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Article(id=1236276116634268259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1236276104999268557, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740585600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772680795104, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1753977600000, pubDateStr=2025-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772680795104, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772680795104, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772680795104, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236276104999268557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772680792331, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772681498687, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236279067746562719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1236276104999268557, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236279067746562720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1236276104999268557, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=158, endPage=163, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236276116864955003, articleId=1236276116634268259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Sodium Storage Performance of Bamboo-Derived Hard Carbon Materials Prepared by Different Impurity Removal Processes, columnId=1236276108207902848, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With bamboo as a raw material, different hard carbon materials were prepared by different impurity removal processes, and the effects of those processes on the impurity content, physical structure and sodium storage performance of hard carbon were explored. The results show that after impurity removal treatment, the bamboo-derived hard carbon has reduced impurity content and specific surface area, and increased interlayer spacing. With the preparation cost and the sodium storage performance of hard carbon comprehensively taken into consideration, acid leaching is chosen as the impurity removal process for hard carbon. It is shown that at a current density of 30 mA/g, the anode material with prepared hard carbon can have an initial Coulombic efficiency of 83.87% and a reversible specific capacity of 308.96 mAh/g；it demonstrates a capacity retention rate of 96.57% after 100 cycles at a current density of 300 mA/g, showing excellent sodium storage performance.

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以竹子为原料，通过不同除杂工艺制备硬炭材料，考察了除杂工艺对硬炭材料杂质含量、物性结构和储钠性能的影响。结果表明，经过除杂处理，竹基硬炭材料中杂质含量有效降低，材料比表面积降低、层间距增大。综合考虑硬炭材料制备成本及其储钠性能，确定酸浸为适宜的硬炭材料除杂工艺，在30 mA/g电流密度下，制备的硬炭材料首次库仑效率为83.87%，可逆比容量为308.96 mAh/g；在300 mA/g电流密度下循环100圈容量保持率为96.57%，表现出良好的储钠性能。

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张磊（1991—），男，湖南益阳人，博士，特聘副教授，主要研究方向为新能源材料。E-mail：
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杜浩杰（1996—），男，山东烟台人，博士研究生，主要研究方向为新能源材料。E-mail：

, authorsList=杜浩杰, 张磊, 王亲猛, 郭学益, 田庆华, 童汇, 薛志强, 罗跃成)}, authors=[Author(id=1236348220469727822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116634268259, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=duhaojiecsu@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236348220574585432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116634268259, authorId=1236348220469727822, language=EN, stringName=Haojie DU, firstName=Haojie, middleName=null, lastName=DU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
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杜浩杰（1996—），男，山东烟台人，博士研究生，主要研究方向为新能源材料。E-mail：

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杜浩杰（1996—），男，山东烟台人，博士研究生，主要研究方向为新能源材料。E-mail：

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Preparation of hard carbon derived from jackfruit seeds and its mechanism of sodium storage[J]. 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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1236348225553223783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116634268259, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=SEM and TEM images of hard carbon materials prepared by different impurity removal treatment, figureFileSmall=R7NX2GVhkH1Vq9llgQmJdw==, figureFileBig=snhXjguyGbqkTab/jsETmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348225687441525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116634268259, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同除杂工艺制备的硬炭材料SEM图和TEM图, figureFileSmall=R7NX2GVhkH1Vq9llgQmJdw==, figureFileBig=snhXjguyGbqkTab/jsETmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348225884573824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116634268259, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=XRD patterns, adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distribution curves of hard carbon materials prepared by different impurity removal treatment, figureFileSmall=EX8PXnGzcCfDaUVr42RN7w==, figureFileBig=m8J/5JZl8ND0xKepBYkkng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348226186563726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116634268259, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同除杂工艺制备的硬炭材料XRD图谱、吸脱附等温线及孔径分布

（a）XRD图谱；（b）吸脱附等温线；（c）孔径分布图

, figureFileSmall=EX8PXnGzcCfDaUVr42RN7w==, figureFileBig=m8J/5JZl8ND0xKepBYkkng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348226358530208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116634268259, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Sodium storage performance of hard carbon materials prepared by different impurity removal treatment, figureFileSmall=gcBBb2iI2BcZ86rTr0UiOQ==, figureFileBig=/CRpzIlN/rJFADbzNs+aZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348226522108074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116634268259, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同除杂工艺制备的硬炭材料储钠性能

（a）首圈充放电曲线；（b）首圈放电容量分布；（c）循环性能；（d）倍率性能

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（a）GITT放电曲线；（b）GITT充电曲线；（c）放电过程钠离子扩散系数；（d）充电过程钠离子扩散系数

