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Effect of annealing temperature on the mechanical properties and fatigue properties of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy was explored by preforming fatigue crack propagation (FCP) rate testing, room-temperature tensile test and using characterization means such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the T4 state specimen annealed at 420 ℃ for 4 h presents higher yield and tensile strength, but poor plasticity. As the annealing temperature increases within the range of 400-430 ℃, the orientation density of the Goss texture in the alloy first increases and then decreases, and the T4 specimen after 4 h annealing at 420 ℃ presents an optimal fatigue performance, with lower FCP rate around 1.34×10-3 mm per cycle at ΔK≈20 MPa·m0.5.

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通过疲劳裂纹扩展速率测试、室温拉伸试验以及X射线衍射、扫描电镜等表征手段,研究了退火温度对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金力学性能和抗疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:420 ℃/4 h退火的T4态试样屈服强度和抗拉强度高,但塑性差。在400~430 ℃范围内随着退火温度升高,合金中Goss织构取向密度先增后减,420 ℃/4 h的T4态合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率低(ΔK≈25 MPa·m0.5时,疲劳裂纹扩展速率约为1.34×10-3 mm/循环),抗疲劳性能好。

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刘志义(1962—),男,湖南邵阳人,二级教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事铝合金的基础研究及应用技术开发。E-mail:
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赖志伟(1997—),男,江西赣州人,硕士研究生,主要从事铝合金腐蚀及疲劳性能的机理研究。E-mail:

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赖志伟(1997—),男,江西赣州人,硕士研究生,主要从事铝合金腐蚀及疲劳性能的机理研究。E-mail:

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Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2015, 165: 177-187., articleTitle=Effect of cryorolling and annealing on recovery, recrystallisation, grain growth and their influence on mechanical and corrosion behaviour of 6082 Al alloy, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236348221035967242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236348221044355852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, companyId=1236348221035967242, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236348221052744461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, companyId=1236348221035967242, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中南大学 材料科学与工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1236348224584347721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=FCP rate curve of T4 alloy annealed at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=PBb2eK6vw/hc7sRKeZ7b1w==, figureFileBig=5ink9BpwKpljrg1DBq4IZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348224722759762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同退火温度下T4态合金的疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线, figureFileSmall=PBb2eK6vw/hc7sRKeZ7b1w==, figureFileBig=5ink9BpwKpljrg1DBq4IZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348224836005977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=ODF of textures in rolled alloy, figureFileSmall=Pz5WMwJTqW2d7BnK4DSf/Q==, figureFileBig=Bs4IyEvG/D/mM2ijPTumEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348224919892065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, language=CN, label=图2, caption=热轧态合金的织构ODF图, figureFileSmall=Pz5WMwJTqW2d7BnK4DSf/Q==, figureFileBig=Bs4IyEvG/D/mM2ijPTumEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348225007972455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=ODF of textures in T4 alloy annealed at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=I1VYYVkSyFIQRjVAqHwg4w==, figureFileBig=UWohgOWIv3lQGvhF9t9MRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348225133801583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同退火温度下T4态合金的织构ODF图

(a)400 ℃/4 h;(b)420 ℃/4 h;(c)430 ℃/4 h

, figureFileSmall=I1VYYVkSyFIQRjVAqHwg4w==, figureFileBig=UWohgOWIv3lQGvhF9t9MRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348225238659195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=SEM images of fracture in steady-state FCP zone, figureFileSmall=cTAy7Oojw9WAw/HujRDrZQ==, figureFileBig=URrmQO7SrrCTkO7CJSWnfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348225377071232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同退火温度下T4态合金疲劳稳态扩展区断口SEM图像

(a)400 ℃/4 h;(b)420 ℃/4 h;(c)430 ℃/4 h

, figureFileSmall=cTAy7Oojw9WAw/HujRDrZQ==, figureFileBig=URrmQO7SrrCTkO7CJSWnfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348225528066186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=EBSD map of T4 alloy annealed at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=LPgRgQChhHpMqfPzvcyB/w==, figureFileBig=fn/7CQWSkcgUiyuCoAm2Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348225649701004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同退火温度下T4态合金EBSD图及晶粒尺寸分布图

