Article(id=1240631879011979563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.033, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724515200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773719289781, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1738339200000, pubDateStr=2025-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773719289781, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773719289781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773719289781, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240631872800215183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='187', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773719288300, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773724138257, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240652215052989235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240652215052989236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=179, endPage=187, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240631879305580868, articleId=1240631879011979563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Measure and Influencing Factors for Modernization of Non-Ferrous Metal-New Energy Industrial Chain Based on Four-Stage DEA Model, columnId=1236276114683908427, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=BUSINESS ECONOMY AND MANAGEMENT, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The innovation efficiency of each link of China's non-ferrous metal-new energy industrial chain was measured based on a four-stage DEA model, and its influencing factors were analyzed with the Tobit model. Based on the study, the following conclusions can be made: after SFA model adjustment, the four links of the industrial chain, i.e. mineral products, refined products, new energy materials and new energy application, can be arranged in descending order in terms of innovation efficiency, and pure technical efficiency is the key factor restricting the improvement of the innovation efficiency of each link of the industrial chain; the innovation efficiency of the industrial chain also presents the characteristics of being stronger in the west and weaker in the east in terms of spatial distribution; state-owned enterprises can demonstrate high innovation efficiency than non-state-owned enterprises; the concentration of suppliers, enterprise size, and the quality of employees are positively correlated to the innovation efficiency, while the degree of market competition, the debt to asset ratio, and the equity concentration are negatively correlated to the innovation efficiency. In order to improve the innovation efficiency of the industrial chain, more efforts should be made in policy support for reducing innovation risks of new energy enterprises, increasing the returns of new energy enterprises, and promoting the formation of industrial clusters.

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基于四阶段DEA模型,测算了我国有色金属-新能源产业链各环节创新效率,并结合Tobit模型检验其影响因素。结果表明:经SFA模型调整,产业链创新效率呈现矿产品>精炼产品>新能源材料>新能源应用的特征,纯技术效率是制约产业链各环节创新效率提升的关键因素;空间上产业链创新效率呈现“西强东弱”的分布特征,产权上国企高于非国企;供应商集中度、企业规模、员工质量与创新效率正相关,市场竞争程度、资产负债率、股权集中度与创新效率负相关。为提升产业链创新效率,应从降低新能源企业创新风险、提高新能源企业收益、推动产业集聚等方面加大政策支持力度。

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赖丹(1977—),女,江西瑞金人,硕士,教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事资源经济与管理研究。E-mail:
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方文龙(1995—),男,江西崇仁人,博士研究生,主要从事资源经济与管理研究。E-mail:

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Pearson correlation coefficient of input-output index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量Inp1Inp2Inp3Inp4
Outp10.894***0.998***0.839***0.697***
Outp20.406***0.285***0.429***0.309***
), ArticleFig(id=1240651358248948652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631879011979563, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

投入产出指标的Pearson相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量Inp1Inp2Inp3Inp4
Outp10.894***0.998***0.839***0.697***
Outp20.406***0.285***0.429***0.309***
), ArticleFig(id=1240651358416720823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631879011979563, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Definition of variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度要素变量符号单位
投入变量固定资产+在建工程Inp1亿元
企业营业成本Inp2亿元
企业研发人员数量Inp3
企业研发投入资金总额Inp4亿元
产出变量专利授权数量Outp1
企业期末净利润Outp2亿元
环境变量区域人均GDPInv1
政府补助Inv2亿元
行业类型Inv3
上市年限Inv4
产权性质(国企取1,非国企取0)Inv5
企业规模(年末总资产)Inv6亿元
), ArticleFig(id=1240651358571910086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631879011979563, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

变量定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度要素变量符号单位
投入变量固定资产+在建工程Inp1亿元
企业营业成本Inp2亿元
企业研发人员数量Inp3
企业研发投入资金总额Inp4亿元
产出变量专利授权数量Outp1
企业期末净利润Outp2亿元
环境变量区域人均GDPInv1
政府补助Inv2亿元
行业类型Inv3
上市年限Inv4
产权性质(国企取1,非国企取0)Inv5
企业规模(年末总资产)Inv6亿元
), ArticleFig(id=1240651358731293650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631879011979563, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Number of enterprises in different links of industrial chain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产业链环节企业数量国企数量
东部中部西部合计
矿产品20020
精炼产品1253206
新能源材料721101
新能源应用3366458
), ArticleFig(id=1240651358831956957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631879011979563, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

