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In order to clarify the mass transfer law in the process of salt conversion into corresponding acid and base by introducing bipolar membrane and thus to instruct industrial production with it, a model of electrodialysis unit cell with Na2SO4 as the raw material was constructed by introducing bipolar membrane (BPM) based on Nernst-Planck and Poisson equations. Key parameters including the number of grids and the capacity of membrane groups of the unit cell were obtained by calculating with COMSOL Multiphysics software. The salt conversion rates in the unit cell with different voltage and feed concentration were calculated based on simulation, and then compared with the experimental data. The results show that with the grid number of 30 000 and the membrane group capacity of negative/positive membrane at 300 mol/m3, the simulated results with the constructed model are in good agreement with the measured data. Based on the corresponding calculation, data of potential distribution, ion distribution and distribution of ion migration flux in the unit cell during mass transfer process were obtained. It is found that the mass transfer rate and energy efficiency of Na2SO4 converted into corresponding acid and base by bipolar membrane are mainly influenced by voltage drop and membrane voltage in the unit cell.

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为明晰利用双极膜将盐转化为酸碱过程的传质规律并以此指导工业生产,以Na2SO4为原料,依据Nernst-Planck方程、泊松方程构建双极膜单元模型,采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件计算确定网格数、膜基团容量等关键参数,模拟计算了不同膜单元电压、进料浓度条件下盐的转化率,并与实验数据进行对比。结果表明:双极膜单元网格数为30 000、阴/阳膜离子膜基团容量为300 mol/m3时,获得的传质模型模拟结果与实测数据吻合度较高;在此基础上,计算获得了双极膜单元中电势分布、离子分布、离子迁移通量分布等传质过程数据,发现利用双极膜将Na2SO4转化为相应酸碱的传质效率及能效主要与跨膜压降、膜单元电压有关。

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曾娟(1984—),女,湖南益阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为废水资源化利用。E-mail:

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曾娟(1984—),女,湖南益阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为废水资源化利用。E-mail:

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曾娟(1984—),女,湖南益阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为废水资源化利用。E-mail:

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Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering, 2004, 38(4): 394-398., articleTitle=Modeling of mass electrotransfer in terms of the transport and structural properties of ion-exchange membranes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240651376796169050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631874922541879, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=496, issue=null, pageStart=267, pageEnd=280, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=21, authorNames=SUWAL S, DOYEN A, BAZINET L, journalName=Journal of Membrane Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUWAL S, DOYEN A, BAZINET L. Characterization of protein, peptide and amino acid fouling on ion-exchange and filtration membranes: Review of current and recently developed methods[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2015, 496: 267-280., articleTitle=Characterization of protein, peptide and amino acid fouling on ion-exchange and filtration membranes: Review of current and recently developed methods, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240651373277147920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631874922541879, awardId=2024ZD1004006, language=CN, fundingSource=深地国家科技重大专项(2024ZD1004006), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240651364385223133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631874922541879, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240651364393611740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631874922541879, companyId=1240651364385223133, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Co, Ltd, Changsha 410012, Hunan, 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figureFileSmall=hk/mjPy/DDcbV3JIYGDiCg==, figureFileBig=a96AmpwHj5NA6sOMcNozqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651370248860373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631874922541879, language=CN, label=图5, caption=电压对Na2SO4转化率的影响, figureFileSmall=hk/mjPy/DDcbV3JIYGDiCg==, figureFileBig=a96AmpwHj5NA6sOMcNozqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651370362106585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631874922541879, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of voltage on distribution of potential in a unit call (t=30 min), figureFileSmall=8PpN3Nol58YyPUULIq0F1w==, figureFileBig=k3eSTkb9BUWxWMkiUP5KEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651370483741402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631874922541879, language=CN, label=图6, caption=t=30 min时电压对膜单元电势分布的影响, figureFileSmall=8PpN3Nol58YyPUULIq0F1w==, figureFileBig=k3eSTkb9BUWxWMkiUP5KEg==, tableContent=null), 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(a)Na+;(b)SO42-

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(a)Na+;(b)SO42-

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(a)Na+;(b)SO42-

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Parameters of bipolar membrane and ion exchange membranes

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膜名称膜厚度/mm膜基团容量/(mol·m-3
阴离子交换膜0.20150~300
阳离子交换膜0.20150~300
双极膜0.28
), ArticleFig(id=1240651372652196606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631874922541879, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

双极膜及离子交换膜参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膜名称膜厚度/mm膜基团容量/(mol·m-3
阴离子交换膜0.20150~300
阳离子交换膜0.20150~300
双极膜0.28
), ArticleFig(id=1240651372744471295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631874922541879, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of unit cell

