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Article(id=1240631873509052561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724601600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773719288470, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1738339200000, pubDateStr=2025-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773719288470, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773719288470, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773719288470, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240631872800215183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='187', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773719288300, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773724138257, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240652215052989235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240652215052989236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=14, endPage=20, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240631873773293716, articleId=1240631873509052561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Failure Law of Rock Masses in Transition from Open-Pit to Underground Mining in Yanqianshan Iron Mine, columnId=1236276106018484431, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MINING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the east side of Yanqianshan Iron Mine of Anshan Iron and Steel Company, the transition from open-pit to underground mining causes failure and collapse of rock slope. In order to solve this problem, tests were performed by adopting numerical simulation and the base friction model to analyze the failure process and failure mode. The different collapse angles at different mining stages were explored, and development process of collapse area was summarized in terms of fissures. It is found that as mining operation proceeds, the collapse angle is reducing due to disturbance of mining activity; the collapse area undergoes four stages, including progressive fissure enrichment, deformation during aging, growth of slip surface, and collapse formation; and the slope failure in the east side of Yanqianshan Iron Mine is predominantly attributed to the sliding crack model of deformation.

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针对鞍钢眼前山铁矿东帮区域露天转地下开采引起边坡岩体破坏及塌陷的问题，采用数值模拟和基底摩擦模型试验分析其边坡破坏过程和破坏模式，探究不同开采阶段塌陷角变化情况，并从裂隙角度总结塌陷区形成过程。结果表明，随着矿体开采深度不断延深，受开采扰动塌陷角不断减小；塌陷区域的形成分为四个时期：裂隙富集时期、时效变形时期、滑移面贯穿时期和塌陷形成时期；眼前山铁矿东帮边坡的破坏机制为滑移-拉裂破坏。

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王钟钰（1999—），男，河南南阳人，博士研究生，主要研究方向为露天转地下开采。E-mail：

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王钟钰（1999—），男，河南南阳人，博士研究生，主要研究方向为露天转地下开采。E-mail：

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王钟钰（1999—），男，河南南阳人，博士研究生，主要研究方向为露天转地下开采。E-mail：

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Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science), 2012, 33(11): 1624-1627., articleTitle=The method for predicting and controlling the range of surface subsidence during deep ore-body mining, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240651361113657495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, awardId=52074292, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52074292), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240651352959930754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240651352968319364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, companyId=1240651352959930754, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240651352976707974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, companyId=1240651352959930754, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国矿业大学（北京）　力学与土木工程学院，北京　100083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240651357103903526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of open-pit to underground mining in Yanqianshan Iron Mine, figureFileSmall=AdMH0cVfZHZvWmQB6GCmww==, figureFileBig=tlEcDH+6LbUnzczgKDzadQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651357196178228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=CN, label=图1, caption=眼前山铁矿露天转地下开采示意图

（a）俯视图；（b）剖面图

, figureFileSmall=AdMH0cVfZHZvWmQB6GCmww==, figureFileBig=tlEcDH+6LbUnzczgKDzadQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651357326201665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=PFC particle flow model of eastern slope, figureFileSmall=uOCbyVktgN4D7ktdYGVeXA==, figureFileBig=ULufR+xXbS8YBmEeqDWgNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651357493973848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=CN, label=图2, caption=东帮边坡PFC颗粒流模型, figureFileSmall=uOCbyVktgN4D7ktdYGVeXA==, figureFileBig=ULufR+xXbS8YBmEeqDWgNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651357632385894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Deformation and failure law for slope in the first stage, figureFileSmall=CPPo5uU4DewNhulcfAl87g==, figureFileBig=mnDMHBIg3fGJqG7GhsHQew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651357749826426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Ⅰ期边坡变形破坏规律

（a）时步7.4×103；（b）时步2.4×104；（c）时步1.5×105；（d）时步9×105

, figureFileSmall=CPPo5uU4DewNhulcfAl87g==, figureFileBig=mnDMHBIg3fGJqG7GhsHQew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651357850489730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Deformation and failure law for slope in the second stage, figureFileSmall=vKd5kCD46fo6I/siVhiR8w==, figureFileBig=dUTwKlod8WONIc3WezT9tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651357946958734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Ⅱ期边坡变形破坏规律

