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Article(id=1240631737223532552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631729627648823, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.03.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700409600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773719255977, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1717171200000, pubDateStr=2024-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773719255977, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773719255977, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773719255977, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240631729627648823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='181', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773719254166, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773724083554, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240651985603580488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631729627648823, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240651985603580489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240631729627648823, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=22, endPage=27, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240631740151156834, articleId=1240631737223532552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Analysis on Seepage Characteristics and Varied Critical Slip Surface of Ionic Rare Earth Mine Slope Under Different Rainfall Intensities, columnId=1236276106018484431, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MINING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A slope of ionic rare earth mine was taken to study the variation of pore water pressure in the slope during and after rainfall events with different rainfall intensity, and the varied critical slip surface during these two periods of time was also studied by using the finite element Morge nstern-Price method. The results show that the rainfall intensity is a significant factor affecting the pore water pressure of shallow slope of ionic rare earth mine. The hysteresis property of rainwater infiltration into the slope is the internal reason for hidden risk of potential slope instability after rainfall events. The greater rainfall intensity will lead to faster formation of the 289 slip surface, higher peak value of greatly changed safety factor, as well as longer influence time. It is proposed for the first time that the development of ionic rare earth mine slope under rainfall conditions may experience four stages: safety, drastic internal variation, high landslide susceptibility, and relative safety.

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以离子型稀土矿边坡为研究对象，研究了不同降雨强度条件下降雨、停雨阶段离子型稀土矿边坡孔隙水压力变化情况，并利用有限元Morgenstern-Price法研究了各时间段临界滑移面的变化。结果表明，降雨强度是影响离子型稀土矿浅层边坡孔隙水压力的显著因素；雨水在离子型稀土矿边坡中的传递具有滞后性，是停雨阶段造成离子型稀土矿边坡不稳定隐患的内在原因；降雨强度越大，进入289滑移面的时间越快，安全系数变化的“加速度”波峰越高，影响时间越长。首次提出降雨条件下离子型稀土矿边坡发展可能历经的4个阶段为：较为安全阶段、内部剧烈变化阶段、极易滑坡阶段及相对安全阶段。

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饶国柱（1999—），男，江西赣州人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为矿山安全灾害控制理论及技术。E-mail：

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饶国柱（1999—），男，江西赣州人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为矿山安全灾害控制理论及技术。E-mail：

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饶国柱（1999—），男，江西赣州人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为矿山安全灾害控制理论及技术。E-mail：

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（a）工况1；（b）工况2；（c）工况3；（d）工况4

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（a）工况1，停雨第1天；（b）工况1，停雨第5天；（c）工况3，停雨第1天；（d）工况3，停雨第5天

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（a）降雨第1天；（b）降雨第5天；（c）停雨第12天；（d）停雨第25天

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土层类型10%通过的粒径/mm60%通过的粒径/mm饱和土含水量/%土体容重/（kN·m-3）渗透系数/（cm·s-1）内摩擦角/（°）有效黏聚力/kPa
表土层0.0330.35027.62016.4201.97×10-414.29018.170
矿土层18.12817.5701.13×10-415.23019.470
), ArticleFig(id=1240651356302799735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631737223532552, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

离子型稀土矿边坡主要物理参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层类型10%通过的粒径/mm60%通过的粒径/mm饱和土含水量/%土体容重/（kN·m-3）渗透系数/（cm·s-1）内摩擦角/（°）有效黏聚力/kPa
表土层0.0330.35027.62016.4201.97×10-414.29018.170
矿土层18.12817.5701.13×10-415.23019.470
), ArticleFig(id=1240651356437017475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631737223532552, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况降雨量/（mm·d-1）降雨强度等级
130大雨
290暴雨
3150大暴雨
4210大暴雨
), ArticleFig(id=1240651356604789655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631737223532552, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