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称取值
法拉第常数/(C·mol-196 485
Na+扩散系数/(m2·s-1[11]1.35×10-9
SO42-扩散系数/(m2·s-1[11]1.92×10-9
H+扩散系数/(m2·s-1[12]9.31×10-9
OH-扩散系数/(m2·s-1[12]5.26×10-9
电解质电位/V3.0
介电常数/(F·m-178
温度/K298.15
流道宽度/mm0.75
流速/(m·s-10.01~0.02
膜单元高度/cm10
电势/V1.5~3.0
离子浓度/(mol·L-10.4~0.7
), ArticleFig(id=1240651372832551681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631874922541879, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

膜单元参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称取值
法拉第常数/(C·mol-196 485
Na+扩散系数/(m2·s-1[11]1.35×10-9
SO42-扩散系数/(m2·s-1[11]1.92×10-9
H+扩散系数/(m2·s-1[12]9.31×10-9
OH-扩散系数/(m2·s-1[12]5.26×10-9
电解质电位/V3.0
介电常数/(F·m-178
温度/K298.15
流道宽度/mm0.75
流速/(m·s-10.01~0.02
膜单元高度/cm10
电势/V1.5~3.0
离子浓度/(mol·L-10.4~0.7
), ArticleFig(id=1240651372916437764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631874922541879, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of voltage on potential drop (t=30 min)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压/V跨膜压降/V
阴离子交换膜阳离子交换膜双极膜A、C层间
1.50.0120.0250.52
2.00.0150.0320.98
2.50.0200.0411.47
3.00.0250.0451.95
), ArticleFig(id=1240651373100987145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631874922541879, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

t=30 min时电压对跨膜压降的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压/V跨膜压降/V
阴离子交换膜阳离子交换膜双极膜A、C层间
1.50.0120.0250.52
2.00.0150.0320.98
2.50.0200.0411.47
3.00.0250.0451.95
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双极膜制酸碱传质过程的数值模拟
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曾娟 , 张玉凤 , 刘孟 , 余侃萍
矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025,45(1): 123-128
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矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025, 45(1): 123-128
双极膜制酸碱传质过程的数值模拟
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曾娟 , 张玉凤, 刘孟, 余侃萍
作者信息
  • 长沙矿冶研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 曾娟(1984—),女,湖南益阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为废水资源化利用。E-mail:

Numerical Simulation of Mass Transfer Process of Acid and Base Production with Bipolar Membrane
Juan ZENG , Yufeng ZHANG, Meng LIU, Kanping YU
Affiliations
  • Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Co, Ltd, Changsha 410012, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2025-02-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.023
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为明晰利用双极膜将盐转化为酸碱过程的传质规律并以此指导工业生产,以Na2SO4为原料,依据Nernst-Planck方程、泊松方程构建双极膜单元模型,采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件计算确定网格数、膜基团容量等关键参数,模拟计算了不同膜单元电压、进料浓度条件下盐的转化率,并与实验数据进行对比。结果表明:双极膜单元网格数为30 000、阴/阳膜离子膜基团容量为300 mol/m3时,获得的传质模型模拟结果与实测数据吻合度较高;在此基础上,计算获得了双极膜单元中电势分布、离子分布、离子迁移通量分布等传质过程数据,发现利用双极膜将Na2SO4转化为相应酸碱的传质效率及能效主要与跨膜压降、膜单元电压有关。

双极膜  /  传质  /  模型  /  数值模拟  /  离子交换膜  /  电渗析  /  膜分离  /  酸碱回收

In order to clarify the mass transfer law in the process of salt conversion into corresponding acid and base by introducing bipolar membrane and thus to instruct industrial production with it, a model of electrodialysis unit cell with Na2SO4 as the raw material was constructed by introducing bipolar membrane (BPM) based on Nernst-Planck and Poisson equations. Key parameters including the number of grids and the capacity of membrane groups of the unit cell were obtained by calculating with COMSOL Multiphysics software. The salt conversion rates in the unit cell with different voltage and feed concentration were calculated based on simulation, and then compared with the experimental data. The results show that with the grid number of 30 000 and the membrane group capacity of negative/positive membrane at 300 mol/m3, the simulated results with the constructed model are in good agreement with the measured data. Based on the corresponding calculation, data of potential distribution, ion distribution and distribution of ion migration flux in the unit cell during mass transfer process were obtained. It is found that the mass transfer rate and energy efficiency of Na2SO4 converted into corresponding acid and base by bipolar membrane are mainly influenced by voltage drop and membrane voltage in the unit cell.

