Article(id=1236276115325645302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1236276104999268557, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739548800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772680794793, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1753977600000, pubDateStr=2025-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772680794793, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772680794793, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772680794793, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236276104999268557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772680792331, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772681498687, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236279067746562719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1236276104999268557, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236279067746562720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1236276104999268557, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=73, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236276115640218127, articleId=1236276115325645302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Effect and Mechanism of Oxidation for Floatability of Chalcopyrite, columnId=1236276106932842717, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MINERAL PROCESSING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Single mineral flotation tests of chalcopyrite oxidized respectively in air and water were carried out under optimized conditions such as pulp pH and collector dosage. The mechanism for oxidation bringing effect to the floatability of chalcopyrite was studied by measuring contact angle and Zeta potential, and using infrared spectroscopy. The results show that the recovery of oxidized chalcopyrite with collector JXZZ is higher than those using DJHY and BXZX; the surface hydrophobicity of chalcopyrite oxidized in air and water can be improved; the area of CO2 absorption peak increases with the increase of air oxidation time, air oxidation temperature and water oxidation time, and all the three collectors can be chemisorbed on chalcopyrite. After oxidation, point of zero charge of oxidized chalcopyrite shifts positively, while the oxidization state of chalcopyrite in water is comparatively stable. It can be concluded that the floatability of chalcopyrite can be regulated by surface oxidation of this ore.

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将黄铜矿分别置于空气、水中进行氧化试验,在适宜的矿浆pH值和捕收剂用量条件下分别对氧化后黄铜矿进行单矿物浮选试验,并通过接触角、红外光谱和Zeta电位等检测手段揭示氧化对黄铜矿可浮性的影响规律及其作用机理。结果表明:某甲酰酯JXZZ对氧化后黄铜矿的回收率高于丁基黄药DJHY和某丙烯酯BXZX;经空气和水氧化后,黄铜矿表面疏水性增强;CO2吸收峰峰面积随着空气氧化时间、空气氧化温度和水中氧化时间增大而增大,3种捕收剂在黄铜矿表面均发生了化学吸附;与未氧化黄铜矿相比,氧化后的黄铜矿零电点发生正向偏移,其中水中氧化效果更稳定。可以通过氧化来调控黄铜矿的可浮性。

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董丽鑫(1998—),女,辽宁丹东人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为菱镁矿选矿。E-mail:

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董丽鑫(1998—),女,辽宁丹东人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为菱镁矿选矿。E-mail:

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董丽鑫(1998—),女,辽宁丹东人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为菱镁矿选矿。E-mail:

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articleId=1236276115325645302, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=黄铜矿), Keyword(id=1236348225528066185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276115325645302, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=氧化), Keyword(id=1236348225641312394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276115325645302, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=浮选), Keyword(id=1236348225754558611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276115325645302, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=可浮性), Keyword(id=1236348225909747863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276115325645302, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=作用机理)], refs=[Reference(id=1236348229474906493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276115325645302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=5, pageEnd=6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, 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ArticleFig(id=1236348228543770945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276115325645302, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Zeta potential of chalcopyrite under different oxidation conditions, figureFileSmall=RVV/L2wNaF2E8lb6AWO8xw==, figureFileBig=WJFaxRwGvwrnhvxu6VesJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348228644434247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276115325645302, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同氧化条件对黄铜矿Zeta电位的影响

(a)空气氧化时间;(b)空气氧化温度;(c)水中氧化时间

, figureFileSmall=RVV/L2wNaF2E8lb6AWO8xw==, figureFileBig=WJFaxRwGvwrnhvxu6VesJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348228774457679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276115325645302, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Analysis results of chalcopyrite single mineral with X-ray fluore-scence spectrometry

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiO2SO3Fe2O3CuOZnOAs2O3Er2O3PbO
1.1450.3025.6322.550.110.010.160.07
), ArticleFig(id=1236348228879315285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276115325645302, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