降雨工况设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况降雨量/（mm·d-1）降雨强度等级
130大雨
290暴雨
3150大暴雨
4210大暴雨
), ArticleFig(id=1240651356801921961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631737223532552, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况天数占比/%
218滑移面289滑移面224滑移面
170030
2405010
3303040
4108010
), ArticleFig(id=1240651356957111222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240631737223532552, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同降雨强度下边坡临界滑移面占比情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况天数占比/%
218滑移面289滑移面224滑移面
170030
2405010
3303040
4108010
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不同降雨强度下离子型稀土矿边坡渗流特性与临界滑移面变化分析
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饶国柱 1 , 饶运章 2 , 高中泉 2 , 韩民 2 , 张晓明 3 , 杨志华 2 , 向润 2 , 章来烨 3
矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2024,44(3): 22-27
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矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2024, 44(3): 22-27
不同降雨强度下离子型稀土矿边坡渗流特性与临界滑移面变化分析
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饶国柱1 , 饶运章2, 高中泉2, 韩民2, 张晓明3, 杨志华2, 向润2, 章来烨3
作者信息
  • 1.江西理工大学　应急管理与安全工程学院，江西　赣州　341000
  • 2.江西理工大学　资源与环境工程学院，江西　赣州　341000
  • 3.江西理工大学　土木与测绘工程学院，江西　赣州　341000

    • 饶国柱（1999—），男，江西赣州人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为矿山安全灾害控制理论及技术。E-mail：

Analysis on Seepage Characteristics and Varied Critical Slip Surface of Ionic Rare Earth Mine Slope Under Different Rainfall Intensities
Guozhu RAO1 , Yunzhang RAO2, Zhongquan GAO2, Min HAN2, Xiaoming ZHANG3, Zhihua YANG2, Run XIANG2, Laiye ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
  • 2.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
  • 3.School of Civil and Surveying Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.03.005
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摘要
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以离子型稀土矿边坡为研究对象，研究了不同降雨强度条件下降雨、停雨阶段离子型稀土矿边坡孔隙水压力变化情况，并利用有限元Morgenstern-Price法研究了各时间段临界滑移面的变化。结果表明，降雨强度是影响离子型稀土矿浅层边坡孔隙水压力的显著因素；雨水在离子型稀土矿边坡中的传递具有滞后性，是停雨阶段造成离子型稀土矿边坡不稳定隐患的内在原因；降雨强度越大，进入289滑移面的时间越快，安全系数变化的“加速度”波峰越高，影响时间越长。首次提出降雨条件下离子型稀土矿边坡发展可能历经的4个阶段为：较为安全阶段、内部剧烈变化阶段、极易滑坡阶段及相对安全阶段。

离子型稀土矿  /  边坡稳定性  /  孔隙水压力  /  数值模拟  /  滑移面  /  降雨  /  渗流特征

A slope of ionic rare earth mine was taken to study the variation of pore water pressure in the slope during and after rainfall events with different rainfall intensity, and the varied critical slip surface during these two periods of time was also studied by using the finite element Morge nstern-Price method. The results show that the rainfall intensity is a significant factor affecting the pore water pressure of shallow slope of ionic rare earth mine. The hysteresis property of rainwater infiltration into the slope is the internal reason for hidden risk of potential slope instability after rainfall events. The greater rainfall intensity will lead to faster formation of the 289 slip surface, higher peak value of greatly changed safety factor, as well as longer influence time. It is proposed for the first time that the development of ionic rare earth mine slope under rainfall conditions may experience four stages: safety, drastic internal variation, high landslide susceptibility, and relative safety.

