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The effect of Cr content on microstructure and heat exposure of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys was investigated. It is found that strength of the alloys at room temperature decreases after an initial increase as Cr content increases, and the 0.2%Cr alloy exhibits excellent room-temperature mechanical properties. Transmission quantitative calculation results suggest that an addition of 0.2%Cr can promote precipitation of Ω phase and improve coarsening resistance of Ω phase in the alloy after heat exposure. With the addition of Cr exceeding 0.3%, the (Al, Cr, Mn, Ti)-enriched phases precipitate at the grain boundaries of the alloy, leading to coarser grains.

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研究了Cr含量对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金微观组织和热暴露性能的影响。结果表明,随着Cr含量增加,合金室温强度呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,含0.2%Cr的合金表现出优异的室温力学性能。透射定量计算结果表明,向合金中添加0.2%Cr,促进了热暴露后合金中Ω相的析出,提高了Ω相的抗粗化性能。Cr添加量超过0.3%后,合金晶界处析出(Al,Cr,Mn,Ti)富集相,导致晶粒粗大。

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刘志义(1962—),男,湖南邵阳人,二级教授,博士研究生导师,主要研究方向为铝合金基础研究和应用技术开发。E-mail:
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唐漫(2000—),女,湖南衡阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金微合金化。E-mail:

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唐漫(2000—),女,湖南衡阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金微合金化。E-mail:

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唐漫(2000—),女,湖南衡阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金微合金化。E-mail:

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(a)0.1Cr合金;(b)0.2Cr合金;(c)0.3Cr合金

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(a)0.1Cr合金;(b)0.2Cr合金;(c)0.3Cr合金

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(a)0.1Cr合金;(b)0.2Cr合金;(c)0.3Cr合金

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(a)铸态;(b)均匀化后

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合金名称CuMgAgMnTiCrAl
0.1Cr5.50.450.900.300.110.1余量
0.2Cr5.50.450.900.300.110.2余量
0.3Cr5.50.450.900.300.110.3余量
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合金材料设计化学成分(质量分数)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
合金名称CuMgAgMnTiCrAl
0.1Cr5.50.450.900.300.110.1余量
0.2Cr5.50.450.900.300.110.2余量
0.3Cr5.50.450.900.300.110.3余量
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合金名称平均直径/nm平均厚度/nm数量密度/(103 μm-3
0.1Cr70.2±15.46.1±2.35.7±1.3
0.2Cr65.5±19.85.4±1.48.8±0.5
0.3Cr73.4±23.95.9±1.84.9±2.4
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热暴露后合金内Ω相统计结果

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合金名称平均直径/nm平均厚度/nm数量密度/(103 μm-3
0.1Cr70.2±15.46.1±2.35.7±1.3
0.2Cr65.5±19.85.4±1.48.8±0.5
0.3Cr73.4±23.95.9±1.84.9±2.4
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铬含量对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金微观组织和热暴露性能的影响
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唐漫 , 刘志义 , 柏松 , 李苏望
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024,44(3): 166-169
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024, 44(3): 166-169
铬含量对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金微观组织和热暴露性能的影响
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唐漫 , 刘志义 , 柏松, 李苏望
作者信息
  • 中南大学 材料科学与工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 唐漫(2000—),女,湖南衡阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金微合金化。E-mail:

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刘志义(1962—),男,湖南邵阳人,二级教授,博士研究生导师,主要研究方向为铝合金基础研究和应用技术开发。E-mail:
Effect of Cr Content on Microstructure and Heat Exposure of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag Alloy
Man TANG , Zhiyi LIU , Song BAI, Suwang LI
Affiliations
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.03.035
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研究了Cr含量对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金微观组织和热暴露性能的影响。结果表明,随着Cr含量增加,合金室温强度呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,含0.2%Cr的合金表现出优异的室温力学性能。透射定量计算结果表明,向合金中添加0.2%Cr,促进了热暴露后合金中Ω相的析出,提高了Ω相的抗粗化性能。Cr添加量超过0.3%后,合金晶界处析出(Al,Cr,Mn,Ti)富集相,导致晶粒粗大。

Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金  /  力学性能  /  晶粒细化  /  热暴露  /  微合金化  /  铬

The effect of Cr content on microstructure and heat exposure of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys was investigated. It is found that strength of the alloys at room temperature decreases after an initial increase as Cr content increases, and the 0.2%Cr alloy exhibits excellent room-temperature mechanical properties. Transmission quantitative calculation results suggest that an addition of 0.2%Cr can promote precipitation of Ω phase and improve coarsening resistance of Ω phase in the alloy after heat exposure. With the addition of Cr exceeding 0.3%, the (Al, Cr, Mn, Ti)-enriched phases precipitate at the grain boundaries of the alloy, leading to coarser grains.

Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy  /  mechanical properties  /  grain refinement  /  heat exposure  /  microalloying  /  Cr
唐漫, 刘志义, 柏松, 李苏望. 铬含量对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金微观组织和热暴露性能的影响. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (3) : 166 -169 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.03.035
Man TANG, Zhiyi LIU, Song BAI, Suwang LI. Effect of Cr Content on Microstructure and Heat Exposure of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag Alloy[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (3) : 166 -169 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.03.035
Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金具有加工性能良好、强度高等优点,广泛应用于航空航天、兵器工业、交通运输等领域[1-4]。该合金中的主要元素Cu可产生固溶强化和时效阶段的析出强化,这是合金硬度和强度的重要来源[5]。同时,Cu元素的引入导致合金晶间腐蚀倾向增大,使得铝合金耐蚀性下降,而且高Cu易促进合金内部裂纹的萌生和扩展,从而限制了其部分应用[6-7]
微合金化是目前改善铝合金综合性能的重要方法[8-9],有研究发现Cr元素可细化晶粒组织、提高合金强度和改善耐蚀性[10]。到目前为止,关于Cr元素对铝合金组织性能影响的研究并不多。本文借助光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、拉伸测试等手段系统研究Cr元素微合金化行为,探讨铝合金力学性能与微观组织演变规律。
实验所用3种合金材料设计化学成分如表1所示。熔炼合金过程中,纯铝熔化后,中间合金按易烧损程度依次加入,优先加入高熔点中间合金,整个过程中多次撒入覆盖剂防止烧损。将熔体浇铸到200 mm×50 mm×250 mm的长方体模具中待冷,模具内壁事先涂抹氧化锌防止杂质元素污染。
采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)确定热处理温度,铸锭的均匀化工艺为505 ℃加热72 h,随后轧制成薄板;板材的固溶时效处理工艺为510 ℃下固溶4 h后立即淬火,随后165 ℃时效8 h至峰时效状态(T6)。
对固溶时效和热暴露后的板材进行室温拉伸试验。拉伸试样标距长度为25 mm,室温拉伸试验时拉伸速度2 mm/min。铸态样品抛光后采用凯乐试剂腐蚀,通过光学显微镜(DMM-900C)观察3种铸态合金的晶粒组织。采用配备能谱仪的环境扫描电子显微镜(Quanta-200)观察铸态、固溶时效后合金第二相形貌并进行成分分析。将热暴露不同时间的样品制备成厚度小于100 μm的小圆片,对其电解减薄后进行透射观察,所有透射图片均由透射电子显微镜(Tecnai G2 G20 ST)拍摄。透射图片中析出相的平均直径、平均厚度和扫描图片中第二相体积分数均由Image-pro plus软件测量。
铸态合金的金相组织如图1所示。可以看出,3种合金的铸态组织均为典型的枝晶偏析形貌。Cr的添加对合金晶粒细化效果十分显著,相较于0.1Cr、0.3Cr合金中的粗大晶粒,0.2Cr合金的晶粒更细小致密。
为了更准确了解Cr含量对铸态Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金晶粒组织的影响,用Image-pro plus软件测量了0.1Cr、0.2Cr、0.3Cr合金的晶粒尺寸,其平均晶粒尺寸分别为62.8、23.5、58.4 μm,因此得出结论:随着Cr含量升高,合金晶粒大小呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,0.2Cr合金的细化作用更好些。
合金经固溶时效热处理后对其进行室温拉伸试验,测得其力学性能如图2所示。可以看出,随着Cr含量增加,室温下合金抗拉强度先增大后减小,屈服强度也表现出相似的趋势。Cr含量0.2%时,合金室温强度达到峰值,抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为508 MPa和422 MPa,比0.1Cr和0.3Cr合金抗拉强度高了13 MPa和15 MPa;延伸率则表现为相反趋势,随着Cr含量增加,3种合金延伸率分别为9.8%、8.9%、9.2%,0.2Cr合金延伸率虽然略有降低,但对整体塑性并无明显不良影响。综上可得,适当添加Cr(0.2%)有利于改善合金室温强度。
图3为3组T6态合金200 ℃下热暴露500 h后的室温拉伸结果。随着Cr含量增加,合金抗拉强度和屈服强度同样表现出先减小后增大的变化趋势,延伸率不断下降,表明热暴露500h后合金在承受应力载荷时内部不发生脆性断裂,合金仍具有良好塑性,热暴露前后合金延伸率均高于8%,断裂机制均为韧性断裂。与T6态室温拉伸试验结果相比,热暴露500 h后合金室温抗拉强度和屈服强度均大幅度降低,相同热暴露条件下,0.2Cr合金的抗拉强度(327 MPa)分别比0.1Cr、0.3Cr合金提高了13.1%、9.7%,屈服强度(264 MPa)提高了15.8%、10.9%。基于以上结果,0.2Cr合金在热暴露前后的室温力学性能强于其他2种合金。