(a)400 ℃/4 h;(b)420 ℃/4 h;(c)430 ℃/4 h

, figureFileSmall=LPgRgQChhHpMqfPzvcyB/w==, figureFileBig=fn/7CQWSkcgUiyuCoAm2Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348225746170002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical composition of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CuMgAgMnTiZrCrFeSiAl
3.151.950.530.590.150.130.080.0970.069余量
), ArticleFig(id=1236348225926525083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金化学成分(质量分数)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CuMgAgMnTiZrCrFeSiAl
3.151.950.530.590.150.130.080.0970.069余量
), ArticleFig(id=1236348226069131428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Tensile property of T4 alloy annealed at different temperatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
退火温度/℃屈服强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa延伸率/%
400387.3441.119.5
420382.3433.620.1
430390.4439.819.7
), ArticleFig(id=1236348226207543473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同退火温度下T4态合金的力学拉伸性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
退火温度/℃屈服强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa延伸率/%
400387.3441.119.5
420382.3433.620.1
430390.4439.819.7
), ArticleFig(id=1236348226375315641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Composition and orientation density of textures in plates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
板材名称不同织构取向密度
BrassSCopperGossPCuberGoss
热轧板5.351.772.663.5601.770
400 ℃退火板2.932.040.705.602.934.710
420 ℃退火板02.391.836.893.534.080
430 ℃退火板03.000.7003.005.299.12
), ArticleFig(id=1236348226538893505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276116122563128, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

板材的织构组分及取向密度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
板材名称不同织构取向密度
BrassSCopperGossPCuberGoss
热轧板5.351.772.663.5601.770
400 ℃退火板2.932.040.705.602.934.710
420 ℃退火板02.391.836.893.534.080
430 ℃退火板03.000.7003.005.299.12
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退火温度对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金疲劳性能的影响
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赖志伟 , 刘志义 , 柏松 , 何光宇
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2025,45(4): 192-195
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2025, 45(4): 192-195
退火温度对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金疲劳性能的影响
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赖志伟 , 刘志义 , 柏松, 何光宇
作者信息
  • 中南大学 材料科学与工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 赖志伟(1997—),男,江西赣州人,硕士研究生,主要从事铝合金腐蚀及疲劳性能的机理研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘志义(1962—),男,湖南邵阳人,二级教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事铝合金的基础研究及应用技术开发。E-mail:
Effect of Annealing Temperatures on Fatigue Properties of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag Alloys
Zhiwei LAI , Zhiyi LIU , Song BAI, Guangyu HE
Affiliations
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2025-08-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.035
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通过疲劳裂纹扩展速率测试、室温拉伸试验以及X射线衍射、扫描电镜等表征手段,研究了退火温度对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金力学性能和抗疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:420 ℃/4 h退火的T4态试样屈服强度和抗拉强度高,但塑性差。在400~430 ℃范围内随着退火温度升高,合金中Goss织构取向密度先增后减,420 ℃/4 h的T4态合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率低(ΔK≈25 MPa·m0.5时,疲劳裂纹扩展速率约为1.34×10-3 mm/循环),抗疲劳性能好。

退火温度  /  Al-Cu-Mg-Ag  /  铝铜镁合金  /  疲劳裂纹扩展  /  织构  /  热处理  /  疲劳性能

Effect of annealing temperature on the mechanical properties and fatigue properties of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy was explored by preforming fatigue crack propagation (FCP) rate testing, room-temperature tensile test and using characterization means such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the T4 state specimen annealed at 420 ℃ for 4 h presents higher yield and tensile strength, but poor plasticity. As the annealing temperature increases within the range of 400-430 ℃, the orientation density of the Goss texture in the alloy first increases and then decreases, and the T4 specimen after 4 h annealing at 420 ℃ presents an optimal fatigue performance, with lower FCP rate around 1.34×10-3 mm per cycle at ΔK≈20 MPa·m0.5.

