Article(id=1240631875778171075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723737600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773719289010, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1738339200000, pubDateStr=2025-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773719289010, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773719289010, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773719289010, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240631872800215183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='187', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773719288300, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773724138257, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240652215052989235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240652215052989236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=21, endPage=26, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240631877107765453, articleId=1240631875778171075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Velocity Prediction for Blast-Induced Vibration in Open-Pit Mine Based on Bi-LSTM Algorithm, columnId=1236276106018484431, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MINING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The traditional formula for prediction of blast-induced vibration has low accuracy, thus a prediction model for blast-induced vibration velocity in open-pit mines was constructed based on bidirectional long-short-term memory network (Bi-LSTM). This model can process time series data in both directions while capturing the dependency between inputs of the past and future information at upper and lower layers and the outputs. From the monitoring data of blasting operation in Gaocun Iron Mine of Maanshan Iron and Steel Group, the relevant data were selected as the inputs, and the prediction results by Bi-LSTM were compared with those based on Sadaovsky formula. The results show that the blast-induced vibration velocity predicted based on Sadaovsky formula has a mean error of 26.87%, and the blast-induced vibration velocity predicted by Bi-LSTM algorithm has a mean error of 8.95%. It is shown that the Bi-LSTM model can have the prediction results in a high degree of agreement with the measured results. In the future, this Bi-LSTM model will be trained with the monitoring data of other mines to improve its generalization ability, and also will be implanted by transfering learning into a real-time safety monitoring and early warning platform for mines.

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针对传统公式对爆破振动预测精度不高的问题,构建了基于Bi-LSTM(双向长短期记忆网络)算法的露天矿山爆破振动速度预测模型。该模型可以在两个方向上处理时间序列数据,同时捕获过去和未来的上下输入信息与输出数据之间的依赖关系。以马钢集团高村铁矿露天矿山爆破开采监测数据为依据,选取相关数据为输入参数,并将Bi-LSTM预测结果与萨道夫斯基公式预测结果进行对比。结果表明:萨道夫斯基公式预测的爆破振动速度平均误差为26.87%,Bi-LSTM算法预测的爆破振动速度平均误差为8.95%;Bi-LSTM模型预测结果与实测结果具有较高的吻合度。后期将以其他矿山的监测数据为依托对模型进行训练,以提高Bi-LSTM模型的泛化能力,并通过迁移学习植入矿山安全实时监测预警平台。

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张伟(1981—),男,甘肃天水人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事爆破智能化、人工智能应用方面的研究。E-mail:

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张伟(1981—),男,甘肃天水人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事爆破智能化、人工智能应用方面的研究。E-mail:

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张伟(1981—),男,甘肃天水人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事爆破智能化、人工智能应用方面的研究。E-mail:

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(a)切向;(b)竖向;(c)水平

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Blasting parameters

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孔名钻孔参数装药参数
孔距/m孔深/m孔径/mm药卷直径/mm堵塞长度/m单孔药量/kg最大单响药量/kg总装药量/kg
预裂孔0.52.2~10.290320.5~2.02.3~3.518750
缓冲孔1.69.5~10.290700.8~2.015.0~18.032
主爆孔3.29.5~10.290700.8~2.021.0~27.045
), ArticleFig(id=1240651369238033063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631875778171075, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔名钻孔参数装药参数
孔距/m孔深/m孔径/mm药卷直径/mm堵塞长度/m单孔药量/kg最大单响药量/kg总装药量/kg
预裂孔0.52.2~10.290320.5~2.02.3~3.518750
缓冲孔1.69.5~10.290700.8~2.015.0~18.032
主爆孔3.29.5~10.290700.8~2.021.0~27.045
), ArticleFig(id=1240651369347084972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631875778171075, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Optimized hyperparameters of Bi-LSTM models with different number of layers

