Article(id=1240631877866943348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724515200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773719289509, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1738339200000, pubDateStr=2025-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773719289509, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773719289509, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773719289509, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240631872800215183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='187', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773719288300, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773724138257, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240652215052989235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240652215052989236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=160, endPage=165, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240631878114407289, articleId=1240631877866943348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Hardness of QAl11-6-6 Alloy Extruded Rod, columnId=1236276108207902848, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The effect of heat treatment parameters on the microstructure and properties of QAl11-6-6 aluminum bronze alloy extruded rod was explored by performing orthogonal test, in combination with metallographic microscope, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and hardness tester. The results show that the microstructure of extruded aluminum bronze alloy consists of α, κ (AlFe, AlFe3, AlNi), γ2, and the remaining β′ phases; the heat treatment including solid solution and aging can effectively improve the hardness of the alloy extruded rod; the influence of four process parameters on the hardness of the alloy is in the following descending order: aging time > aging temperature > solid solution time > solid solution temperature. The sample was quenched by water cooling after solid solution at 910 ℃ for 45 min, and then treated by aging at 450 ℃ for 150 min. The hardness of the alloy was increased to 40.1HRC from previous 33.4HRC in the extruded state, presenting obvious age hardening effect. It is found that precipitation of more martensite-like β' was the main reason for significant increase in hardness of the alloy after aging treatment.

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采用正交试验法,并结合金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和硬度计,研究了时效时间、时效温度、固溶时间、固溶温度等热处理参数对QAl11-6-6铝青铜合金挤压棒组织和性能的影响。结果表明:试验合金挤压态组织由α、κ(AlFe、AlFe3、AlNi)、γ2以及剩余的β′相组成;固溶+时效热处理可有效提高该合金挤压棒的硬度,4个热处理工艺参数对合金硬度的影响强弱顺序依次为:时效时间>时效温度>固溶时间>固溶温度。试样在910 ℃固溶45 min后采用水冷淬火,再经450 ℃×150 min时效处理,合金硬度由挤压态的33.4HRC提升到40.1HRC,呈现明显的时效硬化特性;较多的类马氏体β′相的析出是合金时效后硬度显著提高的主要原因。

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林高用(1966—),男,湖南邵阳人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为有色金属材料加工、模具设计和数值模拟。E-mail:
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刘莹雪(1998—),女,内蒙古呼伦贝尔人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为有色金属材料加工。E-mail:

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刘莹雪(1998—),女,内蒙古呼伦贝尔人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为有色金属材料加工。E-mail:

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刘莹雪(1998—),女,内蒙古呼伦贝尔人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为有色金属材料加工。E-mail:

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(a)点1;(b)点2;(c)点3;(d)点4;(e)点5

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(a)1#样品;(b)2#样品;(c)4#样品;(d)7#样品;(e)9#样品

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(a)910 ℃×45 min;(b)950 ℃×45 min;(c)950 ℃×60 min

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(a)4#样品;(b)9#样品

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(a)固溶温度;(b)时效温度

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(a)固溶时间;(b)时效时间

, figureFileSmall=uudq5hyj+orypRZ9QrVSdw==, figureFileBig=tsjRoj1MjAG/rFDycmtK9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651352884441638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631877866943348, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical composition of QAl11-6-6 aluminum bronze

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别AlFeNiMnSiPbCu
实测值10.806.075.700.520.110.01余量
标准值10.00~11.505.00~6.505.00~6.50≤0.50≤0.20≤0.05余量
), ArticleFig(id=1240651352997687860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631877866943348, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

QAl11-6-6铝青铜化学成分(质量分数)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别AlFeNiMnSiPbCu
实测值10.806.075.700.520.110.01余量
标准值10.00~11.505.00~6.505.00~6.50≤0.50≤0.20≤0.05余量
), ArticleFig(id=1240651353115128384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631877866943348, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

L9(34) orthogonal test scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
固溶温度(A)/℃固溶时间(B)/min时效温度(C)/℃时效时间(D)/min
18604540090
291060450120
395090500150
), ArticleFig(id=1240651353257734733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631877866943348, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