产业链不同环节企业数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产业链环节企业数量国企数量
东部中部西部合计
矿产品20020
精炼产品1253206
新能源材料721101
新能源应用3366458
), ArticleFig(id=1240651358936814568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631879011979563, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Measurement results of innovation efficiency of different links of industrial chain before adjustment from 2017 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型产业链环节调整前均值均值
201720182019202020212022
创新效率矿产品0.8150.8860.9000.8110.8470.7370.832
精炼产品0.8520.8490.8780.8490.8560.8860.862
新能源材料0.7940.7420.8090.8110.8320.9510.823
新能源应用0.8210.7980.8080.8060.8640.8620.827
整体均值0.836
纯技术效率矿产品0.8370.9040.9060.8120.8500.7500.843
精炼产品0.8870.8620.9080.8870.8820.9250.892
新能源材料0.8050.8460.8620.8590.8941.0000.877
新能源应用0.8300.8210.8410.8570.8960.9350.863
规模效率矿产品0.9670.9770.9931.0000.9970.9760.985
精炼产品0.9640.9870.9670.9580.9710.9590.968
新能源材料0.9870.8960.9460.9460.9370.9510.944
新能源应用0.9890.9740.9620.9380.9640.9230.958
), ArticleFig(id=1240651359071032300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631879011979563, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2017—2022年产业链不同环节调整前创新效率测度结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型产业链环节调整前均值均值
201720182019202020212022
创新效率矿产品0.8150.8860.9000.8110.8470.7370.832
精炼产品0.8520.8490.8780.8490.8560.8860.862
新能源材料0.7940.7420.8090.8110.8320.9510.823
新能源应用0.8210.7980.8080.8060.8640.8620.827
整体均值0.836
纯技术效率矿产品0.8370.9040.9060.8120.8500.7500.843
精炼产品0.8870.8620.9080.8870.8820.9250.892
新能源材料0.8050.8460.8620.8590.8941.0000.877
新能源应用0.8300.8210.8410.8570.8960.9350.863
规模效率矿产品0.9670.9770.9931.0000.9970.9760.985
精炼产品0.9640.9870.9670.9580.9710.9590.968
新能源材料0.9870.8960.9460.9460.9370.9510.944
新能源应用0.9890.9740.9620.9380.9640.9230.958
), ArticleFig(id=1240651359192667125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631879011979563, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Measurement results of innovation efficiency of enterprises with different property rights in different regions from 2017 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SFA调整前后效率产权性质区域
中央国企地方国企民营企业外企东部中部西部
调整前创新效率0.9150.9060.8160.8500.8400.7910.870
纯技术效率0.9250.9420.8530.8880.8790.8220.888
规模效率0.9890.9610.9580.9560.9570.9620.981
调整后创新效率0.9630.9020.9070.8500.9030.9010.949
纯技术效率0.9730.9250.9380.8700.9340.9230.964
规模效率0.9890.9750.9650.9750.9640.9750.985
), ArticleFig(id=1240651359284941818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631879011979563, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2017—2022年不同产权性质、不同区域企业创新效率测度结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SFA调整前后效率产权性质区域
中央国企地方国企民营企业外企东部中部西部
调整前创新效率0.9150.9060.8160.8500.8400.7910.870
纯技术效率0.9250.9420.8530.8880.8790.8220.888
规模效率0.9890.9610.9580.9560.9570.9620.981
调整后创新效率0.9630.9020.9070.8500.9030.9010.949
纯技术效率0.9730.9250.9380.8700.9340.9230.964
规模效率0.9890.9750.9650.9750.9640.9750.985
), ArticleFig(id=1240651359398187016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631879011979563, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

SFA model estimation results of the second stage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量固定资产冗余营业成本冗余研发经费冗余研发人员冗余
C-14.44*(-1.73)-1 969.89***(-47.58)-11.07***(-11.10)-8.94***(-8.77)
Inv10.99*(1.86)55.45*(1.84)0.84*(1.91)-5.25***(-3.06)
Inv21.40***(6.02)232.08***(3.45)-0.03***(-3.03)44.61***(6.35)
Inv30.04(0.48)14.22(0.53)-0.07***(-4.23)1.76(0.68)
Inv40.58**(2.34)332.27**(2.01)0.12***(3.56)17.64***(8.57)
Inv5-0.48(-0.55)-164.13*(-1.70)0.42***(3.86)-2.56**(-2.45)
Inv60.000 8***(-4.51)-1.99***(-6.52)0.000 6***(0.39)-0.10***(-2.85)
δ231.81***(6.39)4 816 495***(4 793 884.4)29.71***(29.71)45 459.08***(45 376.08)
γ0.93***(4.54)0.95***(25.73)0.92**(2.51)0.99***(2.91)
LR62.68***38.17***40.36***50.57***
), ArticleFig(id=1240651359528210448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631879011979563, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