（a）时步1.5×105；（b）时步3.8×105；（c）时步7.8×105；（d）时步3.5×106

, figureFileSmall=vKd5kCD46fo6I/siVhiR8w==, figureFileBig=dUTwKlod8WONIc3WezT9tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651358039233431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Deformation and failure law for slope in the third stage, figureFileSmall=N9Ny9LQNZwd9WndrMIVSow==, figureFileBig=cXTbToXuTrSwpKMipPaPrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651358123119520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Ⅲ期边坡变形破坏规律

（a）时步8×104；（b）时步4.5×105；（c）时步1.7×106；（d）时步2.4×106

, figureFileSmall=N9Ny9LQNZwd9WndrMIVSow==, figureFileBig=cXTbToXuTrSwpKMipPaPrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651358236365738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Layout of monitoring points on a circle for measurement, figureFileSmall=lJZRmOslPmUrFSqOlabM6w==, figureFileBig=TIaWvhyceDIQqiWy4ivNvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651358408332214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=CN, label=图6, caption=测量圆监测点布置

（a）Ⅰ期；（b）Ⅱ期；（c）Ⅲ期

, figureFileSmall=lJZRmOslPmUrFSqOlabM6w==, figureFileBig=TIaWvhyceDIQqiWy4ivNvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651358525772738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Stress changes in measuring circle and slope failure mode, figureFileSmall=A6507h8a9oCFDDlAONb5Rw==, figureFileBig=bq/jGARrJOrWJoZufznnpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651358659990475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=CN, label=图7, caption=测量圆应力变化及边坡破坏形式

（a）D1～D4；（b）F1～F4；（c）G1～G4；（d）边坡破坏形式

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（a）第一开挖阶段；（b）第二开挖阶段；（c）第三开挖阶段

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（a）裂隙富集阶段；（b）时效变形阶段；（c）滑移面贯穿阶段；（d）塌陷形成阶段

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（a）t=0；（b）t=28 s；（c）t=55 s；（d）t=70 s；（e）t=96 s；（f）t=128 s

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Macro-mechanical parameters of rocks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石密度/（g·cm-3）弹性模量/MPa抗压强度/kPa抗拉强度/kPa内聚力/kPa内摩擦角/（°）泊松比
铁矿石3.251.15×1041.15×1051.02×1041×10340～420.25
混合花岗岩2.505.70×1031.64×1051.12×1044.5×10238～400.20
), ArticleFig(id=1240651360450957408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩石宏观力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石密度/（g·cm-3）弹性模量/MPa抗压强度/kPa抗拉强度/kPa内聚力/kPa内摩擦角/（°）泊松比
铁矿石3.251.15×1041.15×1051.02×1041×10340～420.25
混合花岗岩2.505.70×1031.64×1051.12×1044.5×10238～400.20
), ArticleFig(id=1240651360555815014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Micro-mechanical parameters of rocks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型参数名称混合花岗岩铁矿石
颗粒细观参数颗粒粒级配比1.661.66
颗粒密度/（kg·m-3）2 5003 250
颗粒弹性模量/Pa4×1095×109
颗粒法/切向刚度比1.63
摩擦因数0.50.5
平行黏结属性静态弹性模量/Pa4×1091×1010
法/切向刚度比1.66
法向强度指标/Pa3×1063×106
切向强度指标/Pa6.5×1063×106
平行黏结半径乘子11
), ArticleFig(id=1240651360656478318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

岩石细观参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型参数名称混合花岗岩铁矿石
颗粒细观参数颗粒粒级配比1.661.66
颗粒密度/（kg·m-3）2 5003 250
颗粒弹性模量/Pa4×1095×109
颗粒法/切向刚度比1.63
摩擦因数0.50.5
平行黏结属性静态弹性模量/Pa4×1091×1010
法/切向刚度比1.66
法向强度指标/Pa3×1063×106
切向强度指标/Pa6.5×1063×106
平行黏结半径乘子11
), ArticleFig(id=1240651360782307449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Similar material ratios for eastern slopes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩土类型相似材料质量分数/%
砂子黏土石膏水
混合围岩776.46.410
铁矿体78.757.8753.37510
), ArticleFig(id=1240651360895553665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873509052561, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