annealing temperature  /  Al-Cu-Mg-Ag  /  Al-Cu-Mg alloy  /  fatigue crack propagation (FCP)  /  texture  /  heat treatment  /  fatigue performance
赖志伟, 刘志义, 柏松, 何光宇. 退火温度对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金疲劳性能的影响. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (4) : 192 -195 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.035
Zhiwei LAI, Zhiyi LIU, Song BAI, Guangyu HE. Effect of Annealing Temperatures on Fatigue Properties of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag Alloys[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (4) : 192 -195 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.035
Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金具有较高强度、较低密度和良好抗疲劳性能,是一种很有前途的航空航天结构材料[1-3]。研究表明,晶粒取向即织构对铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为具有显著影响,其中Goss、P晶粒与相邻晶粒之间存在较大扭转角,疲劳裂纹通过时可以发生较大偏转,因此,同时具有高强度Goss织构或P织构以及细小Goss取向晶粒的合金表现出较低的疲劳裂纹扩展速率[4-5]。Al-Cu-Mg合金是时效强化型合金,往往在时效状态下使用,此时合金中的织构主要是退火和固溶处理期间形成的再结晶织构[6]。本文研究退火过程中Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金的织构变化及其对合金疲劳性能的影响,以期找到适宜的退火温度。
采用工业纯Al、Mg、Ag和Al-50%Cu、Al-10%Mn、Al-6%Ti、Al-4%Zr和Al-4%Cr中间合金制备实验合金,表1为Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金化学成分。
原料在电阻炉中750 ℃下熔化后,倒入钢模中,冷却至室温得到铸锭。接着将铸锭置于空气炉中进行均匀化处理(420 ℃/24 h+480 ℃/48 h),在480 ℃下热轧成2 mm厚的板材,压下量为95%。然后将板材置于盐浴炉中在不同温度(400、420和430 ℃)下退火4 h,这是考虑到Zr的添加会促进细小弥散分布的Al3Zr析出,进而钉扎晶界抑制再结晶织构的形成,因此选取了较高的退火温度以保证再结晶织构的顺利形成。此外,参考课题组之前的工作,退火4 h可以保证织构转变得足够充分。退火样品空冷至室温后,再在盐浴炉中进行固溶处理(500 ℃/6 min),接着水淬后自然时效96 h以上。
室温拉伸试验和疲劳裂纹扩展速率测试均在MTS-810万能电子拉伸试验机上进行,其中室温拉伸速率为2 mm/min,两者的加载方向均与轧制方向垂直。使用Bruker D8-Discover X射线衍射(XRD)对合金的织构进行分析。在JMS-7610F Plus扫描电子显微镜(SEM)二次电子成像模式下对合金的疲劳稳态扩展区(Paris)进行观察。电子背散射衍射(EBSD)在加速电压为20 kV的Zeiss EVO MA10扫描电子显微镜上进行。
表2为不同退火温度下T4态合金的力学拉伸性能。结果表明,随着退火温度升高,合金屈服强度和抗拉强度先减小后增大,相应地,延伸率先增大后减小。但是3种T4态合金整体上的力学性能差别很小,屈服强度、抗拉强度以及延伸率的差别均在5%以内。
图1为不同退火温度下T4态合金的疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线(da/dN与ΔK关系曲线)。结果表明,不同退火温度下T4态合金板材在Paris区疲劳裂纹扩展速率从大到小排列为:430 ℃/4 h板材>400 ℃/4 h板材>420 ℃/4 h板材。在ΔK=25 MPa·m0.5时,400、420、430 ℃下T4态合金板材的疲劳裂纹扩展速率分别为1.38×10-3、1.34×10-3和3.35×10-3 mm/循环。这说明合金的疲劳裂纹扩展速率随着退火温度升高先减小后增大。
一般情况下,热轧大变形后的铝合金织构主要由β取向线织构以及强度较弱的α取向线织构组成[7-8]。热轧大变形下形成的形变织构作为退火前的起始织构,其组分会显著影响退火后的织构类型[9]图2为热轧态合金板材中心位置织构的取向分布函数(ODF)图,合金的织构组分及取向密度见表3。从图2表3可以看出,合金在热轧过程中形成了形变织构,包含Brass、S、Copper等织构类型。其中,Brass织构的取向密度达5.35。
