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Article(id=1240631873450332304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725638400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773719288455, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1738339200000, pubDateStr=2025-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773719288455, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773719288455, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773719288455, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240631872800215183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='187', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773719288300, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773724138257, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240652215052989235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240652215052989236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631872800215183, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=6, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240631873693601938, articleId=1240631873450332304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Motion Characteristics of Coarse Particles in Hydraulic Lift Pipelines During Deep-Sea Mining, columnId=1236276106018484431, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MINING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the motion characteristics of particles in hydraulic lift pipelines during deep-sea mining, a set of particle image processing technique was proposed, including image preprocessing, binarization processing, morphological operations, edge detection of particles, and overlapping segmentation. This technique was used to identify and extract particle information from cross-sectional images of pipe obtained from hydraulic transportation simulation experiments, and the distribution and motion patterns of particles within the pipeline were also analyzed. The results show that the larger particles tend to aggregate near the pipe wall, where fluid flows at a lower velocity; the smaller particles are mainly concentrated at the center of the pipeline with the fluid at a higher velocity. The distribution of the average particle velocity along the radial direction of the pipeline follows a parabolic law of variation. The average velocity decreases as particle size increases, and also the velocity reaches the maximum at the center of pipe and then gradually decreases towards the wall. It is found that the proposed particle image processing technique can be effective in analyzing the motion characteristics of particles in pipeline.

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为研究深海采矿水力提升管道内颗粒的运动特性，提出了一套粒子图像处理技术，包括图像预处理、二值化处理、形态学滤波、颗粒边缘检测、重叠分割等，对水力输送模拟试验中的管道断面颗粒图像进行颗粒信息的识别、提取，并分析颗粒在管道内的分布特征及运动规律。结果表明：管道流体中大颗粒趋向于聚集在流体速度较低的管道壁面，小颗粒主要集中在流体速度较高的管道中心；颗粒的平均速度分布沿管道径向类似于抛物线形状，随着颗粒粒径增大而减小，且从管道中心沿管壁方向逐渐减小。提出的粒子图像处理技术能较好地应用于管内颗粒运动特性分析。

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沈义俊（1964—），男，湖北武汉人，教授，博士研究生导师，主要研究方向为深海资源开发技术与装备。E-mail：
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韩振华（2000—），女，河南新乡人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为水力输送管道内颗粒图像处理。E-mail：

, authorsList=韩振华, 沈义俊, 杜燕莲, 张瑞永, 彭甫森, 陈立)}, authors=[Author(id=1240651348027429742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=hzh2286200979@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1240651348178424697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, authorId=1240651348027429742, language=EN, stringName=Zhenhua HAN, firstName=Zhenhua, middleName=null, lastName=HAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in the South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China
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韩振华（2000—），女，河南新乡人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为水力输送管道内颗粒图像处理。E-mail：

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韩振华（2000—），女，河南新乡人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为水力输送管道内颗粒图像处理。E-mail：

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Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering, 2021, 39(11): 1111-1117., articleTitle=Flow characteristics of solid-liquid two-phase flow in pipelines during the lifting process of large-sized solid particles, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240651355212272246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, awardId=52231012, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52231012), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240651355346489986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, awardId=ZDYF2020207, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省重点研发计划(ZDYF2020207), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240651355480707726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, awardId=SKJC-2020-01-016, language=CN, fundingSource=三亚崖州湾深海科技城科研项目(SKJC-2020-01-016), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240651347457004348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240651347465392956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, companyId=1240651347457004348, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in the South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240651347477975872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, companyId=1240651347457004348, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.海南大学　南海海洋资源利用国家重点实验室，海南　海口　570228)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240651347587027783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240651347595416393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, companyId=1240651347587027783, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240651347603805003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, companyId=1240651347587027783, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.海南大学　信息与通信工程学院，海南　海口　570228)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240651347796743000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240651347813520219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, companyId=1240651347796743000, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240651347859657569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, companyId=1240651347796743000, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.海南大学　海洋科学与工程学院，海南　海口　570228)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240651353031233937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Vertical hydraulic lift test system, figureFileSmall=Ww6JLnlwc8V9e4Xd6Uqvqw==, figureFileBig=CK4WiZMaN6IudvbssYz6eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651353157063074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, language=CN, label=图1, caption=垂直水力提升试验系统, figureFileSmall=Ww6JLnlwc8V9e4Xd6Uqvqw==, figureFileBig=CK4WiZMaN6IudvbssYz6eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651353299669430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Particle image processing process, figureFileSmall=Ek5N/movGEIfUdoQwefsVA==, figureFileBig=egN8YUBtXK9S7022vK2cJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651353379361219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, language=CN, label=图2, caption=颗粒图像处理过程