第二阶段SFA模型估计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量固定资产冗余营业成本冗余研发经费冗余研发人员冗余
C-14.44*(-1.73)-1 969.89***(-47.58)-11.07***(-11.10)-8.94***(-8.77)
Inv10.99*(1.86)55.45*(1.84)0.84*(1.91)-5.25***(-3.06)
Inv21.40***(6.02)232.08***(3.45)-0.03***(-3.03)44.61***(6.35)
Inv30.04(0.48)14.22(0.53)-0.07***(-4.23)1.76(0.68)
Inv40.58**(2.34)332.27**(2.01)0.12***(3.56)17.64***(8.57)
Inv5-0.48(-0.55)-164.13*(-1.70)0.42***(3.86)-2.56**(-2.45)
Inv60.000 8***(-4.51)-1.99***(-6.52)0.000 6***(0.39)-0.10***(-2.85)
δ231.81***(6.39)4 816 495***(4 793 884.4)29.71***(29.71)45 459.08***(45 376.08)
γ0.93***(4.54)0.95***(25.73)0.92**(2.51)0.99***(2.91)
LR62.68***38.17***40.36***50.57***
), ArticleFig(id=1240651359641456669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631879011979563, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Innovation efficiency measurement results of different links of industrial chain after adjustment from 2017 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型产业链环节调整后均值均值
201720182019202020212022
创新效率矿产品0.9780.9680.9710.9860.9690.9690.973
精炼产品0.9380.9350.9270.9220.9350.9530.935
新能源材料0.7730.7830.9660.9750.9640.9660.904
新能源应用0.9020.8930.8910.8880.8880.9160.896
整体均值0.927
纯技术效率矿产品0.9910.9940.9980.9960.9860.9830.991
精炼产品0.9570.9550.9450.9470.9490.9810.956
新能源材料0.7830.9690.9740.9820.9651.0000.945
新能源应用0.9350.9250.9180.9170.9180.9440.926
规模效率矿产品0.9870.9740.9740.9900.9830.9860.982
精炼产品0.9800.9790.9810.9730.9850.9710.978
新能源材料0.9870.8140.9930.9930.9990.9660.958
新能源应用0.9610.9610.9670.9630.9670.9700.965
), ArticleFig(id=1240651359746314283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631879011979563, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

2017—2022年产业链不同环节调整后创新效率测度结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型产业链环节调整后均值均值
201720182019202020212022
创新效率矿产品0.9780.9680.9710.9860.9690.9690.973
精炼产品0.9380.9350.9270.9220.9350.9530.935
新能源材料0.7730.7830.9660.9750.9640.9660.904
新能源应用0.9020.8930.8910.8880.8880.9160.896
整体均值0.927
纯技术效率矿产品0.9910.9940.9980.9960.9860.9830.991
精炼产品0.9570.9550.9450.9470.9490.9810.956
新能源材料0.7830.9690.9740.9820.9651.0000.945
新能源应用0.9350.9250.9180.9170.9180.9440.926
规模效率矿产品0.9870.9740.9740.9900.9830.9860.982
精炼产品0.9800.9790.9810.9730.9850.9710.978
新能源材料0.9870.8140.9930.9930.9990.9660.958
新能源应用0.9610.9610.9670.9630.9670.9700.965
), ArticleFig(id=1240651359872143410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631879011979563, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Regression result analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量创新效率纯技术效率规模效率
市场竞争程度-0.242 8***(-3.29)-0.233 4***(-3.13)-0.130 0***(-3.14)
供应商集中度0.000 9***(3.08)0.001 2***(3.66)0.000 3(1.39)
企业规模0.000 05*(1.86)0.000 1***(3.37)-0.000 007(-1.24)
员工质量0.000 9*(1.69)0.001 1*(1.74)0.000 3(1.03)
融资结构-0.000 8***(-2.73)-0.001 0***(-3.24)-0.000 003(-0.20)
股权集中度-0.001 7***(-4.16)-0.001 6***(-3.52)-0.001 1***(-4.10)
C1.003 2***(32.33)1.026 2***(29.20)1.026 4***(54.17)
u0.086 9***(10.56)0.080 8***(9.63)0.041 6***(9.70)
e0.059 3***(24.29)0.061 7***(22.23)0.039 7***(24.60)
N462462462
), ArticleFig(id=1240651359997972544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631879011979563, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

回归结果分析

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变量创新效率纯技术效率规模效率
市场竞争程度-0.242 8***(-3.29)-0.233 4***(-3.13)-0.130 0***(-3.14)
供应商集中度0.000 9***(3.08)0.001 2***(3.66)0.000 3(1.39)
企业规模0.000 05*(1.86)0.000 1***(3.37)-0.000 007(-1.24)
员工质量0.000 9*(1.69)0.001 1*(1.74)0.000 3(1.03)
融资结构-0.000 8***(-2.73)-0.001 0***(-3.24)-0.000 003(-0.20)
股权集中度-0.001 7***(-4.16)-0.001 6***(-3.52)-0.001 1***(-4.10)
C1.003 2***(32.33)1.026 2***(29.20)1.026 4***(54.17)
u0.086 9***(10.56)0.080 8***(9.63)0.041 6***(9.70)
e0.059 3***(24.29)0.061 7***(22.23)0.039 7***(24.60)
N462462462
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基于四阶段DEA模型的有色金属-新能源产业链现代化测度及影响因素研究
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方文龙 1, 2 , 赖丹 1, 3 , 李彦蓉 1 , 易贤华 1
矿冶工程杂志 | 企业经济与管理 2025,45(1): 179-187
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矿冶工程杂志 | 企业经济与管理 2025, 45(1): 179-187
基于四阶段DEA模型的有色金属-新能源产业链现代化测度及影响因素研究
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方文龙1, 2 , 赖丹1, 3 , 李彦蓉1, 易贤华1
作者信息
  • 1.赣南科技学院 能源金属产业研究院,江西 赣州 341000
  • 2.江西理工大学 经济管理学院,江西 赣州 341000
  • 3.中国科学院 赣江创新研究院,江西 赣州 341000
  • 方文龙(1995—),男,江西崇仁人,博士研究生,主要从事资源经济与管理研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

