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Article(id=1236276108333731969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1236276104999268557, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739116800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772680793125, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1753977600000, pubDateStr=2025-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772680793125, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772680793125, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772680793125, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236276104999268557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772680792331, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772681498687, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236279067746562719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1236276104999268557, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236279067746562720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1236276104999268557, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=141, endPage=146, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236276111907279067, articleId=1236276108333731969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Alkali Removal and Titanium Extraction from Red Mud with Tartaric Acid by Bayer Process, columnId=1236276106727321817, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=METALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With tartaric acid as a leaching agent, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different leaching conditions on the leaching rates of sodium and titanium from red mud. The process parameters were optimized by orthogonal experiments, and the leaching mechanism was then analyzed in combination with the study of leaching kinetics and the properties of leaching residues. It can be seen from the leaching test and orthogonal experiment that with tartaric acid at a concentration of 1.00 mol/L, leaching temperature of 90 ℃, liquid-solid ratio of 8 mL/g, and leaching time of 60 min, the leaching rates of sodium and titanium from red mud can reach 93.50% and 76.66%, respectively. XRD analysis of red mud before and after tartaric acid leaching shows that the sodium in the leaching solution mainly comes from cancrinite and sodium hydroxide in the Bayer process, while the titanium mainly comes from perovskite and secondary titanium that dissolves and re-precipitates on the surface of red mud during the Bayer process. The leaching kinetics analysis shows that both alkali removal and titanium leaching from red mud conform to an unreacted shrinking core model, and the processes of alkali removal and titanium leaching are mainly controlled by interfacial chemical reactions.

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以酒石酸为浸出剂，考察了不同浸出条件对赤泥中钠、钛浸出率的影响，通过正交试验对工艺参数进行优化，并结合浸出动力学和浸渣性质分析其浸出机制。浸出试验和正交试验结果表明：酒石酸浓度1.00 mol/L、浸出温度90 ℃、液固比8 mL/g、浸出时间60 min条件下，赤泥中钠和钛浸出率分别为93.50%和76.66%。酒石酸浸出前后赤泥的XRD分析结果表明，浸出液中的钠主要来自钙霞石和拜耳法工艺中的氢氧化钠，钛主要来自钙钛矿和拜耳法工艺中溶解并重新沉淀在赤泥表面的次生钛。浸出动力学分析结果表明，赤泥脱碱和钛浸出符合未反应收缩核模型，且脱碱和钛浸出过程主要受界面化学反应控制。

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张覃（1967—），女，贵州毕节人，博士，教授，博士研究生导师，主要从事矿产资源综合利用研究。E-mail：
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刘文宝（1988—），男，山东临沂人，博士，副教授，博士研究生导师，主要从事矿物分选及固体废弃物综合回收利用研究。E-mail：

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刘文宝（1988—），男，山东临沂人，博士，副教授，博士研究生导师，主要从事矿物分选及固体废弃物综合回收利用研究。E-mail：

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刘文宝（1988—），男，山东临沂人，博士，副教授，博士研究生导师，主要从事矿物分选及固体废弃物综合回收利用研究。E-mail：

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Dissolution characteristics of heavy metal ions and Na+, K+ in red mud influenced by different environmental factors[J]. 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language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236348224299127764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, companyId=1236348224282350544, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.东北大学　资源与土木工程学院，辽宁　沈阳　110819)]), AuthorCompany(id=1236348224433345510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236348224441734118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, companyId=1236348224433345510, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236348224462705641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, companyId=1236348224433345510, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.贵州科学院，贵州　贵阳　550001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1236348229114188146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of liquid-solid ratio on leaching rate, figureFileSmall=g/AUtOvAhkSv9atnUJBJrQ==, figureFileBig=YApjK6yZhZEZjgBky8XNsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348229198074234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, language=CN, label=图1, caption=液固比对浸出率的影响, figureFileSmall=g/AUtOvAhkSv9atnUJBJrQ==, figureFileBig=YApjK6yZhZEZjgBky8XNsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348229357457802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of tartaric acid concentration on leaching rate, figureFileSmall=EiwlG5p3j8H5QPlXrvmt/A==, figureFileBig=XMQwsU5XhqUu4CGjuWTOdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348229470704018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, language=CN, label=图2, caption=酒石酸浓度对浸出率的影响, figureFileSmall=EiwlG5p3j8H5QPlXrvmt/A==, figureFileBig=XMQwsU5XhqUu4CGjuWTOdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348229575561628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of leaching time on leaching rate, figureFileSmall=Fv2gd3P002FcwY4egdWcmg==, figureFileBig=pj6y0L6BZILrD2JyYYGlZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348229709779361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, language=CN, label=图3, caption=浸出时间对浸出率的影响, figureFileSmall=Fv2gd3P002FcwY4egdWcmg==, figureFileBig=pj6y0L6BZILrD2JyYYGlZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348229823025576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of leaching temperature on leaching rate, figureFileSmall=b4dUASJMFOuPr+XkS/t7Rw==, figureFileBig=0rFJtF/kEK15SsCK2P2s8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348229927883186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, language=CN, label=图4, caption=浸出温度对浸出率的影响, figureFileSmall=b4dUASJMFOuPr+XkS/t7Rw==, figureFileBig=0rFJtF/kEK15SsCK2P2s8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348230032740794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=XRD patterns of red mud before and after leaching, figureFileSmall=PwaDlXCzH7oVypgjXnL0Yg==, figureFileBig=aAy8T3em4WrmHniZZB5+LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348230187930052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, language=CN, label=图5, caption=赤泥浸出前后XRD图谱