（a）预处理图像；（b）二值化图像；（c）形态学滤波图像；（d）颗粒边缘轮廓图像；（e）分割结果；（f）颗粒识别检测结果

, figureFileSmall=Ek5N/movGEIfUdoQwefsVA==, figureFileBig=egN8YUBtXK9S7022vK2cJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651353488413139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Cumulative distribution of particles, figureFileSmall=KpssG5CsXblgniETzmdFnA==, figureFileBig=QzPJwjatRaMrfW2+77M7sQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651353622630886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, language=CN, label=图3, caption=颗粒累计分布, figureFileSmall=KpssG5CsXblgniETzmdFnA==, figureFileBig=QzPJwjatRaMrfW2+77M7sQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651353748460015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Distribution of particles at different flow rates in pipeline, figureFileSmall=ZJjkbc8U3LBw9mhDDnlUMA==, figureFileBig=OODbrvfnl5A2Cvxt9CFMOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651353849123324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同流量下颗粒在管道内的分布情况

（a）10 m3/h；（b）15 m3/h；（c）20 m3/h；（d）25 m3/h；（e）30 m3/h

, figureFileSmall=ZJjkbc8U3LBw9mhDDnlUMA==, figureFileBig=OODbrvfnl5A2Cvxt9CFMOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651353962369544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Average size distribution of particles at different flow rates in radial direction of pipelines, figureFileSmall=M8JS6/LhmHyhU+JLB/oQBA==, figureFileBig=2KxrUK0Lcl/PdXKVX8G+yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651354138530334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同流量下管道径向颗粒平均粒径分布, figureFileSmall=M8JS6/LhmHyhU+JLB/oQBA==, figureFileBig=2KxrUK0Lcl/PdXKVX8G+yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651354335662638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Radial distribution of average velocity of particles at different flow rates, figureFileSmall=NK08aYaH5xN+Iet14ZUiIw==, figureFileBig=WI/S9B4WWDFXs90CZG2BGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651354461491767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同流量下颗粒平均速度沿径向分布, figureFileSmall=NK08aYaH5xN+Iet14ZUiIw==, figureFileBig=WI/S9B4WWDFXs90CZG2BGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651354599903810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Relationship between particle velocity and particle size at different flow rates, figureFileSmall=b5rhOLFyTf6BzuKJiYdY1w==, figureFileBig=sBDirVlHqsLFJTsAeE59cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651354700567115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同流量下颗粒速度与粒径的关系, figureFileSmall=b5rhOLFyTf6BzuKJiYdY1w==, figureFileBig=sBDirVlHqsLFJTsAeE59cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240651354834784851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Particle identification and counting results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
流量Q/（m3·h-1）颗粒识别数/个识别率/%
人工识别分水岭算法本文方法分水岭算法本文方法
1041437140389.6197.34
151 1631 0251 12188.1396.39
201 7221 4691 64385.3195.41
252 0111 6481 91181.9595.03
302 1131 6311 97477.1993.42
), ArticleFig(id=1240651354935448160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631873450332304, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