赖丹(1977—),女,江西瑞金人,硕士,教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事资源经济与管理研究。E-mail:
Measure and Influencing Factors for Modernization of Non-Ferrous Metal-New Energy Industrial Chain Based on Four-Stage DEA Model
Wenlong FANG1, 2 , Dan LAI1, 3 , Yanrong LI1, Xianhua YI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Research Institute of Energy Metal Industry, Gannan University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
  • 2.School of Economics and Management, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
  • 3.Ganjiang Institute of Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
出版时间: 2025-02-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.033
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基于四阶段DEA模型,测算了我国有色金属-新能源产业链各环节创新效率,并结合Tobit模型检验其影响因素。结果表明:经SFA模型调整,产业链创新效率呈现矿产品>精炼产品>新能源材料>新能源应用的特征,纯技术效率是制约产业链各环节创新效率提升的关键因素;空间上产业链创新效率呈现“西强东弱”的分布特征,产权上国企高于非国企;供应商集中度、企业规模、员工质量与创新效率正相关,市场竞争程度、资产负债率、股权集中度与创新效率负相关。为提升产业链创新效率,应从降低新能源企业创新风险、提高新能源企业收益、推动产业集聚等方面加大政策支持力度。

产业链现代化  /  创新效率  /  有色金属  /  新能源  /  四阶段DEA  /  供应链  /  产业集群  /  测度模型  /  影响因素分析  /  上下游产业链

The innovation efficiency of each link of China's non-ferrous metal-new energy industrial chain was measured based on a four-stage DEA model, and its influencing factors were analyzed with the Tobit model. Based on the study, the following conclusions can be made: after SFA model adjustment, the four links of the industrial chain, i.e. mineral products, refined products, new energy materials and new energy application, can be arranged in descending order in terms of innovation efficiency, and pure technical efficiency is the key factor restricting the improvement of the innovation efficiency of each link of the industrial chain; the innovation efficiency of the industrial chain also presents the characteristics of being stronger in the west and weaker in the east in terms of spatial distribution; state-owned enterprises can demonstrate high innovation efficiency than non-state-owned enterprises; the concentration of suppliers, enterprise size, and the quality of employees are positively correlated to the innovation efficiency, while the degree of market competition, the debt to asset ratio, and the equity concentration are negatively correlated to the innovation efficiency. In order to improve the innovation efficiency of the industrial chain, more efforts should be made in policy support for reducing innovation risks of new energy enterprises, increasing the returns of new energy enterprises, and promoting the formation of industrial clusters.