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模型类型超参数结果
学习率丢失率批次最大数量隐藏层数目L2范数决定系数RMSE
Bi-LSTM0.002 60.5168860.000 10.840.561
两层Bi-LSTM0.001 90.53641420.000 20.910.432
三层Bi-LSTM0.001 90.411281220.000 30.950.326
四层Bi-LSTM0.001 90.411281220.000 30.830.523
), ArticleFig(id=1240651369464525490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631875778171075, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同层数Bi-LSTM模型的优化超参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型类型超参数结果
学习率丢失率批次最大数量隐藏层数目L2范数决定系数RMSE
Bi-LSTM0.002 60.5168860.000 10.840.561
两层Bi-LSTM0.001 90.53641420.000 20.910.432
三层Bi-LSTM0.001 90.411281220.000 30.950.326
四层Bi-LSTM0.001 90.411281220.000 30.830.523
), ArticleFig(id=1240651369581966007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631875778171075, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of prediction performance of two models

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模型类型预测内容RMSEMAER2
萨道夫斯基公式水平振动速度1.6533.1640.63
切向振动速度1.6743.2560.61
竖向振动速度1.5622.9850.66
三层Bi-LSTM模型水平振动速度0.3260.1730.95
切向振动速度0.3850.1940.94
竖向振动速度0.3310.1750.95
), ArticleFig(id=1240651369682629308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631875778171075, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两种模型预测性能分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型类型预测内容RMSEMAER2
萨道夫斯基公式水平振动速度1.6533.1640.63
切向振动速度1.6743.2560.61
竖向振动速度1.5622.9850.66
三层Bi-LSTM模型水平振动速度0.3260.1730.95
切向振动速度0.3850.1940.94
竖向振动速度0.3310.1750.95
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基于Bi-LSTM算法的露天矿山爆破振动速度预测
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张伟 1 , 倪彬 1 , 王立 2 , 谢伟 1 , 魏士钰 3
矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2025,45(1): 21-26
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矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2025, 45(1): 21-26
基于Bi-LSTM算法的露天矿山爆破振动速度预测
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张伟1 , 倪彬1, 王立2, 谢伟1, 魏士钰3
作者信息
  • 1.中国有色金属工业西安勘察设计研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710000
  • 2.兰州有色冶金设计研究院有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 3.江西理工大学 土木与测绘工程学院,江西 赣州 341000
  • 张伟(1981—),男,甘肃天水人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事爆破智能化、人工智能应用方面的研究。E-mail:

Velocity Prediction for Blast-Induced Vibration in Open-Pit Mine Based on Bi-LSTM Algorithm
Wei ZHANG1 , Bin NI1, Li WANG2, Wei XIE1, Shiyu WEI3
Affiliations
  • 1.China Nonferrous Metals Industry Xi'an Survey and Design Institute Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi, China
  • 2.Lanzhou Nonferrous Metallurgy Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering and Mapping & Surveying Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
出版时间: 2025-02-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.004
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针对传统公式对爆破振动预测精度不高的问题,构建了基于Bi-LSTM(双向长短期记忆网络)算法的露天矿山爆破振动速度预测模型。该模型可以在两个方向上处理时间序列数据,同时捕获过去和未来的上下输入信息与输出数据之间的依赖关系。以马钢集团高村铁矿露天矿山爆破开采监测数据为依据,选取相关数据为输入参数,并将Bi-LSTM预测结果与萨道夫斯基公式预测结果进行对比。结果表明:萨道夫斯基公式预测的爆破振动速度平均误差为26.87%,Bi-LSTM算法预测的爆破振动速度平均误差为8.95%;Bi-LSTM模型预测结果与实测结果具有较高的吻合度。后期将以其他矿山的监测数据为依托对模型进行训练,以提高Bi-LSTM模型的泛化能力,并通过迁移学习植入矿山安全实时监测预警平台。