颗粒识别计数结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
流量Q/（m3·h-1）颗粒识别数/个识别率/%
人工识别分水岭算法本文方法分水岭算法本文方法
1041437140389.6197.34
151 1631 0251 12188.1396.39
201 7221 4691 64385.3195.41
252 0111 6481 91181.9595.03
302 1131 6311 97477.1993.42
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深海采矿水力提升管道内颗粒运动特性试验研究
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韩振华 1, 2 , 沈义俊 1, 3 , 杜燕莲 1 , 张瑞永 1, 2 , 彭甫森 1, 2 , 陈立 1, 2
矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2025,45(1): 1-6
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矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2025, 45(1): 1-6
深海采矿水力提升管道内颗粒运动特性试验研究
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韩振华1, 2 , 沈义俊1, 3 , 杜燕莲1, 张瑞永1, 2, 彭甫森1, 2, 陈立1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学　南海海洋资源利用国家重点实验室，海南　海口　570228
  • 2.海南大学　信息与通信工程学院，海南　海口　570228
  • 3.海南大学　海洋科学与工程学院，海南　海口　570228

    • 韩振华（2000—），女，河南新乡人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为水力输送管道内颗粒图像处理。E-mail：

通讯作者:

沈义俊（1964—），男，湖北武汉人，教授，博士研究生导师，主要研究方向为深海资源开发技术与装备。E-mail：
Experimental Study on Motion Characteristics of Coarse Particles in Hydraulic Lift Pipelines During Deep-Sea Mining
Zhenhua HAN1, 2 , Yijun SHEN1, 3 , Yanlian DU1, Ruiyong ZHANG1, 2, Fusen PENG1, 2, Li CHEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in the South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China
  • 2.School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China
  • 3.School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China
出版时间: 2025-02-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.001
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摘要
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为研究深海采矿水力提升管道内颗粒的运动特性，提出了一套粒子图像处理技术，包括图像预处理、二值化处理、形态学滤波、颗粒边缘检测、重叠分割等，对水力输送模拟试验中的管道断面颗粒图像进行颗粒信息的识别、提取，并分析颗粒在管道内的分布特征及运动规律。结果表明：管道流体中大颗粒趋向于聚集在流体速度较低的管道壁面，小颗粒主要集中在流体速度较高的管道中心；颗粒的平均速度分布沿管道径向类似于抛物线形状，随着颗粒粒径增大而减小，且从管道中心沿管壁方向逐渐减小。提出的粒子图像处理技术能较好地应用于管内颗粒运动特性分析。

深海采矿  /  粒子图像处理技术  /  管道输送  /  颗粒运动  /  固液两相流  /  水力提升  /  图像处理  /  图像分割

To study the motion characteristics of particles in hydraulic lift pipelines during deep-sea mining, a set of particle image processing technique was proposed, including image preprocessing, binarization processing, morphological operations, edge detection of particles, and overlapping segmentation. This technique was used to identify and extract particle information from cross-sectional images of pipe obtained from hydraulic transportation simulation experiments, and the distribution and motion patterns of particles within the pipeline were also analyzed. The results show that the larger particles tend to aggregate near the pipe wall, where fluid flows at a lower velocity; the smaller particles are mainly concentrated at the center of the pipeline with the fluid at a higher velocity. The distribution of the average particle velocity along the radial direction of the pipeline follows a parabolic law of variation. The average velocity decreases as particle size increases, and also the velocity reaches the maximum at the center of pipe and then gradually decreases towards the wall. It is found that the proposed particle image processing technique can be effective in analyzing the motion characteristics of particles in pipeline.