黄铜矿单矿物X射线荧光光谱分析结果(质量分数)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiO2SO3Fe2O3CuOZnOAs2O3Er2O3PbO
1.1450.3025.6322.550.110.010.160.07
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氧化对黄铜矿可浮性的影响及机理分析
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董丽鑫 , 代淑娟 , 李鹏程 , 刘子源 , 杨方圆 , 栾靖淳
矿冶工程杂志 | 选矿 2025,45(4): 73-78
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矿冶工程杂志 | 选矿 2025, 45(4): 73-78
氧化对黄铜矿可浮性的影响及机理分析
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董丽鑫 , 代淑娟, 李鹏程, 刘子源, 杨方圆, 栾靖淳
作者信息
  • 辽宁科技大学 矿业工程学院,辽宁 鞍山 114051
  • 董丽鑫(1998—),女,辽宁丹东人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为菱镁矿选矿。E-mail:

Effect and Mechanism of Oxidation for Floatability of Chalcopyrite
Lixin DONG , Shujuan DAI, Pengcheng LI, Ziyuan LIU, Fangyuan YANG, Jingchun LUAN
Affiliations
  • School of Mining Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Liaoning, Anshan 114051, Liaoning, China
出版时间: 2025-08-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.013
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将黄铜矿分别置于空气、水中进行氧化试验,在适宜的矿浆pH值和捕收剂用量条件下分别对氧化后黄铜矿进行单矿物浮选试验,并通过接触角、红外光谱和Zeta电位等检测手段揭示氧化对黄铜矿可浮性的影响规律及其作用机理。结果表明:某甲酰酯JXZZ对氧化后黄铜矿的回收率高于丁基黄药DJHY和某丙烯酯BXZX;经空气和水氧化后,黄铜矿表面疏水性增强;CO2吸收峰峰面积随着空气氧化时间、空气氧化温度和水中氧化时间增大而增大,3种捕收剂在黄铜矿表面均发生了化学吸附;与未氧化黄铜矿相比,氧化后的黄铜矿零电点发生正向偏移,其中水中氧化效果更稳定。可以通过氧化来调控黄铜矿的可浮性。

黄铜矿  /  氧化  /  浮选  /  可浮性  /  作用机理

Single mineral flotation tests of chalcopyrite oxidized respectively in air and water were carried out under optimized conditions such as pulp pH and collector dosage. The mechanism for oxidation bringing effect to the floatability of chalcopyrite was studied by measuring contact angle and Zeta potential, and using infrared spectroscopy. The results show that the recovery of oxidized chalcopyrite with collector JXZZ is higher than those using DJHY and BXZX; the surface hydrophobicity of chalcopyrite oxidized in air and water can be improved; the area of CO2 absorption peak increases with the increase of air oxidation time, air oxidation temperature and water oxidation time, and all the three collectors can be chemisorbed on chalcopyrite. After oxidation, point of zero charge of oxidized chalcopyrite shifts positively, while the oxidization state of chalcopyrite in water is comparatively stable. It can be concluded that the floatability of chalcopyrite can be regulated by surface oxidation of this ore.