东帮边坡相似材料配比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩土类型相似材料质量分数/%
砂子黏土石膏水
混合围岩776.46.410
铁矿体78.757.8753.37510
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眼前山铁矿露天转地下开采岩体破坏规律研究
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王钟钰 , 蒋永超 , 贾若彤 , 姜骜鹏 , 陈忠辉
矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2025,45(1): 14-20
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矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2025, 45(1): 14-20
眼前山铁矿露天转地下开采岩体破坏规律研究
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王钟钰 , 蒋永超, 贾若彤, 姜骜鹏, 陈忠辉
作者信息
  • 中国矿业大学（北京）　力学与土木工程学院，北京　100083

    • 王钟钰（1999—），男，河南南阳人，博士研究生，主要研究方向为露天转地下开采。E-mail：

Failure Law of Rock Masses in Transition from Open-Pit to Underground Mining in Yanqianshan Iron Mine
Zhongyu WANG , Yongchao JIANG, Ruotong JIA, Aopeng JIANG, Zhonghui CHEN
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-02-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.003
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摘要
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针对鞍钢眼前山铁矿东帮区域露天转地下开采引起边坡岩体破坏及塌陷的问题，采用数值模拟和基底摩擦模型试验分析其边坡破坏过程和破坏模式，探究不同开采阶段塌陷角变化情况，并从裂隙角度总结塌陷区形成过程。结果表明，随着矿体开采深度不断延深，受开采扰动塌陷角不断减小；塌陷区域的形成分为四个时期：裂隙富集时期、时效变形时期、滑移面贯穿时期和塌陷形成时期；眼前山铁矿东帮边坡的破坏机制为滑移-拉裂破坏。

眼前山铁矿  /  露天转地下  /  岩体破坏  /  塌陷  /  裂隙发展  /  边坡失稳  /  基底摩擦模型试验

In the east side of Yanqianshan Iron Mine of Anshan Iron and Steel Company, the transition from open-pit to underground mining causes failure and collapse of rock slope. In order to solve this problem, tests were performed by adopting numerical simulation and the base friction model to analyze the failure process and failure mode. The different collapse angles at different mining stages were explored, and development process of collapse area was summarized in terms of fissures. It is found that as mining operation proceeds, the collapse angle is reducing due to disturbance of mining activity; the collapse area undergoes four stages, including progressive fissure enrichment, deformation during aging, growth of slip surface, and collapse formation; and the slope failure in the east side of Yanqianshan Iron Mine is predominantly attributed to the sliding crack model of deformation.