（a）浸出前；（b）浸出后

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（a）固体产物层扩散控制模型；（b）界面化学反应控制模型

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（a）固体产物层扩散控制模型；（b）界面化学反应控制模型

, figureFileSmall=LeXMrb5dWtFEH5alOEARTA==, figureFileBig=CAzR61/2oNhOW8nA73zTtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348230947099121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Content of each component in red mud

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CaOAl2O3SiO2Fe2O3TiO2Na2O其他
24.6223.6721.2418.665.210.546.06
), ArticleFig(id=1236348231056151032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

赤泥中各组分含量（质量分数）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CaOAl2O3SiO2Fe2O3TiO2Na2O其他
24.6223.6721.2418.665.210.546.06
), ArticleFig(id=1236348231177785856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Factors and levels of orthogonal test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平A/（mol·L－1）B/℃C/（mL·g－1）D/min
10.5080450
20.7590660
31.00100870
), ArticleFig(id=1236348231286837766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正交试验因素及水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平A/（mol·L－1）B/℃C/（mL·g－1）D/min
10.5080450
20.7590660
31.00100870
), ArticleFig(id=1236348231400083980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Orthogonal test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号A/（mol·L－1）B/℃C/（mL·g－1）D/minNa浸出率/%Ti浸出率/%
1111170.7812.08
2123290.2330.13
3132382.8714.64
4213394.3766.07
5222188.2358.79
6231280.1938.53
7312294.3277.36
8321389.2168.81
9333197.5087.65
K1243.88259.47240.18256.51  
K2262.79267.67265.42264.74  
K3281.03260.56282.10266.45  
R112.382.7313.973.31  
k156.85155.51119.42158.52  
k2163.39157.73150.79146.02  
k3233.82140.82183.85149.52  
R258.995.6421.484.17  
), ArticleFig(id=1236348231483970065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

正交试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号A/（mol·L－1）B/℃C/（mL·g－1）D/minNa浸出率/%Ti浸出率/%
1111170.7812.08
2123290.2330.13
3132382.8714.64
4213394.3766.07
5222188.2358.79
6231280.1938.53
7312294.3277.36
8321389.2168.81
9333197.5087.65
K1243.88259.47240.18256.51  
K2262.79267.67265.42264.74  
K3281.03260.56282.10266.45  
R112.382.7313.973.31  
k156.85155.51119.42158.52  
k2163.39157.73150.79146.02  
k3233.82140.82183.85149.52  
R258.995.6421.484.17  
), ArticleFig(id=1236348231593021978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Verification test results of optimum conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号钠浸出率/%钛浸出率/%
193.1076.21
293.7777.06
393.6376.72
平均93.5076.66
), ArticleFig(id=1236348231693685280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276108333731969, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

优化条件验证试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号钠浸出率/%钛浸出率/%
193.1076.21
293.7777.06
393.6376.72
平均93.5076.66
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拜耳法赤泥酒石酸脱碱提钛试验研究
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刘文宝 1, 2 , 丁睿 1 , 李维超 1 , 刘文刚 1 , 沈岩柏 1 , 张覃 2
矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025,45(4): 141-146
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矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025, 45(4): 141-146
拜耳法赤泥酒石酸脱碱提钛试验研究
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刘文宝1, 2 , 丁睿1, 李维超1, 刘文刚1, 沈岩柏1, 张覃2
作者信息
  • 1.东北大学　资源与土木工程学院，辽宁　沈阳　110819
  • 2.贵州科学院，贵州　贵阳　550001

    • 刘文宝（1988—），男，山东临沂人，博士，副教授，博士研究生导师，主要从事矿物分选及固体废弃物综合回收利用研究。E-mail：

通讯作者:

张覃（1967—），女，贵州毕节人，博士，教授，博士研究生导师，主要从事矿产资源综合利用研究。E-mail：
Experimental Study on Alkali Removal and Titanium Extraction from Red Mud with Tartaric Acid by Bayer Process
Wenbao LIU1, 2 , Rui DING1, Weichao LI1, Wengang LIU1, Yanbai SHEN1, Qin ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China
  • 2.Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
出版时间: 2025-08-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.026
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摘要
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以酒石酸为浸出剂，考察了不同浸出条件对赤泥中钠、钛浸出率的影响，通过正交试验对工艺参数进行优化，并结合浸出动力学和浸渣性质分析其浸出机制。浸出试验和正交试验结果表明：酒石酸浓度1.00 mol/L、浸出温度90 ℃、液固比8 mL/g、浸出时间60 min条件下，赤泥中钠和钛浸出率分别为93.50%和76.66%。酒石酸浸出前后赤泥的XRD分析结果表明，浸出液中的钠主要来自钙霞石和拜耳法工艺中的氢氧化钠，钛主要来自钙钛矿和拜耳法工艺中溶解并重新沉淀在赤泥表面的次生钛。浸出动力学分析结果表明，赤泥脱碱和钛浸出符合未反应收缩核模型，且脱碱和钛浸出过程主要受界面化学反应控制。

赤泥  /  拜尔法  /  脱碱  /  钛  /  酒石酸  /  浸出动力学  /  有机酸浸出

With tartaric acid as a leaching agent, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different leaching conditions on the leaching rates of sodium and titanium from red mud. The process parameters were optimized by orthogonal experiments, and the leaching mechanism was then analyzed in combination with the study of leaching kinetics and the properties of leaching residues. It can be seen from the leaching test and orthogonal experiment that with tartaric acid at a concentration of 1.00 mol/L, leaching temperature of 90 ℃, liquid-solid ratio of 8 mL/g, and leaching time of 60 min, the leaching rates of sodium and titanium from red mud can reach 93.50% and 76.66%, respectively. XRD analysis of red mud before and after tartaric acid leaching shows that the sodium in the leaching solution mainly comes from cancrinite and sodium hydroxide in the Bayer process, while the titanium mainly comes from perovskite and secondary titanium that dissolves and re-precipitates on the surface of red mud during the Bayer process. The leaching kinetics analysis shows that both alkali removal and titanium leaching from red mud conform to an unreacted shrinking core model, and the processes of alkali removal and titanium leaching are mainly controlled by interfacial chemical reactions.

