃取,萃取后液Ni、Cu、Fe、Al金属质量浓度分别为19.95 g/L、0.01 g/L、0.01 mg/L、0.047 g/L,Cu、Fe、Al萃取率分别达到了98.41%、99.99%、95.15%,Ni萃取率仅9.4%,实现了Ni与杂质金属的深度分离。
经过萃取深度除杂后的硫酸镍溶液在除油后可通过蒸发浓缩、冷却结晶的方式制备硫酸镍。在100 ℃的加热条件下将溶液蒸发浓缩10倍,冷却结晶后得到硫酸镍晶体,其中Ni、Fe、Cu、Al质量分数分别为22.03%、0.001 9%、0.019%、0.023%。硫酸镍晶体XRD图谱如图12所示,图中仅见硫酸镍的峰,没有其他杂峰,结晶产品为纯的六水合硫酸镍。利用差减法计算得,硫酸镍晶体纯度大于99.95%。
1)电镀污泥硫酸浸出的优化条件为:液固比3∶1、硫酸用量200 mL/kg、浸出时间1 h,此时Ni、Cu、Fe、Al浸出率分别为99.84%、99.39%、97.37%、99.60%。
2)沉淀除杂优化条件为:氧化沉淀除铁适宜的终点pH值为3、硫化沉淀除铜硫化钠过量系数1.2、氢氧化镍沉淀pH值13。经过氧化沉淀和硫化沉淀,Cu、Fe和Al沉淀率分别达到了98.13%、99.43%和61.82%,有效分离浸出液中的Fe、Cu及部分Al。
3)P204萃取深度除杂的优化条件为:pH值4、皂化率30%、萃取O/A相比2/1,此条件下二级萃取后Cu、Fe、Al萃取率分别达到了98.41%、99.99%、95.15%,实现了Ni与杂质金属的深度分离。除杂后液经过蒸发浓缩-冷却结晶,得到纯度大于99.95%的六水合硫酸镍。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2904604)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目(2022A1515110853)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.016
  • 接收时间:2024-08-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-15
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2904604)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目(2022A1515110853)
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    1.广东省科学院资源利用与稀土开发研究所,广东 广州 510650
    2.稀有金属分离与综合利用国家重点实验室,广东 广州 510650

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刘牡丹(1982—),女,湖南郴州人,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为资源综合利用与环境保护。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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