L9(34)正交试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
固溶温度(A)/℃固溶时间(B)/min时效温度(C)/℃时效时间(D)/min
18604540090
291060450120
395090500150
), ArticleFig(id=1240651353459061333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631877866943348, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of orthogonal test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号ABCD硬度(HRC)
1860454009037.0
28606045012035.7
38609050015037.8
49104545015040.1
5910605009037.0
69109040012036.2
79504550012036.7
89506040015037.0
9950904509039.2
H1j36.837.936.737.7
H2j37.836.638.336.2
H3j37.637.737.238.3
R0.91.41.62.1
), ArticleFig(id=1240651353589084774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631877866943348, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

正交试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号ABCD硬度(HRC)
1860454009037.0
28606045012035.7
38609050015037.8
49104545015040.1
5910605009037.0
69109040012036.2
79504550012036.7
89506040015037.0
9950904509039.2
H1j36.837.936.737.7
H2j37.836.638.336.2
H3j37.637.737.238.3
R0.91.41.62.1
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热处理对QAl11-6-6合金挤压棒组织与硬度的影响
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刘莹雪 1 , 刘鹏程 1 , 胡克福 2 , 吕永生 2 , 林高用 1
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2025,45(1): 160-165
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2025, 45(1): 160-165
热处理对QAl11-6-6合金挤压棒组织与硬度的影响
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刘莹雪1 , 刘鹏程1, 胡克福2, 吕永生2, 林高用1
作者信息
  • 1.中南大学 材料科学与工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 2.贵溪骏达特种铜材有限公司,江西 鹰潭 335400
  • 刘莹雪(1998—),女,内蒙古呼伦贝尔人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为有色金属材料加工。E-mail:

通讯作者:

林高用(1966—),男,湖南邵阳人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为有色金属材料加工、模具设计和数值模拟。E-mail:
Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Hardness of QAl11-6-6 Alloy Extruded Rod
Yingxue LIU1 , Pengcheng LIU1, Kefu HU2, Yongsheng LYU2, Gaoyong LIN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
  • 2.Guixi Junda Special Copper Materials Co. Ltd., Yingtan 335400, Jiangxi, China
出版时间: 2025-02-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.030
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采用正交试验法,并结合金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和硬度计,研究了时效时间、时效温度、固溶时间、固溶温度等热处理参数对QAl11-6-6铝青铜合金挤压棒组织和性能的影响。结果表明:试验合金挤压态组织由α、κ(AlFe、AlFe3、AlNi)、γ2以及剩余的β′相组成;固溶+时效热处理可有效提高该合金挤压棒的硬度,4个热处理工艺参数对合金硬度的影响强弱顺序依次为:时效时间>时效温度>固溶时间>固溶温度。试样在910 ℃固溶45 min后采用水冷淬火,再经450 ℃×150 min时效处理,合金硬度由挤压态的33.4HRC提升到40.1HRC,呈现明显的时效硬化特性;较多的类马氏体β′相的析出是合金时效后硬度显著提高的主要原因。

QAl11-6-6  /  铝青铜合金  /  挤压棒  /  固溶  /  时效  /  硬度  /  热处理  /  析出相

The effect of heat treatment parameters on the microstructure and properties of QAl11-6-6 aluminum bronze alloy extruded rod was explored by performing orthogonal test, in combination with metallographic microscope, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and hardness tester. The results show that the microstructure of extruded aluminum bronze alloy consists of α, κ (AlFe, AlFe3, AlNi), γ2, and the remaining β′ phases; the heat treatment including solid solution and aging can effectively improve the hardness of the alloy extruded rod; the influence of four process parameters on the hardness of the alloy is in the following descending order: aging time > aging temperature > solid solution time > solid solution temperature. The sample was quenched by water cooling after solid solution at 910 ℃ for 45 min, and then treated by aging at 450 ℃ for 150 min. The hardness of the alloy was increased to 40.1HRC from previous 33.4HRC in the extruded state, presenting obvious age hardening effect. It is found that precipitation of more martensite-like β' was the main reason for significant increase in hardness of the alloy after aging treatment.