露天矿山  /  爆破振动  /  振动速度  /  预测模型  /  Bi-LSTM  /  深度学习算法

The traditional formula for prediction of blast-induced vibration has low accuracy, thus a prediction model for blast-induced vibration velocity in open-pit mines was constructed based on bidirectional long-short-term memory network (Bi-LSTM). This model can process time series data in both directions while capturing the dependency between inputs of the past and future information at upper and lower layers and the outputs. From the monitoring data of blasting operation in Gaocun Iron Mine of Maanshan Iron and Steel Group, the relevant data were selected as the inputs, and the prediction results by Bi-LSTM were compared with those based on Sadaovsky formula. The results show that the blast-induced vibration velocity predicted based on Sadaovsky formula has a mean error of 26.87%, and the blast-induced vibration velocity predicted by Bi-LSTM algorithm has a mean error of 8.95%. It is shown that the Bi-LSTM model can have the prediction results in a high degree of agreement with the measured results. In the future, this Bi-LSTM model will be trained with the monitoring data of other mines to improve its generalization ability, and also will be implanted by transfering learning into a real-time safety monitoring and early warning platform for mines.

open-pit mine  /  blast-induced vibration  /  vibration velocity  /  prediction model  /  Bi-LSTM  /  deep learning algorithm
张伟, 倪彬, 王立, 谢伟, 魏士钰. 基于Bi-LSTM算法的露天矿山爆破振动速度预测. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (1) : 21 -26 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.004
Wei ZHANG, Bin NI, Li WANG, Wei XIE, Shiyu WEI. Velocity Prediction for Blast-Induced Vibration in Open-Pit Mine Based on Bi-LSTM Algorithm[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (1) : 21 -26 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.004
钻爆法具有经济性和高效性等优点,被广泛应用于岩体破碎、矿山开采等领域[1]。然而,矿山爆破作业会产生强烈地震波和振动,不仅对矿山周边边坡及建筑物造成影响,还可能对附近生态环境产生不利影响。过大的爆破振动速度可能导致地表沉降等灾害,甚至对人民生命财产安全造成巨大威胁[2-3]。因此,准确预测和控制爆破振动速度尤为重要。
传统爆破振动速度预测方法主要包括:萨道夫斯基公式、美国矿务局爆破振动公式以及印度制定的爆破振动公式等[4-6]。这些方法往往受限于模型的简单性和数据的局限性,难以满足复杂环境下露天矿山爆破振动速度的精确预测需求[7-8]