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（a）～（d）不同扫速的CV曲线；（e）lgIp-lgv线性关系；（f）b值

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Main elemental impurity contents in hard carbon after different impurity removal treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号FeCaKNaCrPSi
KB-HC0.0810.0500.900.120.002 00.0630.043
JJ-HC0.0700.0550.0490.230.001 20.0600.033
SJ-HC0.0420.0280.120.0660.001 30.0510.042
JJSJ-HC0.0330.0280.0530.062/0.0500.034
), ArticleFig(id=1236348227352580324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116634268259, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同除杂工艺所得硬炭材料的主要杂质元素含量（质量分数）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号FeCaKNaCrPSi
KB-HC0.0810.0500.900.120.002 00.0630.043
JJ-HC0.0700.0550.0490.230.001 20.0600.033
SJ-HC0.0420.0280.120.0660.001 30.0510.042
JJSJ-HC0.0330.0280.0530.062/0.0500.034
), ArticleFig(id=1236348227449049320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116634268259, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physical parameters of hard carbon materials prepared by different impurity removal treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品XRD分析BET分析
层间距d/nm微晶尺寸Lc/nm比表面积S/（m2·g－1）孔径D/nm孔体积V/（cm3·g－1）
KB-HC0.3801.2054.6812.650.014 8
JJ-HC0.3851.1331.6116.140.006 5
SJ-HC0.3811.1201.8813.200.006 2
JJSJ-HC0.3861.0941.6712.710.005 3
), ArticleFig(id=1236348227553906934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116634268259, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同除杂工艺制备的硬炭材料物性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品XRD分析BET分析
层间距d/nm微晶尺寸Lc/nm比表面积S/（m2·g－1）孔径D/nm孔体积V/（cm3·g－1）
KB-HC0.3801.2054.6812.650.014 8
JJ-HC0.3851.1331.6116.140.006 5
SJ-HC0.3811.1201.8813.200.006 2
JJSJ-HC0.3861.0941.6712.710.005 3
), ArticleFig(id=1236348227658764540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116634268259, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sodium storage performance of hard carbon materials prepared by different impurity removal treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品首次库仑效率/%可逆比容量/（mAh·g－1）斜坡容量/（mAh·g－1）容量保持率（300 mA/g，100圈）/%3 000 mA/g平均可逆比容量/（mAh·g－1）
KB-HC81.95280.52124.7887.5157.60
JJ-HC84.12296.59136.7097.42138.94
SJ-HC83.87308.96145.0296.57138.20
JJSJ-HC83.98305.66139.2497.03140.66
), ArticleFig(id=1236348227813953802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116634268259, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同除杂工艺制备的硬炭材料储钠性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品首次库仑效率/%可逆比容量/（mAh·g－1）斜坡容量/（mAh·g－1）容量保持率（300 mA/g，100圈）/%3 000 mA/g平均可逆比容量/（mAh·g－1）
KB-HC81.95280.52124.7887.5157.60
JJ-HC84.12296.59136.7097.42138.94
SJ-HC83.87308.96145.0296.57138.20
JJSJ-HC83.98305.66139.2497.03140.66
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竹基硬炭负极材料不同除杂工艺及其储钠性能研究
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杜浩杰 1, 2 , 张磊 1, 2 , 王亲猛 1, 2 , 郭学益 1, 2 , 田庆华 1, 2 , 童汇 1, 2 , 薛志强 3 , 罗跃成 4
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2025,45(4): 158-163
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2025, 45(4): 158-163
竹基硬炭负极材料不同除杂工艺及其储钠性能研究
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杜浩杰1, 2 , 张磊1, 2 , 王亲猛1, 2, 郭学益1, 2, 田庆华1, 2, 童汇1, 2, 薛志强3, 罗跃成4
作者信息
  • 1.中南大学　冶金与环境学院，湖南　长沙　410083
  • 2.中国有色金属工业协会　中国清洁冶金工程研究中心，湖南　长沙　410083
  • 3.承德亚欧果仁有限公司，河北　承德　067506
  • 4.湖南省长城新能源科技有限公司，湖南　邵阳　422000

    • 杜浩杰（1996—），男，山东烟台人，博士研究生，主要研究方向为新能源材料。E-mail：

通讯作者:

张磊（1991—），男，湖南益阳人，博士，特聘副教授，主要研究方向为新能源材料。E-mail：
Sodium Storage Performance of Bamboo-Derived Hard Carbon Materials Prepared by Different Impurity Removal Processes
Haojie DU1, 2 , Lei ZHANG1, 2 , Qinmeng WANG1, 2, Xueyi GUO1, 2, Qinghua TIAN1, 2, Hui TONG1, 2, Zhiqiang XUE3, Yuecheng LUO4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
  • 2.China Clean Metallurgical Engineering Research Center, China Nonferrous Metals Industry Association, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
  • 3.Chengde Yaou Nuts & Seeds Co., Ltd., Chengde 067506, Hebei, China
  • 4.Hunan Great Wall New Energy Co., Ltd., Shaoyang 422000, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2025-08-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.029
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摘要
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以竹子为原料，通过不同除杂工艺制备硬炭材料，考察了除杂工艺对硬炭材料杂质含量、物性结构和储钠性能的影响。结果表明，经过除杂处理，竹基硬炭材料中杂质含量有效降低，材料比表面积降低、层间距增大。综合考虑硬炭材料制备成本及其储钠性能，确定酸浸为适宜的硬炭材料除杂工艺，在30 mA/g电流密度下，制备的硬炭材料首次库仑效率为83.87%，可逆比容量为308.96 mAh/g；在300 mA/g电流密度下循环100圈容量保持率为96.57%，表现出良好的储钠性能。

钠离子电池  /  负极材料  /  硬炭  /  竹子  /  除杂  /  储钠性能

With bamboo as a raw material, different hard carbon materials were prepared by different impurity removal processes, and the effects of those processes on the impurity content, physical structure and sodium storage performance of hard carbon were explored. The results show that after impurity removal treatment, the bamboo-derived hard carbon has reduced impurity content and specific surface area, and increased interlayer spacing. With the preparation cost and the sodium storage performance of hard carbon comprehensively taken into consideration, acid leaching is chosen as the impurity removal process for hard carbon. It is shown that at a current density of 30 mA/g, the anode material with prepared hard carbon can have an initial Coulombic efficiency of 83.87% and a reversible specific capacity of 308.96 mAh/g；it demonstrates a capacity retention rate of 96.57% after 100 cycles at a current density of 300 mA/g, showing excellent sodium storage performance.