QAl11-6-6  /  aluminum bronze alloy  /  extruded rod  /  solid solution  /  aging  /  hardness  /  heat treatment  /  precipitated phase
刘莹雪, 刘鹏程, 胡克福, 吕永生, 林高用. 热处理对QAl11-6-6合金挤压棒组织与硬度的影响. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (1) : 160 -165 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.030
Yingxue LIU, Pengcheng LIU, Kefu HU, Yongsheng LYU, Gaoyong LIN. Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Hardness of QAl11-6-6 Alloy Extruded Rod[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (1) : 160 -165 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.030
铝青铜属于Cu-Al-Fe-Ni系多元复杂铜基合金,是具有优异综合性能的铜合金结构材料,400 ℃以下时具有非常稳定的力学性能,强度可达700 MPa以上,且塑性和韧性好,具有优异的减摩、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性能,广泛应用于制造高强度耐磨、耐蚀零件和400 ℃以下工作的重载结构件,如轴承、导向摇臂衬套、齿轮、飞轮、紧固件、螺旋桨等。铝青铜是热处理可强化合金,通过优化合金成分及热处理工艺参数可改善合金性能[1-2]。有人以QAl10-4-4铝青铜合金为研究对象,通过优化其固溶、时效工艺参数,达到预期使用性能[3-6],同时,合金成分不同,热处理工艺参数对合金性能的影响也不同。
QAl11-6-6铝青铜是高合金化的特种合金,具有超高的强度和硬度特性,通常应用于特殊领域。目前对QAl11-6-6铝青铜的热处理及其组织、性能的研究报道极少,硬度达到40HRC以上的铝青铜制备工艺尚无报道。本文针对QAl11-6-6铝青铜合金挤压棒开展固溶和时效热处理工艺参数研究,旨在满足某种特殊领域的特殊硬度需求。
试验材料为国内某特种铜材加工企业的QAl11-6-6铝青铜热挤压棒(Φ16 mm,硬度33.4HRC)。合金化学成分如表1所示,符合国家标准要求。
根据Cu-Al二元平衡图及相关文献[7-10],确定四因素(固溶温度、固溶时间、时效温度、时效时间)、三水平的L9(34)正交试验方案如表2所示。
热处理试验在SX-G13133F型箱式电阻炉内完成。采用HR-150A型洛氏硬度计测量铝青铜试样硬度,测量时采用150 kg载荷,保压15 s;金相试样经水磨砂纸粗磨、金相砂纸细磨、金刚石研磨膏抛光后,采用FeCl3溶液进行浸蚀,在LEICA DM4M型金相显微镜上观察铝青铜试样经不同条件热处理后的金相显微组织,观察面均为棒材横截面。在MIRA3 LMH型扫描电镜上观察不同状态试样的高倍显微组织;采用D/Max 2500VB型X射线衍射仪对铝青铜试样进行物相分析。
L9(34)正交试验结果如表3所示。由表3可知,与挤压态铝青铜试样相比,固溶-时效处理后试样硬度大幅提升。根据极差大小可判断各因素的影响程度。对于硬度指标,4个因素影响从强到弱顺序为:时效时间>时效温度>固溶时间>固溶温度。以硬度为指标,最佳固溶-时效方案为A2B1C2D3,即固溶温度910 ℃,固溶时间45 min,时效温度450 ℃,时效时间150 min。
为探究QAl11-6-6铝青铜组织与硬度之间的关系,根据正交试验硬度检测结果(表3),对挤压态与5个典型热处理状态的试样进行显微组织分析。