为了克服传统方法的局限性,近年来,基于机器学习和深度学习技术的预测方法备受关注[9-11]。机器学习和深度学习技术能够从大量数据中学习模式和规律,自动提取特征并进行预测,具有较强的泛化能力和预测能力,尤其是深度学习技术在处理时序数据和复杂模式识别方面表现出巨大优势。在这一背景下,本文致力于探索基于Bi-LSTM(双向长短期记忆网络)算法的露天矿山爆破振动速度预测方法。Bi-LSTM作为一种强大的深度学习模型,在时序数据建模和预测领域表现出优异性能,相较于传统的机器学习方法,Bi-LSTM能够更好地捕捉时序数据之间的长期依赖关系和非线性特征[12-14]
本文利用Bi-LSTM算法对露天矿山爆破振动速度进行精确预测,并探究其在矿山爆破作业中的实际应用效果。通过利用矿山爆破作业的相关数据,结合Bi-LSTM模型的强大功能,实现爆破振动速度预测,以提高爆破作业的安全性和效率。以马钢集团高村铁矿露天矿山爆破开采监测数据为依据,对所提出的Bi-LSTM预测模型进行训练和验证,并与萨道夫斯基公式预测结果进行对比,验证Bi-LSTM预测模型的适用性和优越性。
LSTM是一种特殊的循环神经网络结构,通常用来处理和学习时间序列数据,通过引入门控制单元机制,可以捕捉与挖掘时间序列数据中的长期依赖关系。LSTM包括一个遗忘门、一个输入门、一个输出门和一个单元状态,可以有效解决循环神经网络(RNN)中经常遇到的梯度消失和梯度爆炸问题,其结构如图1所示。
遗忘门主要决定输入数据的丢弃信息,预测下一段时间序列数据,遗忘门的计算如图2所示,遗忘门的计算公式见式(1)。
式中:ft表示LSTM模型的遗忘门;σ为遗忘门的激活函数;Wf为LSTM模型的权重系数;ht-1为LSTM模型的隐藏层状态;xt为时间序列输入数据;bf为LSTM模型的偏差系数。
经遗忘门处理后的数据,需要对单元格状态进行更新,通过输入门计算决定数据的更新;将更新后的数据创建一个候选向量,加入单元格状态中,计算公式为:
式中:it表示LSTM网络的输入门;表示LSTM网络单元格状态的候选值;tanh表示激活函数。更新LSTM网络的单元格状态,即当前单元格状态与遗忘门的输出相乘,输入门与单元格状态的候选值相乘,两者相加就可以实现对单元格状态的更新,计算公式为:
式中Ct表示LSTM网络的单元格状态。最终,通过输出门与激活函数实现对LSTM网络的输出,计算公式为:
式中ot表示输出。
LSTM已被证明在处理长期依赖问题方面优于传统的循环神经网络模型。然而,LSTM仅限于在一个方向上处理序列,无法同时捕获过去和未来的上下输入信息。Bi-LSTM网络是对传统LSTM架构的一种扩展,如图3所示。
Bi-LSTM的输出向量将由正向传播和反向传播过程的输出向量进行关联计算得到,计算公式为:
式中:hft)为Bi-LSTM网络模型的向前传播输出数据;hbt)为Bi-LSTM网络模型的向后传播输出数据;ht)为Bi-LSTM网络模型的输出数据。通过双向建模,Bi-LSTM可以更好地捕获序列中的依赖关系,与LSTM相比,Bi-LSTM预测性能显著提升。
为了评价基于Bi-LSTM算法的露天矿山爆破振动速度预测,本文选用均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)及决定系数(R2)3个指标对模型进行评价。RMSE、MAE与R2的定义如下:
式中:m为预测数据集样本总数;fxi)为Bi-LSTM模型的预测数据;yi为实测露天矿山爆破振动速度数据;为实测露天矿山爆破振动速度数据的均值。决定系数R2用于评价模型与预测数据的相关性,其取值范围为0~1。
马钢集团高村铁矿露天开采采用爆破开挖,爆破会导致高陡岩质边坡产生振动效应,对高陡岩质边坡稳定性造成一定影响。随着复杂自然环境下高陡边坡岩体风化效应逐渐加剧,岩体力学性能不断劣化,爆破扰动下高陡岩质边坡的稳定性问题日益突出。
为了防止多次爆破振动导致高陡岩质边坡失稳,需对矿体爆破开挖过程进行爆破振动监测。以高程112 m矿体爆破开挖至高程102 m矿体为例,此次爆破采用预裂爆破技术,依次起爆预裂孔、主爆孔以及缓冲孔,爆破参数见表1
对爆破过程中监测点与爆破点距离、监测点与爆破点高程差、爆破点至监测点的岩体纵波波速、炮孔排数等参数进行测量,记录矿山生产过程中近一年的部分爆破数据,共682组爆破振动数据。
从采集的682组爆破振动数据中随机挑选120组数据,将这120组数据的爆破参数与地质参数进行记录。利用萨道夫斯基公式对这120组数据进行拟合分析,萨道夫斯基公式为:
式中:Vp为爆破振动峰值速度,cm/s;k为露天矿山场地系数;Q为爆破过程中最大单响药量,kg;R为监测点与爆心的距离,m;α为露天边坡岩体爆破振动衰减系数。
为了简化回归分析过程,对式(11)两边同时取对数:
为了简化分析,令v=lnVpb=lnk,则式(12)可简化为:
利用最小二乘法对式(13)进行回归分析,拟合结果如图4所示。
图4可知,在多次爆破振动扰动与自然环境风化共同作用下,边坡岩体力学性能随着时间的推移逐渐下降,边坡岩体爆破振动衰减系数随其力学性能不断变化,而萨道夫斯基公式中参数是不变的,导致萨道夫斯基公式的预测误差相对较大,不能真实反映岩体力学性能,以及爆破振动速度对边坡稳定性的影响。
为了探讨边坡岩体爆破振动衰减系数随其力学性能变化对预测结果的影响,本文对基于萨道夫斯基公式的切向拟合结果误差进行了统计分析,结果如图5所示。