bipolar membrane  /  mass transfer  /  model  /  numerical simulation  /  ion exchange membrane  /  electrodialysis  /  membrane separation  /  acid and base recovery
曾娟, 张玉凤, 刘孟, 余侃萍. 双极膜制酸碱传质过程的数值模拟. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (1) : 123 -128 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.023
Juan ZENG, Yufeng ZHANG, Meng LIU, Kanping YU. Numerical Simulation of Mass Transfer Process of Acid and Base Production with Bipolar Membrane[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (1) : 123 -128 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.023
双极膜是一种新型离子交换膜,通常由阳离子交换层、界面亲水层和阴离子交换层复合而成。将双极膜和阴/阳离子交换膜组合成三隔室的双极膜电渗析单元,利用离子交换膜对相反电性离子的选择透过性,在膜的两侧分别得到阴离子和阳离子,实现离子分离,从而将盐转化为对应的酸碱。近年来双极膜电渗析已被广泛应用于酸碱回收[1-2]、废水处理[3]、重金属回收[4]、制氢[5]、生产与回收氨[6]、盐湖提锂[7]等领域。实际应用中发现,不同体系的双极膜电渗析对不同溶液体系制酸碱性能存在较大差异,设备选型前需要通过小实验多次验证,实际处理能力和效果依然无法保证。因此,通过建立模型、模拟计算双极膜电渗析的传质过程,将试验过程模型化,对提高生产效率和指导生产实践具有重要意义。
双极膜由阳极膜和阴极膜组成,使用过程中,在电场作用下能将水解离在膜两侧分别产生H+和OH-,建模时需对膜-电解液界面进行精确解析;双极膜电渗析一般具有膜、溶液和膜-溶液-溶液扩散层3个层次,阴、阳离子在3个层次中迁移。基于以上传质原理,依据Nernst-Planck方程和泊松方程[8-10]建立双极膜电渗析制酸碱传质模型,描述双极膜电渗析制酸碱过程中的物质传递现象。
假设溶液为稀溶液(即每个离子仅与周围水分子相互作用),且只在扩散和迁移情况下发生离子传输,根据化学电位的梯度来定义移动离子的通量:
式中:Ji为移动离子通量,mol/(m2·s);bi为迁移率,m2/(V·s);ci为移动离子浓度,mol/m3μi为离子电化学电位,V;i为物质标号。
根据Fick定律模拟传质过程,迁移率和扩散系数通过Nerst-Einstein关系式相关联,迁移率与扩散系数的关系式为:
式中:Di为扩散系数,m2/s;R为摩尔气体常数,J/(K·mol);T为温度,K。
由于没有离子产生与消耗,传质过程假设为稳态解,离子通量的散度为0:
离子选择性透过膜的特性使膜与自由电解液界面区很小的范围(通常为纳米级)内存在较大的离子浓度梯度,而通过该区域所有物质的通量守恒,故需要相应的电位梯度来平衡浓度梯度。双极膜电解水界面中的离子传输遵循质量连续性:
式中:Ni为离子i的总通量,mol/(m2·s);t为传质时间,s。
在此基础上,根据Nernst-Planck方程,考虑扩散、电迁移和对流3种机制对离子通量的贡献,离子i的总通量Ni为:
式中:zi为离子电荷数;φl为电解质相的电位,V;F为法拉第常数,c/mol;u为速度矢量,m/s。
泊松方程将离子交换膜中固定电荷与电位相关联,在离子选择性透过膜中存在离子的定向传输以及电位的分布,其中电位分布可采用泊松方程描述:
式中:ε为介电常数,F/m;ρ为空间电荷密度,C/m3
同时,空间电荷密度又包括移动离子电荷密度和固定离子电荷密度:
式中ρfix为膜中固定离子的电荷密度。在离子交换介质外的自由电解质中,固定离子浓度为0,故ρfix=0。
每个离子的电化学电位μi定义为:
式中ci,ref为某个(任意)参考浓度,mol/m3
式(1)~(3)和式(6)~(8)为Nernst-Planck-Poisson(NPP)方程组,用来模拟双极膜传质过程,特别是其中的水解离过程。式(4)和式(5)用来描述离子通量。
离子i的电化学势在膜-电解液界面区域不存在梯度变化,而是呈现连续分布,所以可以假设在膜-电解液界面区以外的两侧电化学势相等,使用u和d来定义膜-电解液界面区两侧的值,就可以得到界面区两侧离子浓度和电势满足关系,这种电位变化称为唐南电位:
式中:φl,uφl,d分别为膜表面和溶液的电势,V;ci,uci,d分别为膜表面和溶液中的离子浓度,mol/m3
在膜-电解液界面区域之外,满足离子通量的连续性和电中性条件,可以为膜-电解液界面区域以外的边界定义一组关于浓度和电位的边界条件,即为唐南边界条件,用于简化膜-电解液界面区域。
双极膜制酸碱一般采用阴膜、阳膜和双极膜依次叠加组成。阴离子交换膜(阴膜)只允许阴离子透过,阳离子交换膜(阳膜)只允许阳离子透过,双极膜将水电解成H+和OH-,H+透过双极膜的阳离子交换层进入酸室,与从盐室中穿过阴膜的阴离子结合形成酸,OH-透过双极膜的阴离子交换层进入碱室,与从盐室中穿过阳膜的金属阳离子结合形成碱,实现盐制备酸碱的目的,其传质过程见图1
依据双极膜制酸碱的膜单元(以下简称膜单元)构型,溶液离子和电势沿流道和垂直离子交换膜的方向变化,以阳离子向负极迁移的方向为x轴正向,以流道方向为y轴,建立了膜单元几何模型,如图2所示。
以膜和隔室作为计算单元建立数学模型,对其在电场作用下物质传递进行数值模拟。利用三次电流分布和耦合使用NPP方程组模拟双极膜水解离和离子传质过程,模型根据方程的初始条件和边界条件,并在数值模拟软件COMSOL Multiphysics上采用有限元法对模型方程进行数值求解,同时结合膜和溶液体系,调整模型参数,描述双极膜制酸碱过程中离子的传质情况。
根据双极膜制酸碱实验膜堆情况(膜参数见表1),选用三元前驱体生产产生的副产物Na2SO4为物料,输入关键参数(膜单元参数见表2)进行计算,确定网格数、膜基团容量等关键参数,得到双极膜利用Na2SO4制酸碱的传质模型及相应参数,其中阴离子交换膜以NHR-为活性交换基团、阳离子交换膜以—SO3H为活性交换基团。在此基础上充分验证该模型模拟结果与实测数据的吻合度,选取的实验原料为分析纯Na2SO4,实验设备为电渗析实验成套设备,型号EX3BT。
选择疏密程度与计算结果无关的模型网格数十分重要,网格数过小影响计算精度,网格数过大会导致计算量过大从而影响计算效率。设置电压3.0 V、Na2SO4浓度0.5 mol/L、流速0.01 m/s,以COMSOL Multiphysics软件计算输出膜表面的电流密度来进行网格无关性验证,确定模型网格的疏密程度,结果见图3。由图3可知,膜表面电流密度随着网格数增加而减小,网格数大于30 000后,膜表面电流密度随着网格数增加变化较小,且网格数越多,迭代次数越多,模型计算精度越高,但计算速率降低。综合考虑模型的计算精度和速率,选取网格数30 000。
膜性能决定离子的跨膜速率和迁移能力[13-15],对离子传递行为有重大影响。双极膜利用Na2SO4制酸碱,影响其传质效率的关键是Na+和SO42-跨膜迁移的速度。因此,阴/阳离子交换膜基团容量的确定十分关键。设置电压3.0 V、流速0.01 m/s、Na2SO4浓度0.5 mol/L,膜参数详见表1、膜单元参数详见表2,采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件计算阳/阴离子交换膜基团容量对Na2SO4转化率的影响,并与实验结果进行对比,结果见图4。由图4可知,阴/阳膜基团容量从150 mol/m3增至300 mol/m3,Na2SO4转化率95%所需时间从70 min减至47 min。对比实验数据,发现模拟计算选用阴/阳膜基团容量300 mol/m3的Na2SO4转化率随时间的变化情况与同实验参数下的实测数据吻合度较高。阴/阳膜基团容量宜选择300 mol/m3
工业生产中膜单元电压是影响传质速率和盐转化率的关键因素。进料Na2SO4浓度0.5 mol/L、流速0.01 m/s,模拟计算和实验考察了不同膜单元电压下的Na2SO4转化率,结果见图5。模拟计算了双极膜单元中各离子在t=30 min时的通量和电势分布情况,结果分别见图6图7,相同条件下电压对跨膜压降的影响见表3
图5可知,运行相同时间,Na2SO4转化率随着膜单元电压增大而提高,膜单元电压从1.5 V增加至3.0 V,Na2SO4转化率达到95%所需时间由75 min缩短至47 min,且不同电压下Na2SO4转化率随时间延长模拟数据与实验值相近,传质模型计算结果与同实验参数下的实测数据吻合度较高。实际生产中可采用此模型进行模拟计算并指导工业生产,如膜单元电压为3.0 V时,双极膜(三隔室)利用Na2SO4制备酸碱连续运行30 min,约62%的Na2SO4转化成NaOH和H2SO4,连续运行47 min,约95%的Na2SO4转化成酸碱;膜单元电压1.5~3.0 V时,从双极膜制酸碱整个运行周期来看,电压2.5 V和3.0 V运行相同时间的Na2SO4转化率相差不到3%,综合考虑传质效率和能耗,电压2.5 V时更优。