图1为QAl11-6-6合金挤压态试样的X射线衍射图谱。由图1可知,挤压态高铝青铜室温下的物相组成为α、κ、γ2以及剩余的β′相;其中α相是以Cu为基体的固溶体,其晶体结构为面心立方;β相是以Cu3Al为基体的固溶体,其晶体结构为体心立方,β′相是合金经快速冷却而获得的过冷β相,为亚稳态相;γ2相是以Cu9Al4为基体的固溶体,为硬脆相,其晶体结构为复杂立方[11]。α相存在一定固溶度,Al、Fe、Ni等元素均可能固溶在基体中,这造成Cu原子晶格畸变,导致α相对应的Cu峰发生偏移。
图2为挤压态QAl11-6-6合金金相显微组织。由图2可知,QAl11-6-6合金经高温挤压后,其室温组织由黑色共析体(α+γ2)、β′基体及其上分布的大小不一的细小颗粒状κ相构成,κ相直径0.5~2.0 μm。
图3为挤压态QAl11-6-6合金扫描显微组织,其中各特征点对应的能谱分析结果见图4
图3中特征点1处和2处Al、Fe、Ni元素原子分数均高于合金所对应元素原子分数,判断其为κ相,根据κ相大小可判断特征点1处颗粒为κ(尺寸1~10 μm),2处颗粒为κ(尺寸小于1 μm)。3处为白亮色球状、杆状细小组织,Cu/Al原子比2.91。4处为黑色基体,Cu/Al原子比2.77。结合图1分析可知,3处物相为α+γ2,4处物相为β′相。5处为亮白色片层状组织,Fe、Ni含量较高,判断其为α+κ相。
图5为QAl11-6-6合金挤压棒热处理后典型状态下样品金相显微组织,对应的XRD图谱见图6。由图56可知,固溶-时效处理对合金组织影响较大,合金经固溶-时效后,其组织马氏体特征明显,XRD图谱中存在明显的β′相峰,并且合金无明显条状(α+κ)相。这是因为铝青铜合金经高温固溶处理后合金中的α、κ、γ2都转变为β[12],固溶温度950 ℃时,合金为单相β,淬火后得到亚稳态组织β′,也称类马氏体。时效温度的高低决定各相的析出,时效温度升高到一定值时发生马氏体转变,时效温度较低时仅有少量κ相析出。与其他样品相比,1#样品未见α-Cu所对应的2θ=48.7°处的衍射峰,时效温度达到一定值时发生α相的析出,但时效温度过高时α相数量增多、尺寸变大,导致合金软化,铝青铜合金中铝质量分数接近11%时,将发生共析转变,即析出(α+γ2)相。
图7为合金经不同温度和时间固溶再水淬样品金相显微组织。图8为两种典型热处理状态下合金的扫描显微组织。由图7可见,固溶温度会影响κ相的分散度。结合图5图7可见,固溶温度950 ℃时,合金充分固溶,淬火后合金组织仅为单相β′相,再经时效处理后,κ相析出无形核质点,导致κ相不能弥散均匀分布,出现聚集长大等特征,使合金组织出现局部不均匀性,不利于改善合金强度、硬度。固溶温度910 ℃时,合金物相为β′相和未发生固溶的κ相,作为时效阶段κ相的形核质点,使得κ相均匀析出、弥散分布,同时κ相多呈球形,对合金基体无割裂作用,析出相可以钉扎位错,增大位错阻力,起弥散强化作用。但固溶温度较低时,α和κ相未能充分固溶到基体里,在后续时效过程中也不能细小弥散地析出,导致硬质析出相对合金硬度改善作用较小。
结合图5图8可见,时效温度决定各相的析出。时效温度400 ℃时,合金组织与经固溶处理后的合金组织相似,β′类马氏体特征较为明显,这是因为时效温度较低,未达到马氏体转变温度,时效过程中主要发生κ相的析出,仍有大量剩余的β′相。时效温度450 ℃时,部分α相在β′相晶界处析出,其余α相呈近似球状在β′相基体内析出,κ相呈近似球状弥散分布在基体中,类马氏体特征仍存在但β′含量降低。对比2#样品和4#样品可知,时效时间延长,析出α相尺寸变大。时效温度500 ℃保温2 h后合金马氏体特征基本消失。
结果表明:低温固溶、低温时效时,合金中马氏体特征不明显,且低温时效析出相析出不充分,合金硬度较低;中温固溶、中温时效时,析出相分布均匀,且各相含量适中,硬相β′与κ对合金的强化作用高于软相α对合金的软化作用,此时合金硬度更高;高温固溶、中温时效时,析出相分布不均匀,导致合金组织局部不均匀,不利于合金的强化;高温固溶、高温时效时,析出相κ分布不均匀且类马氏体β′相含量较少,不利于合金强化。