deep-sea mining  /  particle image processing technology  /  pipeline transportation  /  particle motion  /  solid-liquid two-phase flow  /  hydraulic lift  /  image processing  /  image segmentation
韩振华, 沈义俊, 杜燕莲, 张瑞永, 彭甫森, 陈立. 深海采矿水力提升管道内颗粒运动特性试验研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (1) : 1 -6 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.001
Zhenhua HAN, Yijun SHEN, Yanlian DU, Ruiyong ZHANG, Fusen PENG, Li CHEN. Experimental Study on Motion Characteristics of Coarse Particles in Hydraulic Lift Pipelines During Deep-Sea Mining[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (1) : 1 -6 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.001
正文
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深海中蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源，其储量巨大，可以弥补陆地矿产资源的紧缺，但由于深海高水压、低气温的恶劣环境，深海矿产资源还未实现工业化开采[1]。目前垂直管道水力提升系统是国际上公认的极具应用潜力的深海采矿系统。然而在管道输送过程中，矿石颗粒分布不匀、不连续，且流动性较差，矿石在管道内的局部浓度增大会形成段塞流，甚至发生堵塞[2]。因此，研究垂直管道内矿石颗粒的运动特性是保证矿石高效、安全长距离运输的关键。受实验条件限制，大多学者采用CFD-DEM耦合方法[3-4]对颗粒提升进行模拟研究，缺少试验佐证。粒子图像技术具有非侵入式、瞬态等特点，在颗粒流动特性试验研究中得到广泛应用[5]。
本文利用粒子图像技术对水力提升进行模拟试验，使用高速摄像机拍摄管道内粗颗粒图像，并提出了一套颗粒图像处理方法分析、提取颗粒信息，得到颗粒在管道内的粒度分布特征及运动特性，对设计和优化水力提升系统具有参考意义。
1　试验系统及图像处理方法
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1.1　试验系统
试验流体介质为清水，固体颗粒为白色石英石，粒径（6±2）mm。试验所用图像采集系统为北京立方天地科技发展有限责任公司开发的PIV系统，该系统包括：同步控制器（MicroPulse825）、图像采集板、高速数字相机。相机采用Nikon的感光耦合高速数字摄像机，可连续采集图像500幅，最大图像采集率为16.5帧/s，最大分辨率为3 312像素×2 488像素。照明装置使用LED灯板作背光照射，其光线明亮无闪烁。为提高图像拍摄质量，在待观测管段贴上2层硫酸纸，可使光线分布均匀并增强图像背景与前景颗粒的对比度。
试验时改变渣浆泵频率大小，设置管内流量分别为10、15、20、25、30 m3/h。固体颗粒的体积分数为5%。设置相机跨帧拍摄时间为1 100 μs，每种流量下各拍摄100帧图像。
依据文献[6]相关研究成果，搭建垂直水力提升试验系统如图1所示。
该系统由管道提升系统、试验测量系统（电磁流量计、压力传感器及矿浆浓度计）、动力控制系统三部分组成。管道总长12 m，管道内径100 mm。渣浆泵基本参数为：流量50 m3/h、功率7.5 kW、扬程15 m。
1.2　颗粒图像处理方法
1.2.1　颗粒的识别与提取
通过上述试验系统获取管道断面颗粒图像，并设计一套图像处理方法对该工况下的颗粒图像进行识别与提取。
颗粒图像处理具体步骤如下：
1）图像预处理。选择中值滤波函数对原始图像去噪，去除大部分白噪声，接着将其转换为灰度图；通过底帽变换[7]来校正非均匀光照。底帽变换突出亮背景中的暗物体，将半径为60像素的圆形结构元素通过闭操作应用到图像上以隔离不均匀背景，选择半径值的原则是圆形结构元素半径大于图像中任何一个颗粒粒径。处理后的图像如图2（a）所示。