Yanqianshan iron mine  /  transition from open-pit to underground mining  /  failure of rock mass  /  collapse  /  fissure propagation  /  slope instability  /  base friction model test
王钟钰, 蒋永超, 贾若彤, 姜骜鹏, 陈忠辉. 眼前山铁矿露天转地下开采岩体破坏规律研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (1) : 14 -20 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.003
Zhongyu WANG, Yongchao JIANG, Ruotong JIA, Aopeng JIANG, Zhonghui CHEN. Failure Law of Rock Masses in Transition from Open-Pit to Underground Mining in Yanqianshan Iron Mine[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (1) : 14 -20 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.003
正文
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露天开采具有成本低、见矿快、劳动条件好、生产安全等优点，在铁矿开采中一直占据重要位置。但是随着开采深度不断延深，露天开采成本和开采风险越来越高，其原有开采优势逐渐消失。因此，越来越多的深凹露天矿山开始转入地下开采[1-5]。
露天转地下开采是一个复杂的系统工程，并不是孤立的“转”的过程[6]，需要把露天和地下作为一个整体来处理，针对露天转地下开采边坡滑移破坏规律及岩层移动问题，文献[7-13]采用理论分析、数值模拟及现场监控量测，从边坡的失稳机制、破坏特征以及稳定性评价等方面进行综合研究。然而上述文献对开采引发岩体破坏规律及岩移角度变化进行研究时，局限于从边坡的安全系数、能量规律、开采引发的塌陷范围等宏观角度进行分析，对于开采引发的塌陷过程鲜有研究。因此，本文以鞍钢眼前山铁矿露天转地下工程为背景，利用PFC2D数值模拟软件和基底摩擦模型试验对露天转地下开采过程中边坡岩体破坏规律和塌陷形成过程进行分析，为矿山露天转地下开采安全提供依据。
1　工程概况
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鞍钢眼前山铁矿于2012年由露天开采转入地下开采，露天转地下过渡期开采目标为露天境界外的东侧挂帮矿和靠近正长斑岩岩脉的北侧挂帮矿。其中，东侧挂帮矿及其地下开采区域为本文主要研究区域，标高-51～-213 m，如图1所示。研究区域主要岩性为铁矿石和混合花岗岩，地下开采选用无底柱分段崩落法，分段高度18 m，进路间距20 m，其中首次开采分段巷道布置在-69 m水平，向下依次分段布置。开采区域划分为9个分段、3个时期进行开采。Ⅰ期标高-51～-69 m，为首采冒落时期；Ⅱ期标高-69～-123 m，为挂帮矿过渡前期开采时期；Ⅲ期标高-123～-213 m，为挂帮矿过渡后期及地下开采时期。
2　数值模拟方案
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根据眼前山现场工程地质报告，眼前山铁矿露天转地下开采模型设置2种岩体，围岩为混合花岗岩，矿体为铁矿石，根据室内岩石力学试验相关资料并参考同类工程经验，岩石的宏观力学参数如表1所示。
采用离散元法分析边坡岩移塌陷规律及裂隙发展过程，需要将宏观的岩石力学参数标定为颗粒细观参数。参数标定采用单轴压缩试验和巴西劈裂试验，试样直径50 mm，高100 mm。通过反复调整平行黏结模型参数，得到混合花岗岩和铁矿石的细观参数见表2。
采用PFC2D颗粒流数值模拟软件中的平行黏结模型建立岩体颗粒模型。首先采用CAD软件建立眼前山东帮Ⅰ-Ⅰ′剖面模型，导入PFC2D软件生成颗粒，建模过程分为颗粒的生成、预压、切割、分组赋值4个阶段，岩体颗粒分为铁矿石、混合花岗岩2个部分，均采用颗粒平行黏结模型，最终得到离散元模型如图2所示。
3　模拟结果分析
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3.1　变形破坏规律