sodium-ion battery  /  anode material  /  hard carbon  /  bamboo  /  impurity removal  /  sodium storage performance
杜浩杰, 张磊, 王亲猛, 郭学益, 田庆华, 童汇, 薛志强, 罗跃成. 竹基硬炭负极材料不同除杂工艺及其储钠性能研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (4) : 158 -163 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.029
Haojie DU, Lei ZHANG, Qinmeng WANG, Xueyi GUO, Qinghua TIAN, Hui TONG, Zhiqiang XUE, Yuecheng LUO. Sodium Storage Performance of Bamboo-Derived Hard Carbon Materials Prepared by Different Impurity Removal Processes[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (4) : 158 -163 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.029
正文
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与锂离子电池相比，钠离子电池具有钠资源丰富、成本低廉、稳定性好等优势[1-4]，是极具潜力的新型储能体系[5-6]。硬炭具有低储钠电位及较高可逆比容量[7-9]，是目前钠离子电池负极材料的研究重点[10]。生物质基硬炭材料具有原材料资源丰富、成本低廉、孔隙结构丰富等优点[11-13]，研究人员广泛研究了不同生物质制备的硬炭材料电化学性能[14-17]。但是生物质含有大量杂质元素（如Fe、Ca、Si等），杂质会影响硬炭材料的可逆比容量和首次库仑效率[18]。目前硬炭的除杂工艺复杂多样[19-20]，选择合适的除杂工艺是实现生物质基硬炭材料工业化生产的关键[21-22]。本文以竹子为原料，采用不同除杂工艺制备硬炭材料，探究了除杂工艺对竹基硬炭材料杂质含量、物性结构及储钠性能的影响，为低成本生物质基硬炭材料的制备提供技术指导。
1　实验部分
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1.1　竹基硬炭材料的制备
将竹子（产地为湖南益阳）用蒸馏水多次浸泡洗涤，随后置于鼓风干燥箱中，80 ℃干燥24 h。在氮气气氛下，将竹子置于箱式炉中进行低温碳化。低温碳化条件为：以5 ℃/min升温至500 ℃，保温3 h，继续通氮气，随炉冷却至室温后得到低温碳化产物。将低温碳化产物磨细后过200目（75 μm）筛，所得材料的D50为7.178 μm，然后分别进行碱浸除杂、酸浸除杂、碱浸加酸浸除杂处理，将不除杂、碱浸除杂、酸浸除杂、碱浸加酸浸除杂后的样品分别命名为KB、JJ、SJ、JJSJ。
将除杂产物在氮气气氛下置于管式炉中进行高温碳化。高温碳化条件为：以5 ℃/min升温至1 400 ℃，保温2 h，继续通氮气，随炉冷却至室温后得到竹基硬炭材料，不同除杂工艺制备的硬炭材料分别命名为KB-HC、JJ-HC、SJ-HC、JJSJ-HC。
碱浸条件为：将待碱浸物料按照固液比0.1 g/mL进行碱浸处理，氢氧化钠浓度5 mol/L，温度90 ℃，处理时间3 h，反应结束后抽滤，用去离子水洗涤至中性。酸浸条件为：将待酸浸物料按照固液比0.1 g/mL进行酸浸处理，盐酸浓度1.5 mol/L，温度40 ℃，处理时间3 h，反应结束后抽滤，用去离子水洗涤至中性。
1.2　材料表征
通过电感耦合等离子体光谱仪（ICP）测试杂质含量；采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）表征材料物相结构；采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）表征材料微观形貌；采用透射电子显微镜（TEM）观察材料晶体结构；采用比表面积及孔径分析仪（BET）测试材料比表面积和孔径。
1.3　电化学性能测试
将硬炭材料、聚偏氟乙烯、Super P按质量比90∶5∶5均匀研磨混合，加入适量N-甲基吡咯烷酮作为溶剂调节黏度，将浆料均匀涂覆在铝箔表面，在90 ℃真空干燥箱中干燥12 h。将干燥后的电极片冲切成直径12 mm的圆形电极片，作为扣式电池的正极，并称量极片质量。采用直径15.6 mm的钠片作为对电极和参比电极，玻璃纤维为隔膜，以1 mol/L NaPF6+100% DME为电解液，在充满氩气的手套箱中组装成2032型扣式半电池。将组装好的电池静置12 h，使电解液充分渗透后进行储钠性能测试。用CT2001A蓝电测试系统进行充放电测试，电压0.001～2.0 V。采用恒电流间歇滴定技术测量钠离子的扩散系数，脉冲电流密度为30 mA/g，持续30 min后休息1 h。用东华DH7000C电化学工作站进行循环伏安（CV）测试。
2　实验结果与讨论
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2.1　除杂效果分析
不同除杂工艺所得硬炭材料的主要杂质元素含量见表1。由表1可知，未除杂的材料中含有Si、K、Na、Fe等杂质元素；碱浸除杂后，Si杂质含量降至0.033%，K杂质含量降至0.049%；酸浸除杂后，Fe、Ca、Na杂质含量分别降至0.042%、0.028%、0.066%。
2.2　理化性质分析
图1为不同除杂工艺制备的硬炭材料SEM和TEM图片。SEM分析结果表明，不同除杂工艺制备的硬炭材料形状不规则，尺寸在5～50 μm之间。TEM分析结果表明，所有样品均为无序结构，由短程的石墨化畴及其围绕而成的闭孔结构组成。