ionic rare earth mine  /  slope stability  /  pore water pressure  /  numerical simulation  /  slip surface  /  rainfall  /  seepage characteristics
饶国柱, 饶运章, 高中泉, 韩民, 张晓明, 杨志华, 向润, 章来烨. 不同降雨强度下离子型稀土矿边坡渗流特性与临界滑移面变化分析. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (3) : 22 -27 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.03.005
Guozhu RAO, Yunzhang RAO, Zhongquan GAO, Min HAN, Xiaoming ZHANG, Zhihua YANG, Run XIANG, Laiye ZHANG. Analysis on Seepage Characteristics and Varied Critical Slip Surface of Ionic Rare Earth Mine Slope Under Different Rainfall Intensities[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (3) : 22 -27 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.03.005
正文
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离子型稀土矿多位于我国南方地区[1]，南方地区多降雨[2]。通常采用原地浸矿[3]的方法处理离子型稀土矿。原地浸矿在一定程度上会对生态环境产生影响，因此，分析稀土矿边坡在降雨期及降雨之后的稳定性对防范原地浸矿对自然环境的破坏具有重要意义。
目前，针对降雨条件下边坡稳定性的分析研究较多[4-11]，但相关研究大多关注降雨阶段，对停雨阶段边坡状态的研究很少。本文设定4个不同降雨工况点，利用有限元法模拟经历降雨后离子型稀土矿边坡内部渗流场过程，重点探究停雨时稀土边坡内部渗流特性，采用极限平衡法中的Morgenstern-Price方法分析稀土矿边坡各时间段临界滑移面的几何变化。研究结果可为离子型稀土矿边坡的安全监测提供理论依据。
1　基本理论分析
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通常采用饱和-非饱和渗流理论[12]分析边坡渗流场。土体处于非饱和状态与饱和状态之间时，遵循达西定律，假设水体不可压缩且忽略土颗粒骨架的变形，以总水头为未知量，可以得到一个用于分析二维状态下降雨渗流的微分方程：
式中kx（φ）和ky（φ）分别为土体在x和y方向上的渗透性函数；γw为容重；θw为土体的含水量；φ为土体的基质吸力；hw为土体孔隙总水头；t为时间。
Morgenstern-Price法[13]是一种用于边坡稳定性分析的方法，基于Mohr Coulomb强度准则，同时满足整体力矩、分条力矩、垂直力和水平力平衡。其基本原理是假定相邻土条的作用位置，根据整个滑动土体边界条件进行迭代，进而求出问题的解。它在数值模拟计算中表现出良好的收敛特性，是土体极限平衡分析计算的有效方法。
2　降雨特性影响分析
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2.1　模型及参数
对赣南某离子型稀土矿山边坡进行取样调查，建立简化二维模型及有限元渗流模型如图1所示。简化处理后建立两层离子型稀土矿边坡，坡顶、坡底标高分别为10 m、40 m，边坡高度15 m，厚度1 m。采用有限单元划分，以0.5 m网格尺寸划分边坡，共计2 290个节点和2 182个单元。由于南方地区雨水丰沛，将初始水位线设置在10 m处。边坡分为表土层和矿土层，表土层在矿土层之上。
通过室内物理力学实验及粒径分布级配实验可获得边坡岩土体的物理力学参数及饱和渗透参数，如表1所示。用数值模拟软件内置的粒径数据估计模型来模拟体积含水量函数，并通过Fredlund-Xing模型[14]来估算水传导率函数，拟合得到土-水分特征曲线如图2所示，渗透曲线如图3所示。
2.2　降雨工况设计及边界条件
离子型稀土矿大部分地处赣南地区，根据赣南地区的地质灾害资料[15]，选取常见的、容易引发滑坡的降雨强度等级，设定降雨时长为5 d，采用均匀型降雨，设计降雨工况如表2所示。
为尽可能模拟实际情况，反映真实边坡降雨条件下的状态，作出如下假设：假定边坡左侧和底侧为无限远处，设置为难入渗边界；假定降雨从天空自由降落，设置边坡顶部和坡面为自由入渗边界；根据数值模拟软件处理原则，需设置一个排水口，故把边坡右侧地下水位以上设置为自由出入边界。
2.3　降雨阶段孔隙水压力分析
孔隙水压力指土壤或者岩体中地下水的压力[16]，主要作用在微粒或孔隙之间。雨水渗透改变离子型稀土矿边坡的体积含水率，引起孔隙水压力的变化。
各工况下降雨第5天孔隙水压力分布云图如图4所示。从图4可以看出，随着降雨强度增加，非饱和区面积逐渐减小，正负水位分界线抬升。究其原因，同一时间内，降雨强度越大，入渗雨量越多，非饱和区面积减少得越快，正负水位分界线也抬升得越快，影响深度更深，说明降雨强度变化是影响离子型稀土矿边坡水压的一个显著因素，也是影响正负水位分界线的重要因素。