图9为正交试验中温度对合金硬度指标的影响趋势。结合表3可知,提升固溶温度,合金硬度先上升后下降,固溶温度910 ℃时合金硬度最大。合金经910 ℃×45 min固溶后,合金物相组成为β′相和尺寸较小的κ相,时效过程中未发生固溶的κ相作为形核点,κ相分布更弥散均匀,对合金产生显著的沉淀强化,使得固溶时效后的合金硬度有较大幅度提高。虽然提高固溶温度有利于α、κ两相固溶,但合金经950 ℃×60 min固溶、水淬后,合金为β′单相,时效过程中κ相无形核点,κ相易发生聚集长大,不利于合金强化。由此可知,合适的固溶温度能促进时效过程中κ相弥散析出,对合金产生第二相强化作用。时效温度对合金硬度的影响与固溶温度的影响相似,合金硬度均随着温度升高呈现先升高后降低的趋势。这是因为合金硬度受软相(α相)和硬相(β′、κ相)含量、大小共同影响,时效温度会直接影响各相的析出量及分散度,随着时效温度从400 ℃升到450 ℃,金属间化合物κ相弥散析出增多,结合图5,κ相在合金中以细小球状析出,这种析出方式有利于合金的综合力学性能,使得合金硬度随着时效温度升高呈上升趋势。但时效温度进一步升高到500 ℃时,一方面会过时效,致使组织软化,合金硬度降低,另一方面,虽然高温时效时析出的κ相较多,但也伴随着硬相β′的分解与软相α的析出,硬度降低。时效温度450 ℃时合金硬度更高,此时相组成为α+β′+κ三相共存。
合金经固溶-时效处理后硬度提升的强化机制是固溶强化与沉淀强化,合金经固溶后获得β′相,后续经合适的时效工艺处理,既保留了部分β′相,又使得κ相弥散析出,合金硬度得以提升。
图10为正交试验中时间对合金硬度指标的影响趋势。由图10表3可知,与温度相比,固溶时间和时效时间对合金硬度的影响较复杂。固溶时间和时效时间对合金硬度影响趋势相似,随着时间延长,合金硬度呈先降低后升高的变化趋势。随着固溶时间延长,α相含量减少,利于提高硬度,但组织易发生粗化,对合金强度不利。时效时间会影响铝青铜组织中α相,κ相等析出相含量以及分布特点,时效时间过长,α相变得粗大,但同时也伴随κ相析出数量增加、β′相含量减少,此时合金硬度由软相(α相)以及硬相(β′、κ相)共同决定。固溶时间45 min和时效时间150 min时合金硬度更高。时效时间对合金组织的析出、分布与合金硬度的影响还需进一步研究。
1)挤压态QAl11-6-6合金室温下的组织由α、β、κ、γ2以及剩余β′相组成,此状态下主要存在κ、κ、κ共3种κ相。
2)以硬度为指标,影响QAl11-6-6铝青铜性能的热处理工艺参数强弱顺序为:时效时间>时效温度>固溶时间>固溶温度。
3)优化后的热处理工艺参数为:910 ℃下固溶45 min,水淬,随后在450 ℃下时效150 min,空冷。在该工艺条件下铝青铜合金硬度达40.1HRC。
4)与挤压态相比,固溶-时效处理后合金中无α+κ相,含有较多的类马氏体相β′,合金硬度受硬相β′、κ及软相α综合影响。
  • 贵溪市铜产业升级科技攻关计划项目(GXTCY2022-06)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.030
  • 接收时间:2024-08-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-25
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贵溪市铜产业升级科技攻关计划项目(GXTCY2022-06)
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    1.中南大学 材料科学与工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
    2.贵溪骏达特种铜材有限公司,江西 鹰潭 335400

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林高用(1966—),男,湖南邵阳人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为有色金属材料加工、模具设计和数值模拟。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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