2）二值化处理。选用最大类间误差法对预处理图像进行二值化处理，分离背景与颗粒。最大类间误差法[8]是一种常用于图像二值化的自适应阈值选择方法，其核心思路是找到一个灰度阈值，将图像所有像素点分成大于和小于该阈值的两类，分别计算方差，两类类间方差最大时的阈值即为合适的阈值T。二值化图像如图2（b）所示。
3）形态学滤波。针对二值化图像，选择先腐蚀后膨胀即开运算操作[9]，选取半径为20像素的圆盘掩膜形状的结构元素去除二值化图像中的离散噪声及细小气泡，防止在后续处理中被误读为颗粒，并对因高频成分较多而使边缘特征呈锯齿状的颗粒进行边缘平滑处理，同时进行孔洞填充，防止离散边缘轮廓缺失，处理结果如图2（c）所示。
4）提取颗粒图像边缘轮廓。利用Canny算子[10]对形态学滤波图像颗粒边缘进行检测，得到的颗粒边缘轮廓图像如图2（d）所示。
5）分割重叠颗粒。通过改进的迭代分水岭算法和利用图像局部最小值在距离变换图像上标定掩码相结合的方法对颗粒边缘轮廓图像进行重叠颗粒分割，该方法较好地抑制了过分割现象。最终分割结果如图2（e）所示。
6）识别检测图像中颗粒。经分割后的每个颗粒都是一个独立连通的区域，利用四连通区域标记算法[11]，对连通区域的标记即为对颗粒的检测识别。统计分割后颗粒的个数并标记每个颗粒的质心位置，用于计算后续颗粒匹配质心的位移。将分割后颗粒的识别检测结果绘制到原始图像上，如图2（f）所示。
1.2.2　颗粒速度计算模型
粒子图像技术依赖于基本模式匹配[12]。计算颗粒速度的关键在于从连续2帧图像中识别匹配相同的颗粒，根据颗粒质心的位移及图像采样频率计算颗粒速度[13]。
颗粒图像的质心位置计算公式为：
式中：i为图像中第i个颗粒；Xi、Yi分别为第i个颗粒在x、y方向上的质心坐标；n为颗粒所占像素个数；p为颗粒所占的第p个像素；Ip为颗粒对应的图像像素值；xp、yp分别为颗粒图像各像素点的坐标位置。
选取t时刻的图像1、t+Δt时刻的图像2进行颗粒匹配，过程如下：
1）找出图像1中目标颗粒Xi在图像2中所有可能匹配的颗粒Yζ（ζ=1，2，3，…，n），连续2帧图像上颗粒的位移小于一个确定值R1；假设此时其匹配概率Pi和不匹配概率为均匀分布，则：
式中m为R1范围内颗粒的个数。
2）寻找目标颗粒Xi邻域范围R2内的邻域颗粒Xk（k=1，2，3，…），并找出各邻域颗粒在图像2中可能匹配的颗粒Yl（l=1，2，3，…），邻域颗粒速度矢量基本相同。此时邻域范围R2内的颗粒匹配概率总和为：
3）根据匹配概率算法特征，邻域范围R2内颗粒速度矢量相似，误差在一个较小范围内。依据邻域内各颗粒的匹配情况，在各邻域颗粒的速度矢量中寻找与目标颗粒相似的速度矢量。此时可能与目标颗粒匹配的概率为：
式中：n为迭代次数；A、B均为衰减系数，一般A取0.3，B取4。
最终对式（3）、式（4）进行归一化：
4）根据式（5）、式（6）进行多次迭代，使得正确匹配颗粒概率变大，可匹配颗粒中匹配概率最大的颗粒即为目标颗粒的匹配颗粒。
2　计算结果及分析
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2.1　颗粒识别结果分析
以人工识别的颗粒数目为准，计算本文粒子图像处理方法与传统分水岭算法[14]的识别率，对比结果如表1所示。
由表1可知，本文提出的粒子图像处理方法平均识别率为95.52%，分割效果相对于传统分水岭算法具有更高的精准性和优越性。
本试验中不规则石英石的粒径通过颗粒图像的像素周长及像素面积关系[15]等效求取，即：
式中：di为石英石的粒径；Si为颗粒的像素面积；Li为颗粒的像素周长。
为得到管内颗粒的实际粒径，需要对像素进行尺寸标定。标定的比例系数如下：
式中：f为标定的比例系数；v为标定图像的像素；R为标定参照物的实际尺寸。
测量内径为100 mm的管道作为标定，像素尺寸为1 640，得到标定系数f=0.061。颗粒图像处理过程中得到的颗粒粒径如图3所示。由图3可以看出，粒径6～8 mm的颗粒所占比例最大，与试验给出的粒径范围相符，由此可知本文提出的粒子图像处理方法可以较好地应用于颗粒图像处理中。
2.2　颗粒粒度分布