modernization of industry chain  /  innovation efficiency  /  non-ferrous metals  /  new energy  /  four-stage DEA  /  supply chain  /  industry clustering  /  measure model  /  influencing factor analysis  /  upstream and downstream in industrial chain
方文龙, 赖丹, 李彦蓉, 易贤华. 基于四阶段DEA模型的有色金属-新能源产业链现代化测度及影响因素研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (1) : 179 -187 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.033
Wenlong FANG, Dan LAI, Yanrong LI, Xianhua YI. Measure and Influencing Factors for Modernization of Non-Ferrous Metal-New Energy Industrial Chain Based on Four-Stage DEA Model[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (1) : 179 -187 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.033
按照联合国产业分类目录,我国是全球唯一拥有该目录下全部工业门类的国家,但我国产业基础能力薄弱以及产业链现代化水平不高的问题逐渐凸显,产业国际竞争力有待提升[1]。党的二十大报告提出“坚持创新在我国现代化建设全局中的核心地位”,把科技自立自强作为国家发展的战略支撑[2],因此提升产业链创新能力,打造自主可控、安全可靠的现代化产业体系刻不容缓[3]。创新效率作为衡量创新能力的重要指标之一,提高创新效率至关重要。
由于有色金属资源空间分布不均衡,以及有色金属产业在区域间的发展不均衡,全球对有色金属资源的争夺和有色金属产业竞争日益激烈[4]。有色金属有众多终端应用产业,如电子信息、新能源、高端装备、航空航天等[5]。当前,全球碳中和目标范围逐渐扩大,科学技术不断突破,新能源产业竞争力大幅度提升,在新能源获取、传输存储、高效使用等众多产业中,有色金属均发挥了关键作用,是支撑新能源产业发展不可或缺的物质基础;新能源产业又为有色金属产业提供广阔的发展空间,两大产业表现为强烈的产业链上下游关系[6],因此,有色金属-新能源产业链未来发展空间巨大,发展前景明确。
为掌握我国在有色金属-新能源产业链领域发展主导权,提升产业链现代化水平,塑造大国竞争新优势,对有色金属-新能源产业链各环节创新效率进行测度并挖掘影响产业链创新效率提升的因素,是当前亟须关注和解决的重点问题。
关于产业链现代化的研究,已有文献主要集中于探讨产业链现代化的概念、影响因素及测度模型等方面。产业链现代化是经济发展和转型升级的必然结果,也是大国经济在参与国际分工和产业竞争中的内生选择,是建设现代产业体系的基本要求,其含义可以从多个维度进行分析,但本质是要实现基础产业高级化,加强上下游企业之间技术经济的关联性,增强区域间产业协同性,提高产业链与创新链、资金链和人才链嵌入的紧密度,由此构建现代产业体系,提高供给体系质量[7-9]。与此同时,众多文献从不同维度探究了产业链现代化影响因素,且这些影响因素呈现鲜明的时代特征。但最经典的仍是“创新之父”——熊彼特提出的规模与市场竞争假说。他认为创新需要持久和制度化,只有大企业才能担负起研发面临的高额费用,而创新成果的收获则要求企业对市场具有某种控制能力[10]。同样,产业链现代化建设离不开创新驱动,创新则较容易出现在大企业以及那些容易获取政府补贴的企业中[11]。此外,关于产业链现代化测度模型,相关研究主要集中于产业嵌入创新链的测度上,学者们从不同角度使用了不同的测算方式,主要从间接测度和直接测度两个方向展开。间接测度即使用代理指标测度[12]。直接测度主要通过构建相应指标体系,运用不同模型对其进行评价[13]。测算模型包括参数法的随机前沿分析和非参数法的数据包络分析,两者均有优缺点。Fried等提出的四阶段DEA模型有效结合了两种模型的优点,并得到广泛应用[14],国内学者也运用该模型对不同研究对象进行了评价[15-17]
从产业链视角看,有色金属与新能源属于产业链的两个不同环节,有色金属为新能源提供其所需的物质基础,新能源为有色金属高值化提供应用方向,两个产业通过产业链紧密联系在一起[18]。国际能源总署(IEA)2021年发布的报告显示,新能源技术对有色金属的依赖越来越明显[19]。但纵观已有文献,学者们大多集中于单一产业环节创新效率的测算,在研究对象上缺乏基于产业链视角的创新效率实证研究,在研究样本上对有色金属产业和新能源产业关注不足,在研究内容上,忽视了产业链创新效率影响因素的挖掘。本文以产业链为研究对象,采用考虑了环境因素、随机扰动因素的四阶段DEA模型测算有色金属-新能源产业链各环节创新效率,并运用Tobit模型分析产业链创新效率的影响因素,为提升产业链整体创新能力建言献策。
Fried等指出传统DEA模型没有考虑管理无效率、环境因素和统计噪声对决策单元效率评价的影响,四阶段DEA模型能够有效剔除上述3种因素的影响[14],从而将决策单元置于同等环境下对效率进行评价,更具比较价值,结果更贴近实际。参考文献[21-22],构建四阶段DEA模型。