通常经过退火和固溶处理后,合金板材中主要的再结晶织构为Goss、Cube和P织构[10-11]图3为不同退火温度下T4态合金板材中心位置织构ODF图,相应的织构组分及取向密度亦列于表3中。结果表明,经过退火和固溶处理后,热轧织构向再结晶织构发生转变,Goss和Cube织构取代Brass织构成为主要的织构[6]。400 ℃退火后,合金中还存在较强的Brass织构,说明还需要升高温度促进形变织构进一步转化为再结晶织构。420 ℃退火后,Brass织构的取向密度为0,形变织构转变为以Goss织构和Cube织构为主的再结晶织构;430 ℃退火后,rGoss织构取代Goss织构成为合金中强度最高的织构。这说明Goss织构是一种中间状态的再结晶织构,会随着再结晶程度增大转变为rGoss织构。此外,定向生长是再结晶织构的形成及演变的主要机制之一,该机制表明,再结晶织构的组分取决于不同取向晶核的生长速率。由表3可知,退火温度较低时,Goss织构是合金中主要的再结晶织构,但是当退火温度达到430 ℃时,rGoss织构取代Goss织构成为合金中最主要的形变织构。这说明rGoss取向晶核在较高温度退火处理过程中比Goss取向晶核的生长速率更大。此外,420 ℃/4 h退火处理的T4态合金板材具有更高强度的Goss和P织构,而Goss和P织构可以诱导疲劳裂纹发生大角度的偏转,因此420 ℃/4 h退火处理的T4态合金板材在Paris区展现出较低的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,这与图1试验结果一致。
通常借助疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线来描绘疲劳裂纹的扩展过程,整个过程分为疲劳微裂纹萌生阶段、稳态扩展阶段和快速扩展阶段[12]。高温热轧后经过不同温度退火4 h的T4态合金Paris区的断口SEM形貌如图4所示,此时ΔK≈20 MPa·m0.5。从图4可以观察到裂纹周期性向前扩展而形成的辉纹,辉纹的宽度表示裂纹在一个循环应力周期中向前扩展的距离,辉纹的间距越大,说明疲劳裂纹的扩展速度越快,抗疲劳性能越差[13-14]。400、420、430 ℃下退火4 h的T4态合金疲劳辉纹间距分别为4.68、4.31和10.14 μm。可以发现,420 ℃/4 h退火处理的T4态合金的辉纹间距最小,说明它的疲劳裂纹扩展速率最小,这与图1结果一致,因此,在实验温度范围内,420 ℃是最有利于提高合金抗疲劳性能的退火温度。
晶粒越细小,意味着Goss织构晶粒的密度越大,更有利于诱导疲劳裂纹发生大角度的偏转[4]。在一定温度下对热轧后的合金进行退火处理,形变晶粒会发生再结晶以及晶粒长大。图5为不同退火温度下T4态合金EBSD图及晶粒尺寸分布图。由图5可知,3种合金中的晶粒主要为等轴晶,这说明不同退火温度下T4态合金均发生了完全再结晶[15]。400、420、430 ℃下退火4 h的T4态合金平均晶粒尺寸分别为28.8、26.2和40.8 μm。可以发现,400和420 ℃下退火4 h的合金板材中心位置组织的平均晶粒尺寸差别很小;但430 ℃下退火4 h的合金板材再结晶晶粒发生长大,平均晶粒尺寸明显增大,这不利于提高合金的抗疲劳性能。综上,不同温度下退火过程中发生的织构转变和再结晶及晶粒长大程度不一是导致合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率产生差异的根本原因。
1)退火温度从400 ℃提高到420 ℃和430 ℃时,Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金屈服强度和抗拉强度先减小后增大,延伸率先增大后减小,但是差异均在5%以内。实验范围内退火温度对合金的力学性能影响不大。
2)在退火处理过程中,合金中的织构由以Brass织构为主的热轧织构转变为以Goss织构和Cube织构为主的再结晶织构。退火温度越高,这种转变越完全。然而当温度较高时,rGoss织构将取代Goss织构成为合金中取向密度最大的织构,合金抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能明显下降。
3)420 ℃下退火4 h的T4态合金具有高强度的细小Goss和P织构,因而疲劳裂纹在Paris区的扩展速率低,在实验温度范围内,420 ℃为最有利于提高合金抗疲劳性能的退火温度。
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2025年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.035
  • 接收时间:2025-01-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-25
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    中南大学 材料科学与工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083

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刘志义(1962—),男,湖南邵阳人,二级教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事铝合金的基础研究及应用技术开发。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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