图5可知,随着爆破次数增加,基于萨道夫斯基公式的切向拟合结果误差呈现逐渐增大的趋势,边坡岩体爆破振动衰减系数不能使用常数项。
为了解决萨道夫斯基公式预测爆破振动速度存在的弊端,本文提出了基于Bi-LSTM算法的爆破振动速度预测方法,将单响药量、距爆心距离、监测点与爆破点的高程差、爆破点至监测点岩体纵波波速、炮孔排数、孔间距、排间距、爆破参数作为输入数据;为了避免输入数据的离散性对模型预测结果的影响,将上述所有输入数据进行归一化处理,同时将爆破振动的切向振动速度、水平振动速度及竖向振动速度作为Bi-LSTM算法的输出数据。将监测的682组爆破振动数据随机分成两份,其中562组数据作为训练集,剩余120组数据作为验证集。通过测量岩体纵波波速,以实现定量表征露天矿山边坡岩体力学性能与结构面发育情况的目的。
为了弱化Bi-LSTM模型中参数设置对预测结果的影响,本文对不同层数Bi-LSTM模型的学习率、丢失率、批次最大数量、隐藏层数目、L2范数等参数进行了优化分析,表2为不同层数Bi-LSTM模型的优化超参数。通过比较验证模型的决定系数和RMSE,确定不同层数Bi-LSTM模型的优化超参数。由表2可知,相较而言,三层Bi-LSTM模型的预测结果更好。这是由于Bi-LSTM层数越多,输入数据的映射越大,拟合函数相对越复杂,但是随着Bi-LSTM层数逐渐增大,Bi-LSTM模型参数与数据储存也将逐步复杂化,导致Bi-LSTM模型容易陷入过拟合,并且训练学习性能也会逐步下降。综上所述,三层Bi-LSTM模型结构可以满足模型复杂度与训练学习性能的要求,其学习率、丢失率、批次最大数量、隐藏层数目及L2范数等超参数依次为0.001 9、0.41、128、122、0.000 3。
利用式(8)~(10)对萨道夫斯基公式与三层Bi-LSTM模型预测结果进行分析,结果如表3所示。由表3可知,相较于萨道夫斯基公式,三层Bi-LSTM模型预测精度显著提升,说明Bi-LSTM算法更适合露天矿山的多次爆破振动速度预测。
为了更加直观地比较萨道夫斯基公式与Bi-LSTM算法对露天矿山爆破振动速度预测效果,本文随机挑选了20组爆破振动速度的预测数据与实测数据进行比较,结果如图6所示。由图6可知,Bi-LSTM算法的预测结果更接近实测数据,相较于萨道夫斯基公式,Bi-LSTM算法对露天矿山爆破振动速度预测效果更佳。本文对所有爆破数据的预测误差进行统计分析,结果表明:萨道夫斯基公式预测的爆破振动速度平均误差为26.87%,Bi-LSTM算法预测的爆破振动速度平均误差为8.95%。
1)考虑到爆破参数与矿山边坡岩体力学性能以及结构面发育情况对爆破振动速度的影响,构建了基于Bi-LSTM(双向长短期记忆网络)算法的露天矿山爆破振动速度预测模型,应用于高村铁矿露天矿山边坡爆破振动速度预测。
2)三层Bi-LSTM模型结构可以满足模型复杂度与训练学习性能的要求,其学习率、丢失率、批次最大数量、隐藏层数目及L2范数等超参数依次为0.001 9、0.41、128、122、0.000 3。
3)萨道夫斯基公式预测的爆破振动速度平均误差为26.87%,Bi-LSTM算法预测的爆破振动速度平均误差为8.95%,表明Bi-LSTM模型可以更有效预测露天矿山边坡爆破振动速度。
4)本研究目前只对高村铁矿露天矿山边坡爆破振动速度进行了预测分析,后期将以其他矿山的监测数据为依托对模型进行训练,提高模型的泛化能力,并通过迁移学习植入矿山安全实时监测预警平台。
  • 江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ210859)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.004
  • 接收时间:2024-08-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-16
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江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ210859)
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    1.中国有色金属工业西安勘察设计研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710000
    2.兰州有色冶金设计研究院有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730000
    3.江西理工大学 土木与测绘工程学院,江西 赣州 341000
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kygczz/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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