热暴露后合金的TEM明场像和相应的衍射花样如图4所示,其中合金内Ω相平均尺寸和数量密度统计结果见表2。由图4可见,热暴露后3种合金均析出针状Ω相,衍射花样中表现出对应位置的亮斑点,这符合高Cu/Mg比下合金的强化相类型。尽管偶尔能观察到θ′相和不规则球状Al7(Cr,Mn)粒子,但衍射花样中并未出现对应斑点,猜测是析出数量较低衍射强度不够的原因。表2数据表明,热暴露500 h后,随着Cr含量增加,合金中Ω相平均直径和平均厚度均先减小再增大,数量密度则先增大后减小;0.2Cr合金中Ω相的平均直径和平均厚度更小,Ω相数量较多,抗粗化性能明显强于其他合金。文献[11]研究结果表明,合金在长期高温时效时,部分Ω相易粗化长大为θ′相,与基体相界的错配度增大,从而导致合金性能下降,因此其抗粗化性能对合金能否广泛应用影响较大。表2数据证实了添加0.2%Cr改善了Ω相的抗粗化性能。
作为合金内重要的强化相,Ω相与位错交互作用时产生剪切强化使Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金获得高的屈服强度。为了进一步分析不同Cr含量合金内Ω相对热暴露性能的影响规律,查阅文献得到析出相对屈服强度的增量通常用以下方程式表示:
式中σΩ为合金内强化相析出对屈服强度的增量;td分别为析出相的平均厚度和平均直径;b为柏氏矢量,b=0.286 nm;N为析出相的数量密度;M为泰勒因子,M=3.06;G为铝基体的剪切模量,G=25.4 GPa;γ为析出相和Al基体间的界面能,200 ℃热暴露时γ=0.14 J/m2。通过计算得到0.1Cr、0.2Cr、0.3Cr合金内σΩ分别为70.5 MPa、91.5 MPa、75.1 MPa,这也解释了热暴露后合金屈服强度的变化规律。综上,添加0.2%Cr可促进Ω相的析出并有效提高其抗粗化性能,有利于改善合金热暴露性能。
3种合金的铸态扫描照片如图5所示。合金扫描下的微观组织主要包括沿晶界的长条状白色第二相、灰色第二相和晶内不规则球状第二相,其能谱分析结果亦列于图5中。可以确定白色第二相为Al2Cu相,不规则球状为富Ag的Al2CuMg相;0.3Cr合金中出现了灰色第二相,0.1Cr和0.2Cr合金中未发现该相的存在,结合点Ⅲ的能谱成分分析结果初步判断其为(Al,Cr,Mn,Ti)富集相,对其进行面扫,结果如图6所示。Cr、Mn、Ti元素是主要富集元素,元素分布情况与能谱结果一致。
图7为0.3Cr合金铸态和均匀化后的扫描照片。对比发现,经505 ℃单级均匀化热处理后,合金内Al2Cu相大部分溶解于基体内,而(Al,Cr,Mn,Ti)富集相形状和尺寸并未发生较大改变,使用Image-pro plus软件对其体积分数进行测量,结果显示,该相体积分数分别为1.97%、1.54%,表明该相具有较高的热稳定性。
图1可知,添加Cr元素对铸态Al-Cu-Mg-Ag晶粒尺寸影响显著,参考Al-Cr相图[12]和Al-Cr-Mn相图[13],合金发生共晶反应时会析出细小的球状Al7(Cr,Mn)粒子,与Al基体呈半共格关系。细小弥散的Al7(Cr,Mn)可作为异质形核的质点促进形核,提高形核率,同时钉扎在晶界处,在一定程度上阻碍晶界长大,从而促进晶粒细化。从图6可以看出,Cr添加量0.3%时,Cr、Mn、Ti元素均在晶界处产生富集,形成粗大的(Al,Cr,Mn,Ti)富集相,从而导致基体中Cr、Mn、Ti浓度降低,基体中原本细化晶粒的Al3Ti、Al7(Cr,Mn)粒子形成受到抑制,导致合金细化效果减弱。因此,随着Cr含量升高,晶粒尺寸先减小后增大,添加0.2%Cr细化晶粒效果更好,(Al,Cr,Mn,Ti)富集相是抑制Cr元素细化晶粒的重要原因,在实际应用中应尽量避免其产生。
1)随着Cr含量增加,合金晶粒平均尺寸得到显著细化,Cr含量0.3%时,合金内析出(Al,Cr,Mn,Ti)富集相,该相消耗了Cr、Mn、Ti原子,使得基体中Al3Ti、Al7(Cr,Mn)粒子浓度降低,是导致晶粒粗化的直接原因。
2)添加0.2%Cr提高了T6态合金和热暴露后合金的室温强度,且对合金塑性无明显影响,热暴露前后合金延伸率均高于8%,断裂机制均为韧性断裂。
3)定量计算结果表明,添加0.2%Cr促进了Ω相的析出,热暴露后数量密度比添加0.1%Cr和0.3%Cr高出许多,且合金内Ω相尺寸更细小,改善了Ω相抗粗化性能,从而提高合金力学性能。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.03.035
  • 接收时间:2023-11-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2024-06-01
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    中南大学 材料科学与工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083

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刘志义(1962—),男,湖南邵阳人,二级教授,博士研究生导师,主要研究方向为铝合金基础研究和应用技术开发。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kygczz/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.03.035
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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