1)第一阶段,传统DEA模型。采用BCC模型对有色金属-新能源产业链各环节6年462个样本进行创新效率的初步评价,参考文献[16]构建模型如下:
式中:j为决策单元,j=1,2,…,nXY分别为投入和产出向量。
DEA模型本质上是一个线性规划问题。若θ=1,S+=S-=0,则决策单元DEA有效;若θ=1,S+≠0或S-≠0,则决策单元弱DEA有效;若θ<1,则决策单元非DEA有效。BCC模型计算出来的效率值为综合技术效率(TE),可以进一步分解为规模效率(SE)和纯技术效率(PTE),TE=SE×PTE。
2)第二阶段,相似SFA回归模型。利用SFA回归模型剔除环境因素和统计噪声对决策单元效率的影响,模型如下:
式中:Sni为第i个决策单元第n项投入的松弛值;zi为环境变量;βn为环境变量的系数;vni+μni为综合误差项,其中表示统计噪声、μni≥0表示管理无效率,假定服从在零点截断的正态分布,实证时通常假定其服从半正态分布。另外假定vniμni相互独立,并且与k个环境变量也相互独立;fnziβn)为确定的可行松弛前沿,而fnziβn)+vni为随机的可行松弛前沿,采用极大似然技术估计未知参数。
根据罗登跃[22]、陈巍巍[23]等人的推导,管理无效率的分离公式为:
式中:λ=σμ/σvϕ(·)、Φ(·)分别为标准正态分布的密度函数和分布函数。
计算随机误差项μ,计算公式如下:
3)第三阶段,剔除环境因素和统计噪声的干扰后,将所有决策单元调整于相同的外部环境中,调整公式如下:
式中:为调整后的投入;Xni为调整前的投入;是对外部环境因素进行调整;是将所有决策单元置于相同环境下。
4)第四阶段,调整后投入产出变量的DEA效率分析。运用调整后的投入产出变量再次测算各决策单元的效率,此时的效率已经剔除环境因素和随机因素的影响,是相对真实准确的。
由于被解释变量为归并数据,上限为1,又属于面板数据,根据数据的结构特征,本文采用面板Tobit回归模型。个体因素无法忽视,应采用个体效应估计,但面板Tobit模型无法得到个体异质性的充分估计量,因此,参考文献[24-25],采用面板Tobit随机效应模型。
1)投入变量。通过文献梳理,发现影响创新投入的主要因素是人力和资本。参考文献[17],本文以固定资产+在建工程、企业营业成本、企业研发投入资金总额、企业研发人员数量表征。
2)产出变量。创新产出大致包括技术和经济两类产出。参考文献[15],本文以专利授权数量和企业期末净利润衡量。
DEA模型要求指标的选取满足“同向性”。参考文献[26],运用Stata16对投入产出变量进行相关性检验,结果如表1所示。结果表明,各项指标均显著正相关,满足DEA模型“同向性”的要求,说明本文指标选取合适。
3)环境变量。按照Fried等的研究,环境变量选取应遵循分离假设原则,即决策单元自己无法通过管理等方式控制,但会对决策单元创新效率产生影响[14]。借鉴文献[11517],本文从宏观环境、中观环境和微观企业特性三个层面选取指标。宏观环境层面:一是选取区域人均GDP,地区经济发展状况对企业创新有深远影响,但地区经济发展的影响不完全受企业控制,应予以剔除;二是选取政府补助,该指标作为企业直接的资金来源,能够很大程度降低创新成本,提高企业创新积极性,但能否获得政府补助不受企业自身控制,应予以剔除。中观环境层面:选取行业,产业链上企业分属不同行业,主要包括采矿业,制造业,电力、热力、燃气、水生产及供应业三类,不同行业经营特性差异巨大,这种差异对企业创新会产生影响,但这种差异不由单个企业产生,应予以剔除。微观企业特性方面:选取上市年限、企业规模和产权性质三个指标,这三个指标决定企业能否承受研发失败带来的创新风险,对企业创新产生一定影响,但上市年限长短、企业规模大小、产权性质不由企业自身决定,应予以剔除。具体变量定义见表2
按有色金属到新能源领域加工利用的递进关系,有色金属-新能源产业链可以概括为有色金属矿产品→有色金属精炼产品→生产新能源所需有色金属材料→新能源终端应用产业(以下简称矿产品→精炼产品→新能源材料→新能源应用)。按照上述产业链的递进关系,本文从Choice金融终端数据库,依据公司经营范围、主营业务类型和产品应用,手工筛选出处于产业链不同环节的上市公司样本,为保证研究结果不被异常值干扰,删除了样本内*ST、ST、退市整理期、暂停或终止上市的公司,删除2018年以后上市的公司,最终得到77家公司样本。筛选的原则是矿产品、精炼产品企业的主营业务必须涉及新能源产业,新能源材料、新能源应用企业的主营业务必须涉及有色金属。企业创新专利数据、财务数据、公司治理数据均取自Choice金融终端数据库,研究期间为2017—2022年。产业链各环节公司数量见表3
第一阶段主要运用BCC模型对产业链现代化创新效率进行测算,结果如表4所示。由表4可知,不考虑随机误差和外部环境因素干扰项时,整个产业链企业的创新效率均值为0.836,说明有色金属-新能源产业链从技术创新投入到产出仍有16.4%的上升空间。从产业链不同环节看,创新效率2017—2022年均值由高到低分别是精炼产品→矿产品→新能源应用→新能源材料,反映产业链前端创新效率整体高于产业链后端;从纯技术效率和规模效率均值看,精炼产品均值高于后端新能源材料及新能源应用。可能的原因在于样本企业中,前端精炼产品上市企业上市年限都比较长,而后端新能源材料及其应用企业上市年限较短,企业原始积累、规模等都不如产业链前端企业。
图1为2017—2022年产业链各环节调整前创新效率。从6年总的变化趋势看,前端矿产品环节创新效率整体呈下降趋势,而后端新能源材料及其应用环节创新效率整体呈上升趋势,且新能源材料环节创新效率上升幅度大于新能源应用环节创新效率,精炼环节创新效率整体较为稳定,大致在0.85上下徘徊。将77家企业按产权性质、区域划分并比较2017—2022年创新效率差异,结果见表5。由表5可知,在创新效率、纯技术效率和规模效率均值上,中央国企、地方国企要高于民营企业和外企,西部地区企业高于东部、中部地区企业,说明技术创新投入产出转换效率上,中央国企、地方国企要高于民营企业和外企,西部地区企业高于东部和中部地区企业。原因可能在于创新效率的测度未剔除环境因素和统计噪声的影响,因此,本文运用SFA模型对创新效率进行调整。