颗粒粒度分布是影响水力提升性能的关键因素之一[16]，研究颗粒在管道内的分布特征对减少管道堵塞风险具有重要作用。不同流量下颗粒在管道内的分布情况如图4所示。试验时相机横向放置，因此x轴为沿水流方向上的像素位置坐标，y轴为沿管道直径方向上的像素位置坐标。不同流量下管道径向颗粒平均粒径分布情况如图5所示。从图4～5可以看出，大颗粒所受惯性和重力影响比小颗粒大，在运输时大颗粒不易被流体推动，而小颗粒受到液流的冲击力更大，因此更容易被带离管道底部并输送到顶部，管道顶部的小颗粒浓度更高。且在低流量下，大量颗粒分布在管道左壁面附近，局部浓度升高容易造成管道堵塞，随着流量增加，流体速度增加，流场内紊流更加强烈，颗粒间及颗粒与壁面间的作用更加明显，流场内形成更大的曳力推动颗粒向管道中心移动。当达到稳定输送条件时，颗粒在管道径向呈现非均匀分布的趋势，大颗粒主要集中在管道壁面附近，小颗粒主要分布在管道中心。
2.3　颗粒速度分布
不同流量下颗粒的平均速度沿径向分布情况如图6所示。从图6可以看出，颗粒速度受管道局部流速的影响，流量与颗粒速度呈正相关。相同流量下，颗粒沿径向方向的速度分布类似于抛物线状；从管道中心区域到管壁位置，颗粒平均速度沿径向方向逐渐减小。这是因为颗粒进入管道时，颗粒速度与流体速度之间存在速度滑移，颗粒受到较大曳力导致速度增大。当速度达到最大时，颗粒速度与流体间的速度差不足以提供较大曳力来平衡颗粒重力，颗粒做减速运动。且因为在管壁附近的颗粒易与壁面发生摩擦、碰撞，更容易在管壁附近发生速度骤降。
2.4　粒径对颗粒速度的影响
在颗粒流体力学中，颗粒速度受到多个因素的综合影响[17]。粒径是颗粒的主要几何特征之一，其大小直接决定了颗粒的质量和体积。不同流量下颗粒速度与粒径的关系如图7所示，在不同流量条件下，颗粒的平均速度均随着颗粒粒径增大而减小。颗粒粒径增大时，颗粒的质量和体积也相应增加，从而导致颗粒所受惯性和重力效应增强。大颗粒需要在流体中克服更大的惯性力和重力效应才能维持其运动速度。然而，流体对大颗粒施加的曳力可能不足以使颗粒保持较高的速度。因此，颗粒粒径增大时，其平均速度会因受到更大的惯性和重力影响而减小。
3　结论
收起
1）利用粒子图像处理方法，对水力提升试验管道内的颗粒图像进行处理，有效分割了重叠颗粒，并对颗粒粒径进行测量，直观展现管道断面内颗粒的分布情况，说明该方法可用于分析管内颗粒运动特征。
2）颗粒在管道断面分布不均匀，粒径较小的颗粒主要集中在水流速度较大的管道中心，大粒径颗粒集中在水流速度较小的管壁附近。低流量时，大量颗粒堆积在管道壁面附近，局部浓度升高容易造成管道堵塞，但经过一段时间，管壁附近的颗粒受到侧向力的作用，逐渐向管道中心移动。
3）流量对颗粒的运动速度有直接影响。沿管道径向方向，颗粒的平均速度呈现明显变化。不同流量下，管道断面内颗粒速度分布存在相同的规律，颗粒的平均速度在管道中心位置最大，沿远离管道中心方向逐渐减小。
4）不同流量下，颗粒的平均速度均随着颗粒粒径增大而减小，是因为粒径增大，颗粒的质量和体积也相应增加，使得颗粒受到更大的惯性和重力效应，流体的曳力不足以维持大颗粒较高的速度。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(52231012)
  • 海南省重点研发计划(ZDYF2020207)
  • 三亚崖州湾深海科技城科研项目(SKJC-2020-01-016)
文献
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2025年第45卷第1期
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文章信息
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.01.001
  • 接收时间：2024-09-07
  • 首发时间：2026-03-17
  • 出版时间：2025-02-01
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-07
基金
国家自然科学基金(52231012)
海南省重点研发计划(ZDYF2020207)
三亚崖州湾深海科技城科研项目(SKJC-2020-01-016)
作者信息
    1.海南大学　南海海洋资源利用国家重点实验室，海南　海口　570228
    2.海南大学　信息与通信工程学院，海南　海口　570228
    3.海南大学　海洋科学与工程学院，海南　海口　570228

通讯作者:

沈义俊（1964—），男，湖北武汉人，教授，博士研究生导师，主要研究方向为深海资源开发技术与装备。E-mail：
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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