chalcopyrite  /  oxidation  /  flotation  /  floatability  /  reaction mechanism
董丽鑫, 代淑娟, 李鹏程, 刘子源, 杨方圆, 栾靖淳. 氧化对黄铜矿可浮性的影响及机理分析. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (4) : 73 -78 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.013
Lixin DONG, Shujuan DAI, Pengcheng LI, Ziyuan LIU, Fangyuan YANG, Jingchun LUAN. Effect and Mechanism of Oxidation for Floatability of Chalcopyrite[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (4) : 73 -78 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.013
铜具有良好的导电性、导热性、耐腐蚀性和延展性,广泛应用于冶金、机械设备和化工等领域[1]。硫化矿占据了世界铜矿资源的90%,其中黄铜矿(CuFeS2)是储量最大、分布最广的硫化铜矿[2]
黄铜矿具有良好的天然可浮性,常用的选别方法是浮选法[3]。黄铜矿具有氧化特性,表面氧化会改变矿物的表面性质,从而影响矿物可浮性。因此,研究氧化对黄铜矿可浮性的影响十分重要。近年来已有诸多学者研究了氧化对硫化矿可浮性的影响[4-6],研究内容多为黄铜矿浮选药剂和工艺[7-12]。本文首先在空气和水中对黄铜矿进行氧化试验,并通过单矿物浮选试验探究氧化条件对黄铜矿可浮性的影响规律;通过接触角、红外光谱、Zeta电位等检测手段研究氧化对黄铜矿可浮性影响规律以及作用机理,对黄铜矿后续的选别与工艺研究具有一定指导和借鉴意义。
试验原料为黄铜矿单矿物。矿样经手选除杂后,用锤子和XZM-1振动磨进行碎磨,对磨细后的矿样进行筛分,+0.074 mm粒级产品继续研磨直至所有矿样通过0.074 mm标准筛,混合缩分后得到黄铜矿单矿物样品。为防止样品氧化,将样品用牛皮纸密封保存,避免与空气和水分接触。
黄铜矿单矿物X射线荧光光谱分析结果见表1
表1可知,黄铜矿单矿物纯度较高,主要金属元素为Cu和Fe,基本不含其他伴生矿物。黄铜矿样品满足单矿物试验要求。
空气氧化试验:每次取黄铜矿单矿物4 g,均匀平铺在培养皿中,设置不同氧化时间和氧化温度,制备空气氧化样品,用于浮选试验与机理分析。
水中氧化试验:每次取黄铜矿单矿物4 g,放入装有20 mL去离子水的烧杯中,矿浆浓度(质量分数)为16.67%,固定氧化温度为20 ℃,设置不同氧化时间,用磁力搅拌器以转速400 r/min进行水中氧化[6]。采用循环水式真空泵对氧化后样品进行过滤,并在20 ℃真空干燥箱中进行干燥,制备水中氧化样品,用于浮选试验与机理分析。
分别取氧化前后的黄铜矿单矿物样品4 g,在浮选槽中加去离子水20 mL,固定浮选机搅拌转速1 992 r/min,按图1所示流程进行单矿物浮选试验。
试验试剂包括pH值调整剂盐酸、氢氧化钠,捕收剂丁基黄药(DJHY)、某丙烯酯(BXZX)、某甲酰酯(JXZZ),起泡剂2#油等。试验用水为去离子水。
采用JC2000-C1接触角检测仪检测氧化前后黄铜矿的接触角,每组矿样测量3次,取平均值。采用NICOLET 380 FT-IR红外光谱仪检测氧化前后黄铜矿的红外光谱,测定2 360和2 340 cm-1处的CO2吸收峰并进行积分,计算得到双峰峰面积,用于判断黄铜矿氧化程度。采用JS94H微电泳仪测量氧化前后黄铜矿的Zeta电位,每个样品测量3次,取平均值。
在捕收剂用量100 g/t、2#油用量100 g/t条件下,研究了矿浆pH值对未氧化黄铜矿可浮性的影响,结果如图2所示。由图2可知,矿浆pH值对黄铜矿可浮性有很大影响。随着pH值升高,捕收剂DJHY、BXZX、JXZZ作用后黄铜矿上浮率均先减小后缓慢增大,pH值8时对应的上浮率分别为57.75%、56.00%、74.50%,均达到最小值;相同pH值条件下,3种捕收剂对未氧化黄铜矿的捕收效果由大到小为:JXZZ>DJHY>BXZX。pH值6时,3种捕收剂体系下未氧化黄铜矿的上浮率均超过60%,选择矿浆pH值6进行后续浮选试验。