以传统DEA模型计算出的松弛变量作为被解释变量,将6个环境变量作为解释变量,使用软件Frontier4.1进行估计,结果如表6所示。
4组投入变量冗余与环境变量回归结果显示:LR均在1%水平上显著,说明模型选择合理;γ值均接近1且均至少在5%水平上显著,表明管理无效率对4组投入的冗余产生主要影响;解释变量系数大多至少在10%水平上显著,说明6种环境变量对投入松弛有显著影响,进一步表明指标选取的合理性及SFA模型的准确性。
通过观察6组环境变量的回归系数,主要得出如下结论:
1)区域人均GDP与固定资产、营业成本、研发经费的回归系数均在10%水平上显著为正,表明有良好市场环境的区域有利于最大程度发挥投入的价值,减少创新资源的浪费,提高创新效率;而区域人均GDP与研发人员显著负相关,即减少研发人员的投入冗余,可以提高企业的创新资源配置。
2)政府补助与固定资产、营业成本、研发人员的回归系数均在1%水平上显著为正,说明政府补助不利于减少企业这三项投入冗余,可能的原因是企业过分依赖政府补助获得创新所需资金反而会产生“寻补贴”行为,大大降低创新转化效率;而政府补贴与研发经费显著负相关,说明政府资金的注入有利于降低企业对研发资金的投入,有效降低了资金投入冗余。
3)行业类型与固定资产、营业成本、研发人员的回归系数为正,但没有通过显著性检验,而与研发经费显著负相关。可能的解释是行业类型存在环境效应,处在不同行业的企业可能受行业特性、资源等差异的束缚,影响创新效率。
4)上市年限与固定资产、营业成本、研发经费、研发人员的回归系数至少在5%水平上显著为正,说明企业上市年限越长,所拥有的管理经验越丰富,越有利于减少资源浪费,从而提高创新效率。
5)产权性质与营业成本、研发人员的回归系数至少在10%水平上显著为负,说明有色金属-新能源产业链上国企的产权属性有利于其整合资源,形成规模优势,提高创新效率。
6)企业规模与固定资产、研发经费的回归系数至少在1%水平上显著为正,说明规模大的企业往往面临高资产和研发经费投入,相应的退出成本较高,创新资源并未得到有效配置;而企业规模与营业成本、研发人员的回归系数至少在1%水平上显著为负,说明规模越大的企业越能有效发挥人力资源和成本节约优势,集中力量专注研发,提高创新效率。
由此可见,环境变量对创新效率会产生不同的影响,有必要予以剔除,探索相同条件下的创新效率。
根据第二阶段所得,运用式(5)将所有决策单元调整于相同的外部环境中,调整后的投入与原始产出再次运用DEA-BCC模型进行创新效率的测算,所得结果即为剔除环境和随机误差干扰后置于相同条件下的创新效率值,结果如表7所示。
表7可知,调整后整个产业链企业的创新效率均值为0.927,较调整之前有较大幅度提高。从产业链不同环节看,创新效率2017—2022年均值由高到低分别是矿产品→精炼产品→新能源材料→新能源应用,整个产业链创新效率出现“倒挂”,且纯技术效率和规模效率亦是如此。可能的解释是产业链前端国企占比较高、上市时间长且规模优势凸显,掌握着大量创新资源和创新要素,所以凭借技术、资金、人才等优势引领有色金属-新能源产业链技术创新,而后端新能源企业多属于民企,上市时间短,创新要素积累不够,难以提高创新效率。
此外,调整后的有色金属-新能源产业链四个环节的创新效率、纯技术效率均值都在不同程度上有所提高。通过对比调整前后的创新效率发现,前端矿产品创新效率变化最大,由调整前的波动下降到调整后处于四个环节最高水平,说明产业链前端受环境因素的影响很大。调整后除新能源材料在2018—2019年出现急剧上升外,产业链其他环节创新效率变得更平缓(如图2所示)。通过对比调整前后的创新效率、纯技术效率和规模效率发现,调整前,产业链各环节规模效率整体较高,趋于前沿面,而纯技术效率整体较低,说明调整前产业链各环节创新效率受纯技术效率的影响较大;调整后规模效率变化不大,纯技术效率都有较大程度提高,这进一步说明产业链各环节创新效率主要受纯技术效率的影响。
通过对比产权性质、区域调整前后的变化发现,调整后创新效率、纯技术效率和规模效率均值都高于调整前,且创新效率、纯技术效率和规模效率均值上,中央国企、地方国企高于民营企业和外企,西部地区企业高于东部和中部地区企业。调整后国企创新效率仍高于非国企,可能的原因在于中央国企、地方国企特殊的功能定位使其积累了大量的创新资源和创新要素,对其创新效率的提高产生了助推作用。调整后西部地区企业创新效率仍高于东部和中部地区企业,可能的原因在于:从样本看,西部地区企业样本较少,且主要集中在四川、重庆、陕西等创新水平较高的省份;新能源产业具有明显的资源依赖性,表现出极强的区域产业集聚特性,新能源产业中的太阳能光伏、风能、水能、生物质能等企业凭借西部地区赋予的天然自然资源禀赋发展迅猛。这些原因综合使得西部地区有色金属-新能源产业链创新效率高于东部和中部。
围绕熊彼特假说,有关企业规模、市场力量与创新之间关系的争论,已在学术界持续数年[11]。此外,企业创新活动具备不确定性、积累性、协同性、不对称性以及复杂多样性,这要求企业具备一支能快速适应市场动态变化、并具有较强学习吸收能力的员工梯队[27]。同时,融资结构是影响企业获取创新所需资金的重要因素,不合理的融资结构会阻碍企业创新效率的提高[28]。合理的股权结构可以有效缓解委托代理问题,降低企业创新成本,提高创新积极性和创新效率。因此,本文从市场结构、行业结构、企业内部组织结构三个维度选取市场竞争程度、供应商集中度、企业规模、员工质量、资产负债率、股权集中度6个指标,分析其对有色金属-新能源产业链创新效率的影响。