不同开挖时期露天东侧挂帮矿边坡变形破坏规律如图3～5所示。由图3～5可以看出，Ⅰ期开采首先影响采空区顶板位置，顶板围岩在自重作用下发生断裂垮落且发生向下位移直至全部垮落；东部围岩受开采影响发生位移并逐渐向东部扩展。顶板围岩全部垮落到底部后，东部受开采影响的围岩也初步发生塌陷滑移。运算至9×105时步时，边坡位移基本不发生变化，塌陷区范围仅局限于采空区顶板及东部区域，边坡塌陷角约81°。Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期开采边坡破坏过程基本相同。首先上一分段的塌陷区岩石松散颗粒在重力作用下滑落，随后采空区附近围岩受到二次扰动，岩石颗粒间平行黏结键发生断裂；受采空区影响，边坡坡面出现了不同程度受拉裂隙，在重力作用下裂隙范围内岩石颗粒发生大规模向下滑移。开挖至-213 m时边坡塌陷角为68°。
3.2　应力变化规律
在边坡模型中布置测量圆进行应力监测，如图6所示，测量圆半径大于颗粒半径10倍以上时监测数据较为准确，因此测量圆半径设计为15 m。监测得到不同开挖时期测量圆内x向（水平）和y向（垂直）的应力随时步变化曲线如图7所示。
由图7可知，在开挖初期，采空区围岩发生应力卸载，无论是x向还是y向的应力都发生了明显降低，随后位于坡顶位置的潜在滑移面测量圆在x向上受到拉应力，这也表明边坡因开挖引发的破坏形式主要是受拉破坏。计算收敛之后，位于坡内的围岩受到较大应力，位于坡面的围岩受到较小应力，因此判断应力主要来自上覆围岩的压力。
3.3　裂隙演化规律
为了更好地从细观角度探究3个开采时期的裂隙全过程演化规律，将颗粒之间平行黏结力链的破坏模式分为剪切破坏（包括拉剪和压剪）和拉伸破坏，对受采空区影响的裂隙发展区域进行重点分析。东帮区域裂隙数量随时步变化情况如图8所示，由此总结崩落法开挖引发的边坡破坏规律如图9所示。
综合分析图8和图9可知，东侧挂帮矿开挖后裂隙发展情况可分为4个阶段：裂隙富集阶段、时效变形阶段、滑移面贯穿阶段和塌陷形成阶段。
裂隙富集阶段通常发生在开挖初期，此时临近采空区的围岩由于矿体开采发生了应力卸载现象，在应力释放的驱动作用下，紧靠采空区的围岩产生裂隙群，且在坡面位置出现裂隙。随着时间的推移，围岩在重力作用下发生位移，临近采空区的围岩裂隙不断向坡面延伸，且在靠近采空区的坡面位置产生新裂隙。随着采空区围岩裂隙群不断向坡顶发展，最终与坡顶的裂隙贯通，形成边坡滑移面，滑移面上部围岩将沿着滑移面发生累进性破坏，整个塌陷范围基本在滑移面内；处于滑移面内的坡面裂隙会与滑移面裂隙群发育贯通，此时边坡处于滑移面贯穿阶段。随着滑移面的贯穿，在重力作用下，受开挖扰动的围岩不断向采空区移动，从而形成新的塌陷坑，同时临近塌陷坑外围的坡顶位置出现次生裂隙群，次生裂隙群暂时不会对边坡稳定性造成影响，但随着下一阶段地下开采的进行，此阶段形成的次生裂隙群可能发生贯通从而形成新的潜在滑移面，影响地下开采，此时边坡处于塌陷形成阶段。由以上分析可知，裂隙富集阶段的形成受到采空区围岩卸压、应力驱动作用的影响；时效变形阶段、滑移面贯穿阶段、塌陷形成阶段的形成主要受到重力作用的影响。
开挖过程中裂隙数量增长情况见图10。裂隙数量在富集阶段和时效变形阶段增长速度快，且裂隙增长持续时间短；滑移面贯穿阶段裂隙数量增长较快且时间持续不久，处于裂隙增长速度由较快增长到平稳增长的过渡阶段；塌陷形成阶段持续时间久，且由于围岩在塌陷形成阶段前已经基本破坏，裂隙数量增长也较为缓慢。
4　基底摩擦模型试验研究
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基底摩擦模型主要用于研究岩体等材料在重力作用下的变形稳定性等问题，目前这种研究方法在岩石力学等领域已经得到了广泛应用。为了验证数值模拟中边坡岩移角的准确性，并进一步探究露天转地下开采边坡破坏规律，采用基底摩擦模型试验探究眼前山铁矿东帮边坡开采至地下-213 m过程中岩体破坏规律及塌陷范围。
4.1　基底摩擦模型试验铺设
眼前山铁矿东帮剖面概化后的模型如图11所示，原型（长710 m、高548 m）概化后的剖面模型长1000 mm、高772 mm，试验的几何相似比为710∶1。为了满足圣维南原理中的“模型足够薄”的试验条件，模型的厚度设计为30 mm。摩擦力加载方向为从上到下，这与实际排土场所受到的重力方向相同。
基底摩擦试验机的动摩擦因数u为0.75，根据眼前山铁矿东帮边坡岩体的物理力学性质，本次基底摩擦模型试验选用的材料为砂子、黏土、石膏，材料具体配比见表3。