矿浆pH值为6、2#油用量100 g/t条件下,考察了捕收剂用量对未氧化黄铜矿可浮性的影响,结果如图3所示。由图3可知,以DJHY为捕收剂时,随着捕收剂用量增加,黄铜矿上浮率缓慢增大,DJHY用量150 g/t时黄铜矿上浮率达到最大值,为70.75%;以BXZX为捕收剂,在其用量75 g/t时黄铜矿上浮率达到最大值,为66.75%,BXZX用量大于75 g/t后,黄铜矿上浮率不断减小;以JXZZ为捕收剂时,随着捕收剂用量增加,黄铜矿上浮率不断增大,在JXZZ用量150 g/t时黄铜矿上浮率达到最大值,为85.75%。捕收剂用量为100 g/t时,以DJHY、JXZZ为捕收剂的黄铜矿上浮率均超过60%,确定后续浮选试验捕收剂DJHY、BXZX、JXZZ用量分别为100、75、100 g/t。
空气氧化温度20 ℃,在矿浆pH值为6,2#油用量100 g/t,捕收剂DJHY、JXZZ用量均为100 g/t,BXZX用量75 g/t条件下进行浮选,考察了空气氧化时间对黄铜矿可浮性的影响,结果如图4所示。由图4可知,空气氧化时间对黄铜矿可浮性影响很大,随着空气氧化时间增加,黄铜矿上浮率呈现下降趋势。空气氧化时间6 h时,以DJHY为捕收剂时,黄铜矿上浮率达到最小值40.00%,以BXZX为捕收剂的黄铜矿上浮率为53.00%;以JXZZ为捕收剂时,黄铜矿上浮率在空气氧化时间12 h时达到最小值,为69.50%。确定适宜的空气氧化时间为6 h。
空气氧化时间6 h,其他条件不变,考察了空气氧化温度对黄铜矿可浮性的影响规律,结果见图5。由图5可知,随着空气氧化温度升高,以DJHY为捕收剂时,黄铜矿上浮率先减小后增大,在空气氧化温度40 ℃时达到最小值37.50%;以BXZX为捕收剂时,黄铜矿上浮率不断减小后稳定在35.00%左右;以JXZZ为捕收剂时,黄铜矿上浮率一直维持在80.00%左右。
以DJHY和BXZX为捕收剂时,经过空气氧化的黄铜矿上浮率均有所减小,可浮性降低;空气氧化时间6 h,以JXZZ为捕收剂的黄铜矿上浮率与以BXZX、DJHY为捕收剂的黄铜矿上浮率差值最大,分别为27.75、40.75百分点;空气氧化温度40 ℃,以JXZZ为捕收剂的黄铜矿上浮率与以BXZX、DJHY为捕收剂的黄铜矿上浮率差值分别为45.50、44.75百分点。
水中氧化温度20 ℃,在矿浆pH值为6,2#油用量100 g/t,捕收剂DJHY、JXZZ用量均为100 g/t,BXZX用量75 g/t条件下,水中氧化时间对黄铜矿可浮性的影响如图6所示。由图6可知,随着水中氧化时间增加,以DJHY为捕收剂时,黄铜矿上浮率先减小后缓慢增大,在水中氧化时间1.0 h时达到最小值40.75%;以BXZX为捕收剂时,水中氧化时间0.5 h时黄铜矿上浮率达到最小值54.82%;以JXZZ为捕收剂时,随着氧化时间增加,黄铜矿上浮率稳定在82.00%左右。
接触角可以反映矿物的润湿性和可浮性,接触角越大,矿物疏水性越强,可浮性越好。测定了不同氧化条件下黄铜矿的接触角,结果如图7所示。由图7可知,黄铜矿原矿接触角为23.90°。20 ℃下空气氧化时,随着空气氧化时间增加,接触角逐渐增大,但增幅不大,在空气氧化时间24 h时达到最大值33.19°;空气氧化时间6 h时,随着空气氧化温度增加,接触角增大,空气氧化温度20 ℃时接触角最小,为28.46°,空气氧化温度60 ℃时,接触角达到最大,为49.47°;空气氧化温度40 ℃时黄铜矿接触角减小,可浮性降低,这与空气氧化浮选试验结果相符;20 ℃水中氧化时,随着水中氧化时间增加,接触角不断增大,最后保持在43°左右。接触角变化趋势说明黄铜矿经过水中氧化后表面疏水性有所增强,这与水中氧化浮选试验结果一致。
通过红外光谱测定2 360和2 340 cm-1处的CO2吸收峰并进行积分计算吸收峰峰面积,可判断不同氧化条件下黄铜矿的氧化程度变化规律,不同氧化条件下黄铜矿的CO2峰面积结果见图8,与捕收剂作用前后黄铜矿的红外光谱分析结果如图9所示。
氧化过程中,黄铜矿中的硫被氧化成硫酸盐,同时会产生CO2,CO2产生量越多,氧化程度越大,所对应的红外光谱中的吸收峰峰面积越大。因此,通过红外光谱测定并计算CO2吸收峰峰面积可以判断黄铜矿的氧化程度[5]。由图8可以观察到,3种氧化条件下,随着氧化时间延长和氧化温度升高,黄铜矿的CO2双峰峰面积均呈增大的趋势,说明黄铜矿的氧化程度随之增大。黄铜矿未被氧化时,CO2吸收峰峰面积为64.85,空气氧化时间24 h时,CO2吸收峰峰面积增大至378.9。