以四阶段DEA模型测得调整后的创新效率值为被解释变量,并将其拆解为纯技术效率和规模效率两部分,将上述6个影响因素作为解释变量分别与创新效率、纯技术效率和规模效率回归,探究解释变量影响产业链创新效率的具体路径。数据来源于Choice金融终端数据库,研究期间为2017—2022年,模型如下:
式中:it分别代表企业和年份;αβλ均为方程回归系数;μ为个体效应;ε为随机误差项;Crsta、Vrsta、Scale分别代表创新效率、纯技术效率和规模效率;hhi表示市场竞争程度,采用赫芬达尔指数衡量;scc表示供应商集中度,采用前五名供应商占比衡量;size表示企业规模,采用总资产的自然对数衡量;fhc表示员工质量,采用本科及以上人员占比衡量;debt表示融资结构,采用资产负债率衡量;sc表示股权集中度,采用前五大股东持股比例衡量。
为确保结果的稳健性,本文对解释变量进行上下1%水平缩尾(winsorize)处理。具体回归结果如表8所示。表8结果显示:从创新效率维度,在市场结构方面,市场竞争程度与创新效率显著负相关,说明行业内市场势力越集中,竞争强度越高,利润被摊薄,造成创新不足,不利于提高创新效率;在行业结构方面,前五名供应商占比与创新效率显著正相关,说明有色金属-新能源产业链供应商越集中,越有利于稳定供应链,为创新提供良好的环境,提升创新效率;在企业内部组织结构的四个方面,企业规模、员工质量与创新效率显著正相关,资产负债率、股权集中度与创新效率显著负相关,说明规模越大、员工质量越高,越有利于企业提高创新效率,而负债越高、股权越集中,越不利于企业提高创新效率。这与多数学者已有研究结论一致,也符合熊彼特假说。
从纯技术效率维度,6个影响因素的显著性、方向对纯技术效率的影响与对创新效率的影响一致,而对规模效率的影响除市场竞争程度和股权集中度显著外,其余影响因素均不显著,由此可见,有色金属-新能源产业链现代化创新能力主要通过纯技术效率影响创新效率。
运用四阶段DEA模型对我国有色金属-新能源产业各环节创新效率进行测算并探究其影响因素,主要结论如下:
1)经过SFA模型调整,时间上,有色金属-新能源产业链四个环节的创新效率、纯技术效率均值都在不同程度上有所提高,前端矿产品创新效率变化最大,由调整前的波动下降到调整后处于四个环节最高水平,说明产业链前端受环境因素的影响很大,调整后除新能源材料在2018—2019年出现急剧上升外,产业链其他环节创新效率变得更平缓。
2)不管调整与否,前端创新效率始终高于后端,整个产业链创新效率出现“倒挂”现象,呈现矿产品→精炼产品→新能源材料→新能源应用的特征,且纯技术效率是制约产业链创新效率提升的关键因素。
3)空间上,调整前后产业链创新效率均呈现“西强东弱”的分布特征,主要原因是西部拥有丰富的新能源资源禀赋区位优势,使得大量新能源产业向西部集聚,整体抬升了西部地区的创新效率;产权上,国企高于非国企。
4)供应商集中度、企业规模、人力资源与创新效率正相关,市场竞争程度、资产负债率、股权集中度与创新效率负相关,这些影响因素主要通过影响纯技术效率影响产业链创新效率。
基于上述研究结论,对提升产业链现代化水平提出以下建议:
1)降低产业链后端应用领域的创新风险。测算结果显示,前端环节的创新效率高于后端环节,这主要受纯技术效率偏低的制约。因产业链后端技术研发创新风险高,难以吸引大量资本投入,建议设立专项研发资金或对研发活动进行专项补助,尽快在新能源终端技术和应用产品上形成突破,以此降低产业链终端应用的研发风险。
2)提高产业链终端环节的收益水平。建议从终端应用产品生产企业的原料供给和能源消耗方面给予优惠,降低企业的生产成本;在各种税收上进行鼓励性减免,降低企业的税收成本;在融资上给予政策倾斜以降低企业的资金成本;在工商、土地、产品检验、人才培养、技术引进等各个方面给予政策支持,减少企业的各种费用,从而吸引投资进入产业链终端应用环节,提高研发创新积极性。
3)促使有色金属-新能源产业链形成产业集聚,塑造竞争新优势。全球产业发展历程表明,产业集聚对于产业发展有着积极的推动作用。建议出台“有色金属-新能源产业链发展空间规划”,通过制定产业链发展空间规划,明确有色金属-新能源产业的发展空间布局,使分散的研发力量和分散的应用产业迅速集聚。在集聚区采取各种优惠措施和特殊产业扶持政策,有针对性地解决产业链终端应用发展中的困难和问题。
  • 江西省哲学社会科学重点研究基地项目(23ZXSKJD41)
  • 国家社会科学基金(23BGL218)
  • 国家自然科学基金(72363018)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.033
  • 接收时间:2024-08-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-25
基金
江西省哲学社会科学重点研究基地项目(23ZXSKJD41)
国家社会科学基金(23BGL218)
国家自然科学基金(72363018)
作者信息
    1.赣南科技学院 能源金属产业研究院,江西 赣州 341000
    2.江西理工大学 经济管理学院,江西 赣州 341000
    3.中国科学院 赣江创新研究院,江西 赣州 341000

通讯作者:

赖丹(1977—),女,江西瑞金人,硕士,教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事资源经济与管理研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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