图6表3可知,膜单元各隔室溶液中电势均匀分布,但阴/阳离子交换膜和双极膜处由于膜与溶液界面存在道南电势降,电势突然降低;膜单元电压对阴离子和阳离子交换膜两侧跨膜压降影响很小,电压从1.5 V上升至3.0 V,跨膜压降分别从0.012 V和0.025 V上升到0.025 V和0.045 V,这与文献[12]对电渗析膜单元跨膜压降的研究结果一致。膜单元电压对双极膜两侧跨膜压降影响很大,电压从1.5 V上升至3.0 V时,双极膜跨膜压降由0.52 V上升到1.95 V,说明膜单元中跨膜压降可能是影响Na2SO4传质效率和能耗的关键因素。
图7可知,膜单元电压升高,Na+和SO42-在膜单元中沿离子迁移方向从溶液至阴/阳离子交换膜处的离子通量逐渐增大,且在阴/阳离子交换膜边界处对应的SO42-/Na+沿迁移方向的通量达到峰值。如膜单元电压从1.5 V增至2.5 V和3.0 V,Na+在盐室中阳离子交换膜边界处沿x正方向通量由2.7×10-4 mol/(m2·s)上升至4.5×10-4 mol/(m2·s)和4.8×10-4 mol/(m2·s),SO42-在盐室中阴离子交换膜边界处沿x反方向通量由1.35×10-4 mol/(m2·s)上升至2.25×10-4 mol/(m2·s)和2.4×10-4 mol/(m2·s),其离子通量并未随着膜单元电压升高等比例升高,这与不同膜单元电压下Na2SO4转化率变化趋势一致。
双极膜电渗析各流道进料浓度直接影响膜单元中各离子的浓度梯度,进而影响离子迁移通量和迁移速率。电压3.0 V、流速0.01 m/s,模拟计算和实验考察膜单元盐室在不同进料浓度下盐转化率的变化情况,结果见图8,同时模拟计算膜单元中各离子在t=30 min时的通量和电势分布情况,结果见图9图10
图8可知,不同进料浓度下Na2SO4转化率随时间变化的模拟数据与实验值相近,传质模型计算结果与实测数据吻合度较高。实际生产中可采用此模型进行模拟计算指导工业生产,如要使Na2SO4转化率达到95%,进料浓度0.4 mol/L时,双极膜(三隔室)利用硫酸钠制备酸碱需连续运行40 min,进料浓度0.7 mol/L时,所需时间为65 min;比如膜堆运行40 min,进料浓度0.4 mol/L时Na2SO4转化率95%,进料浓度0.7 mol/L时Na2SO4转化率仅59%。
图9可知,Na+和SO42-在溶液主体部分均匀分布,但在阴/阳离子交换膜两侧边界处存在一定浓度差,t=30 min时,进料浓度从0.4 mol/L上升到0.7 mol/L,膜两侧离子浓度差无明显区别,说明在此条件下进料浓度对膜两侧浓差极化影响较小。
图10可知,Na2SO4溶液进料浓度上升,Na+和SO42-在盐室的总通量按比例升高,其在酸室和碱室的总通量无明显变化,t=30 min时,进料浓度从0.4 mol/L上升到0.7 mol/L,Na+在盐室的总通量从2.06 mol/(m2·s)均匀提高至10.8 mol/(m2·s),Na+在碱室的总通量基本在9.24 mol/(m2·s)左右,离子迁移速率受进料浓度影响很小。
1)建立了双极膜(三隔室)利用盐制酸碱的Nernst-Planck-Poisson(NPP)二维传质模型,确定了相应双极膜单元的关键参数,结果表明,网格数30 000、阴/阳膜离子膜基团容量300 mol/m3,传质模型模拟结果与实验值吻合度较高。
2)利用双极膜NPP二维传质模型计算获得了双极膜单元中电势分布、离子分布、离子迁移通量分布等数据,发现双极膜利用Na2SO4制备酸碱传质效率和能耗主要与跨膜压降、膜单元电压有关。
  • 深地国家科技重大专项(2024ZD1004006)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.023
  • 接收时间:2024-09-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-03
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深地国家科技重大专项(2024ZD1004006)
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    长沙矿冶研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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