不同除杂工艺制备的硬炭材料XRD图谱、吸脱附等温线及孔径分布见图2，不同除杂工艺制备的硬炭材料物性参数见表2。由图2（a）可知，所有硬炭材料在23°和43°附近有2个明显宽化的衍射峰，分别对应（002）和（100）的衍射晶面，是典型的非晶碳材料，表明硬炭材料中存在大量无序结构。经过除杂后，（002）晶面角度变小，层间距增大，基于Bragg方程和Scherrer公式计算，KB-HC、JJ-HC、SJ-HC、JJSJ-HC的层间距d和微晶尺寸Lc分别为0.380、0.385、0.381、0.386 nm和1.205、1.133、1.120、1.094 nm。结果表明，经过碱浸处理，硬炭材料层间距变大，因为NaOH作为还原剂会与含氧官能团（—OH、—COO－等）反应生成气体[23]。由图2（b）、（c）可知，所有样品均为典型的Ⅲ型等温曲线，KB-HC、JJ-HC、SJ-HC和JJSJ-HC的比表面积分别为4.68、1.61、1.88和1.67 m2/g。由表2可知，酸浸和/或碱浸除杂均能降低比表面积和总孔体积。酸碱处理后，预碳化料的微孔结构被破坏、孔隙结构被刻蚀[18]，导致总孔体积减小、比表面积降低、孔径增大。除此之外，K元素在高温碳化阶段会逸出形成孔隙[24]，除杂处理后去除了大量的K元素，有效避免了比表面积的增加。
2.3　硬炭材料的储钠性能
不同除杂工艺制备的硬炭材料储钠性能见图3和表3。由图3和表3可知，在30 mA/g电流密度下，KB-HC、JJ-HC、SJ-HC、JJSJ-HC的首次库仑效率和可逆比容量分别为81.95%、84.12%、83.87%、83.98%和280.52、296.59、308.96、305.66 mAh/g。相对未除杂样品，经过碱浸、酸浸、碱浸+酸浸处理，可逆比容量分别提高了16.07、28.44、25.14 mAh/g。这是由于酸碱处理后，硬炭材料比表面积降低，可减少固体电解质界面膜的形成，提高首圈库仑效率。此外，除杂过程去除了Fe、Ca、Si等杂质元素，提高了可逆比容量。KB-HC、JJ-HC、SJ-HC和JJSJ-HC的斜坡容量（电压高于0.1 V）分别为124.78、136.70、145.02和139.24 mAh/g，斜坡容量占比分布为36.45%、38.77%、39.39%和38.28%。经过酸碱刻蚀，材料表面活性位点增加[21]，斜坡容量提升，平台容量基本不变，斜坡容量占比提高，可逆比容量提升。在300 mA/g电流密度下循环100圈，KB-HC、JJ-HC、SJ-HC和JJSJ-HC的可逆比容量分别为228.45、275.81、284.59和289.03 mAh/g，容量保持率分别为87.51%、97.42%、96.57%和97.03%。经过酸碱处理，去除对循环性能影响较大的Si、Ca等元素[18]，材料循环性能有所提升。3 000 mA/g电流密度下，KB-HC、JJ-HC、SJ-HC和JJSJ-HC的可逆比容量分别为57.60、138.94、138.20和140.66 mAh/g。相比KB-HC，经过酸碱处理制备的硬炭材料倍率性能得到了改善，归因于层间距增大（与TEM分析结果相一致）和表面活性位点增加（斜坡容量提升）。
不同除杂工艺制备的硬炭材料GITT曲线和钠离子扩散系数见图4。充放电过程GITT电位曲线可以表征材料充放电过程的动力学特性。Na+扩散系数（DNa+）可根据Fick第二定律计算得到。从图4可以看出，放电过程中，在电压高于0.1 V的斜坡区域，DNa+相对较大，在电压低于0.1 V的平台区域，DNa+呈现先下降后升高的趋势。相比KB-HC，在电压高于0.1 V的斜坡区域，经过除杂处理制备的硬炭材料钠离子扩散系数更高，这是酸碱刻蚀使材料表面活性位点增加所致。
图5为不同除杂工艺制备的硬炭材料在不同扫描速率下的CV曲线及拟合关系。从图5（a）～（d）可以看出，经过除杂处理制备的硬炭材料表现出更高的电流强度，表明钠离子储存反应更强烈[25]，这与可逆比容量提升的规律一致。随着扫描速率增大，氧化还原峰强度增强。分析峰值电流（Ip）与扫描速率（v）之间的关系，经过拟合计算，KB-HC、JJ-HC、SJ-HC和JJSJ-HC的b值分别为0.47、0.56、0.59和0.61，JJ-HC、SJ-HC、JJSJ-HC的b值均高于KB-HC，这归因于酸碱刻蚀使硬炭表面活性位点增加，钠离子扩散速率增大，与GITT结果一致。
3　结语
收起
1）经过除杂处理，竹基硬炭材料中杂质含量有效降低，材料比表面积降低、层间距增大。与未除杂硬炭材料相比，除杂后硬炭材料可逆比容量更高、循环稳定性更好、倍率性能更佳、钠离子扩散速率更快。
2）综合考虑生产成本、工艺流程和储钠性能等因素，确定酸浸为适宜的硬炭材料除杂工艺，在30 mA/g电流密度下，制备的硬炭材料可逆比容量为308.96 mAh/g，首次库仑效率为83.87%，在300 mA/g电流密度下循环100圈可逆比容量为284.59 mAh/g，容量保持率为96.57%，表现出良好的储钠性能。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(52404373)
  • 湖南省重大科技攻关项目(2023ZJ1060)
文献
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.029
  • 接收时间：2025-02-27
  • 首发时间：2026-03-05
  • 出版时间：2025-08-01
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  • 收稿日期：2025-02-27
基金
国家自然科学基金(52404373)
湖南省重大科技攻关项目(2023ZJ1060)
作者信息
    1.中南大学　冶金与环境学院，湖南　长沙　410083
    2.中国有色金属工业协会　中国清洁冶金工程研究中心，湖南　长沙　410083
    3.承德亚欧果仁有限公司，河北　承德　067506
    4.湖南省长城新能源科技有限公司，湖南　邵阳　422000

通讯作者:

张磊（1991—），男，湖南益阳人，博士，特聘副教授，主要研究方向为新能源材料。E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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