2.4　停雨阶段孔隙水压力分析
受篇幅所限，这里以工况1和工况3为例分析不同降雨强度下离子型稀土矿边坡停雨阶段的基本趋势，结果如图5所示，雨停时，水压力并没有立即停止变化，而是接着降雨时的变化继续变化，这表明孔隙水压力变化相对于降雨变化具有一定的滞后性。同时，同一时间段不同降雨强度下，降雨强度越高，对停雨阶段影响的范围越大。
3　不同降雨强度下临界滑移面变化分析
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3.1　雨水入渗对临界滑移面的影响
为进一步研究雨水对边坡内部的影响，以工况3为例，选取临界滑移面这一关键因素来进行分析，不同降雨和停雨阶段边坡临界滑移面分布云图见图6。由图6可以看出，空心线（临界滑移面）是不断向下“凹”的，这是因为随着雨水入渗，土体自重增加，改变了其内部应力分布状态，临界滑移面不断往内部移动。对比降雨第1天和停雨第12天可以看出，安全系数不断减少，证明不仅在降雨阶段雨水会改变边坡稳定状态，停雨一定时间内，边坡各临界滑移面的安全系数仍在继续减少。停雨第12天，边坡各临界滑移面安全系数开始稳定回升，停雨第25天，各临界滑移面安全系数仍然没有恢复到初始状态，其原因是在离子型稀土矿边坡中的雨水还没完全排干或挥发完全，继续留存在边坡中影响边坡的性质和结构。
3.2　不同降雨强度下临界滑移面动态变化分析
边坡临界滑移面云图还不够直观反映边坡临界滑移面变化，需要详细分析临界滑移面安全系数情况。着重分析了不同降雨强度下临界滑移面的变化情况，通过数值模拟软件搜索，以边坡左下角为原点，绘制出各个时间段临界滑移面的准确位置，如图7所示。分析不同降雨强度下各时间段临界滑移面，可以发现临界滑移面主要聚焦在218滑移面、289滑移面和224滑移面。
对比分析发现，4种工况下，雨停4～25 d，临界滑移面都处在224滑移面，因此这里主要分析临界滑移面在初始状态到雨停第4天（总计10天）的动态变化，统计临界滑移面所在天数占比情况，结果见表3。在连续降雨5 d、雨停25 d共计30 d时间内，边坡临界滑移面基本是从218滑移面到289滑移面最后到224滑移面，但工况1没有出现289滑移面。
为较直观表示不同降雨强度下临界滑移面对边坡稳定性的影响，制作边坡安全系数变化及变化二阶导数（加速度）图，如图8所示。
由图8可明显得出一致性规律：在这种离子型稀土边坡条件下，每种工况安全系数变化的“加速度”都经历先下降、后反式增长的过程，且降雨强度越大，反式增长越猛烈，也是整个工况中最大的波峰，后续波峰逐渐变缓，直到近似直线。
对比分析可知，进入218滑移面时，安全系数变化的“加速度”下降，但此时边坡安全系数都大于1.1，可认为“较为安全”；之后，随着天数增加，工况2～4均进入289滑移面，此时安全稳定性系数急速下降，边坡进入“加速度”图中最大波峰，不稳定因素急速增加，把该阶段称之为“内部剧烈变化阶段”，结合前述雨水渗流特性来看，此时应是雨水大量入渗，边坡总体存在较大风险；进入224滑移面后，总体来说边坡安全系数开始进入最低点，安全系数“加速度”变化更小，极易发生滑坡，可称之为“极易滑坡阶段”；随着雨水从边坡不断排出，安全系数开始回归，逐渐上升，停雨25 d之后，各降雨强度下安全系数都抬升且边坡安全系数都回归到1.0以上，可称之为“相对安全阶段”。
4　结论
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采取数值模拟软件，计算分析不同降雨强度下离子型稀土矿边坡渗流特性与临界滑移面变化，得到以下主要结论：
1）在此离子型稀土矿边坡条件下，降雨强度变化是影响边坡浅层土体孔隙水压力变化的重要因素，也是影响地下水位线的重要因素，降雨强度越大，浅层土体孔隙水压力变化越明显，地下水位上升越快。
2）停雨初期，雨水在边坡中的传递具有滞后性，雨水会继续从浅部向下传递，直到影响边坡深部。
3）确定各时间段临界滑移面几何位置可为边坡位移计监测位置设计提供参考依据。
4）在该离子型稀土矿边坡条件下，降雨强度越大，进入289滑移面的时间越快，安全系数变化“加速度”波峰越高，影响时间也越长。
5）根据安全系数变化“加速度”在降雨、停雨阶段的变化规律，可认为降雨条件下边坡基本会经历较为安全阶段、内部剧烈变化阶段、极易滑坡阶段及相对安全阶段共4个阶段。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(51964014)
文献
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2024年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.03.005
  • 接收时间：2023-11-20
  • 首发时间：2026-03-17
  • 出版时间：2024-06-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-11-20
基金
国家自然科学基金(51964014)
作者信息
    1.江西理工大学　应急管理与安全工程学院，江西　赣州　341000
    2.江西理工大学　资源与环境工程学院，江西　赣州　341000
    3.江西理工大学　土木与测绘工程学院，江西　赣州　341000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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