按照表3所示材料配比，用电子秤称好材料，在钢化盆里搅拌均匀，利用木条和铁块在试验台上按照设计好的模型尺寸固定好框架，将搅拌均匀的模型材料倒入模型框架内，利用平整的铁板夯实模型，夯实完毕，用尖刀切割修整出边坡形状。模型铺设完毕后，将模型放置一段时间，待其风干后开始试验。
4.2　基底摩擦模型试验结果及分析
东帮边坡模型不同开采时刻的破坏图像如图12所示。图中铁矿体用黑色油墨涂抹表层以达到观察清晰的效果，试验时间t是试验机启动后的累计时间。由图12可知：t=0时机器启动并对第一阶段开挖区进行开挖处理；在第一阶段挂帮矿开挖完毕后，t=28 s时，在边坡坡脚临近采空区位置首先出现了大裂缝f1，且有向上发育的趋势，其他临近采空区位置出现大量与潜在滑移面贯通的次生裂隙f2；t=55 s时，裂隙f1不断向上发展，最终与坡面位置裂隙贯通，且受重力影响，次生裂隙f2不断增长发育，并与潜在滑移面贯通，边坡在第一阶段发生拉伸剪切破坏，测得此时的边坡塌陷角为74°，此时边坡挂帮矿部分开采完毕，边坡进入地下开采阶段。第二开采阶段初始状态由第一阶段的滑落岩体和新加的碎石体作为地下开采的覆盖层，第二阶段开采的裂隙出现在t=70 s时，此时靠近采空区的坡脚首先出现小范围的多条裂隙，有临近采空区围岩坡脚位置的大裂隙f3，也有方向近乎水平的微小裂隙f4，这些微小裂隙又在竖直方向上重新组成了新的滑移面；t=96 s时，坡顶裂隙在重力作用下和底部的大裂隙f3相互贯通并形成了新的贯通滑移面；t=128 s时，边坡的滑移基本趋于稳定，此时试验模拟边坡开采至-213 m处，最终试验模拟塌陷角为66°，较数值模拟的结果偏小，但差距不大。东帮边坡模型的破坏机制表现为滑移-拉裂破坏。
5　东帮地表岩移塌陷勘查
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2023年3月27日至29日，对眼前山铁矿东侧边帮（包括东帮和东南帮）进行了实地地质调查，截至地下开采至-213 m时，实地勘探剖面下沉位置位于矿坑东侧周边标高+125 m的平台上（如图13（a）、（b）所示），虚线以西位置为划定的东帮塌陷区。
结合现场调研和地表模型分析，在地表正射影像上绘制了地表塌陷界限，如图13（c）所示，通过实地考察后在CAD软件中进行反演得到东帮分析剖面区域的塌陷角为75°，但由于岩体是一个流变体，需要对得到的移动角进行修正。根据统计数据并结合眼前山矿山工程概况，采用修正系数0.90，得到修正后的眼前山铁矿东帮岩体塌陷角为67.5°，数值模拟中开挖至-213 m时边坡塌陷角为68°，基底摩擦模型试验中开挖至-213 m时边坡的塌陷角为66°，模型试验、数值模拟计算和现场观测勘查的塌陷角结果基本吻合。
6　结论
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1）利用PFC2D软件模拟眼前山铁矿东帮区域崩落法开采导致的塌陷规律，将-51～-213 m矿体的开采区域分为三个阶段，随着矿体开采不断深入，受开采扰动塌陷角不断减小。
2）基底摩擦模型试验和现场勘查结果表明，眼前山铁矿东帮边坡的破坏机制为滑移-拉裂破坏，崩落法开采对边坡稳定性影响较大，通常会造成大规模边坡崩落滑移现象。
3）从裂隙角度总结塌陷区形成过程，可将塌陷区形成过程划分为四个时期：裂隙富集时期、时效变形时期、滑移面贯穿时期和塌陷形成时期。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(52074292)
文献
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2025年第45卷第1期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.003
  • 接收时间：2024-08-26
  • 首发时间：2026-03-17
  • 出版时间：2025-02-01
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  • 收稿日期：2024-08-26
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    中国矿业大学（北京）　力学与土木工程学院，北京　100083
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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