图9可知:黄铜矿与捕收剂DJHY作用后,C—O—C和的伸缩振动峰分别偏移到846.75和755.52 cm-1处,并且在2 357.91 cm-1处出现了新的双黄药C—S—S—C的对称伸缩振动峰,表明DJHY在黄铜矿表面存在化学吸附;捕收剂BXZX在2 538.53 cm-1处的峰为巯基S—H产生的伸缩振动峰,黄铜矿与BXZX作用后,、C—S的伸缩振动峰分别偏移到1 776.42、1 549.24、1 461.92、674.80 cm-1处,在2 822.01 cm-1处出现了巯基S—H的伸缩振动峰,表明BXZX在黄铜矿表面存在化学吸附;黄铜矿与捕收剂JXZZ作用后,C—H、、C—C的伸缩振动峰分别偏移到925.26、1 653.25、500.27 cm-1,表明JXZZ在黄铜矿表面存在化学吸附。
分别取未氧化黄铜矿、不同氧化条件下氧化后黄铜矿样品,分别进行Zeta电位检测,探究不同氧化条件对黄铜矿Zeta电位的影响,结果如图10所示。由图10可知,未氧化黄铜矿原矿的零电点为2.26,随着pH值增大,未氧化黄铜矿Zeta电位逐渐降低;黄铜矿在空气中氧化6、12、18、24 h的零电点分别为2.45、2.57、2.76、2.79,相比于未氧化黄铜矿,零电点均呈现正向偏移的趋势,且随着空气氧化时间增大,零电点正向偏移程度增大;黄铜矿在空气氧化温度20、30、40、50、60 ℃下的零电点分别为2.45、2.61、2.69、2.82、2.93,相比于未氧化黄铜矿,零电点均正向偏移,且零电点随着空气氧化温度升高呈现增大趋势,零电点正向偏移程度增大;黄铜矿在水中氧化0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 h的零电点分别为2.30、2.34、2.35、2.37,相比于未氧化黄铜矿,零电点均正向偏移,且随着水中氧化时间增大,零电点正向偏移程度增大。这说明氧化对黄铜矿的Zeta电位有一定影响。
随着pH值增大,黄铜矿经过空气氧化和水中氧化后,Zeta电位相较于未氧化黄铜矿整体上均正向偏移,这可能是因为经过氧化后,黄铜矿表面生成了铁或铜的氧化物。黄铜矿经过空气氧化后的零电点比水中氧化后的零电点变化更明显,但过度氧化会抑制黄铜矿的可浮性;黄铜矿经过水中氧化后的零电点变化不明显,氧化效果更稳定,与浮选试验结果吻合,证明在一定的水中氧化条件下,可提高黄铜矿可浮性,有利于黄铜矿浮选。
1)对未氧化黄铜矿进行浮选试验,确定黄铜矿适宜的浮选条件为:矿浆pH值6,捕收剂JXZZ、DJHY、BXZX的适宜用量分别为100、100、75 g/t。
2)氧化后的黄铜矿在捕收剂JXZZ作用下上浮率高于捕收剂DJHY、BXZX;轻微氧化能提高黄铜矿可浮性,过度氧化会抑制其上浮。
3)机理分析结果表明:黄铜矿经过空气氧化、水中氧化后,表面疏水性和可浮性有所提高,这可能是由于黄铜矿经过氧化后表面产生了疏水性的氧化产物;CO2吸收峰峰面积随着空气氧化时间、空气氧化温度和水中氧化时间增大而增大;3种捕收剂在黄铜矿表面均存在化学吸附作用;与未氧化黄铜矿相比,氧化后的黄铜矿零电点均正向偏移,其中水中氧化的零电点变化不明显,氧化效果更稳定,可以通过氧化来调控黄铜矿的可浮性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52174254)
  • 2024年辽宁省教育厅高校基本科研项目(LJ212410146034)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.013
  • 接收时间:2025-02-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-15
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国家自然科学基金(52174254)
2024年辽宁省教育厅高校基本科研项目(LJ212410146034)
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    辽宁科技大学 矿业工程学院,辽宁 鞍山 114051
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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