red mud  /  Bayer process  /  alkali removal  /  titanium  /  tartaric acid  /  leaching kinetics  /  organic acid leaching
刘文宝, 丁睿, 李维超, 刘文刚, 沈岩柏, 张覃. 拜耳法赤泥酒石酸脱碱提钛试验研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (4) : 141 -146 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.026
Wenbao LIU, Rui DING, Weichao LI, Wengang LIU, Yanbai SHEN, Qin ZHANG. Experimental Study on Alkali Removal and Titanium Extraction from Red Mud with Tartaric Acid by Bayer Process[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (4) : 141 -146 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.026
正文
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赤泥是氧化铝生产过程中产生的一种固体废弃物。据统计，赤泥的产生量是氧化铝产量的1～2倍[1-2]。随着优质铝土矿的耗尽，铝土矿品位不断下降，导致赤泥产量不断增加。赤泥作为一种固体废弃物，资源利用率不足6%，大部分赤泥被堆放起来，占用大量土地资源[3]。此外，由于赤泥的高碱度，长期堆存还会造成土地碱化，从而污染地下水。赤泥综合利用已经成为氧化铝行业可持续发展的制约性因素。
赤泥的化学组成表明其在水泥行业具有很大应用潜力，利用赤泥生产的水泥具有早期抗压强度高、抗腐蚀性强等优点。但赤泥生产的水泥也存在开裂、鼓包、泛霜、后期强度低等问题，其原因在于赤泥含有大量的难溶性化合碱和可溶性碱，碱含量远高于硅酸盐水泥标准。因此，要实现赤泥在水泥行业的规模化应用，迫切需要解决赤泥的脱碱问题。此外，赤泥中含有大量稀有金属元素钛，具有较高的回收价值[4-6]。湿法酸浸是赤泥脱碱和浸出金属元素的常用方法，该方法具有操作简单、成本低和效率高等优点[7]。但传统无机酸浸出工艺不仅腐蚀设备，还会产生废气，对环境造成二次污染。为了减少无机酸对环境的潜在危害，具有酸度温和、毒性低和环境友好等优点的有机酸逐渐被科研人员所青睐[8-10]。
酒石酸（2，3-二羟基丁二酸）是一种羧酸类物质，多存在于植物如葡萄和罗望子中，具有来源广泛、价格低廉等优势[11-13]。本文以贵州某铝厂生产的拜耳法赤泥为研究对象，以酒石酸为浸出剂，考察了液固比、浸出剂浓度、浸出时间和浸出温度等因素对脱碱率和钛浸出率的影响，并利用正交试验优化浸出条件，结合浸出动力学和XRD对浸渣性质进行分析，探究其浸出机制，以期为赤泥脱碱及资源化利用提供借鉴和指导。
1　材料与方法
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1.1　试验材料
试验所用赤泥取自贵州某铝厂，赤泥中各组分含量见表1。由表1可以看出，赤泥主要成分为CaO、Al2O3、SiO2、Fe2O3、TiO2和Na2O；赤泥中的碱性成分主要为钠的化合物，赤泥的脱碱效果可以通过钠的浸出效果进行表征。
试验所用药剂包括酒石酸、盐酸、浓硝酸、氢氟酸和高氯酸等，均购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司。试验设备包括机械搅拌器、鼓风干燥箱、石墨电加热板、真空过滤器和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪等。
1.2　试验方法
向烧杯中放入一定量赤泥，再按照设定的液固比倒入一定量浸出剂酒石酸，然后将烧杯置于控温油浴锅中，控制浸出温度和浸出时间，在机械搅拌条件下进行浸出，浸出结束后进行固液分离。将获得的浸出渣洗涤后置于105 ℃烘箱中干燥12 h，然后进行分析。通过计算赤泥中钠和钛的浸出率来表征赤泥脱碱率和提钛效果。
采用电热板消解法测定赤泥中钠和钛的含量；采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-OES）测定样品中的钠和钛含量。
2　结果与讨论
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2.1　单因素条件试验
为了评估酒石酸对拜耳法赤泥中钠和钛的浸出性能，采用单因素条件试验，分别考察了不同液固比、浸出剂浓度、浸出时间和温度条件下酒石酸对赤泥中钠和钛浸出性能的影响。
2.1.1　液固比的影响
浸出时间60 min、酒石酸浓度0.5 mol/L、浸出温度90 ℃，考察了液固比对赤泥中钠和钛浸出率的影响，结果如图1所示。由图1可知，赤泥中钠和钛浸出率均随着液固比增加而增加。这是因为液固比低时，赤泥浆液的流动性较差，不利于酒石酸与赤泥的接触。提高液固比有利于酒石酸分子运动，增大酒石酸分子与赤泥的接触概率，钠和钛浸出率逐渐增加。适宜的液固比为8 mL/g。
2.1.2　酒石酸浓度的影响
液固比8 mL/g，其他条件不变，酒石酸浓度对赤泥中钠和钛浸出率的影响如图2所示。由图2可知，酒石酸浓度从0.10 mol/L增加到0.75 mol/L时，赤泥中钠和钛浸出率分别从44.53%和1.80%增加到92.69%和66.71%；再继续增加酒石酸浓度，钠和钛浸出率趋于稳定。原因可能是，酒石酸浓度较低时，酒石酸与赤泥中钠和含钛氧化物反应概率较低，导致两者浸出率偏低；随着酒石酸浓度增加，酒石酸电离出足够的氢根离子与赤泥中钠和钛发生取代反应，促进了金属离子的浸出；而酒石酸浓度增加到一定程度后，赤泥中易于浸出的钠和钛已基本浸出完全，因此继续增加酒石酸浓度对钠和钛的浸出影响较小。适宜的酒石酸浓度为0.75 mol/L。
2.1.3　浸出时间的影响
酒石酸浓度0.75 mol/L，其他条件不变，浸出时间对赤泥中钠和钛浸出率的影响如图3所示。由图3可知，随着浸出时间增加，赤泥中钠和钛浸出率均呈现先增加后趋于稳定的趋势。在赤泥浸出的初始阶段，浆液中酒石酸根离子浓度较高，酒石酸根离子与赤泥中的钠和钛快速络合；随着浸出时间延长，溶液中的氢根离子和酒石酸根离子浓度逐渐减小，取代反应速率减缓，络合作用减弱，浸出率趋于平衡。适宜的浸出时间为60 min。
2.1.4　浸出温度的影响
浸出时间60 min，其他条件不变，浸出温度对赤泥中钠和钛浸出率的影响如图4所示。由图4可知，随着浸出温度从50 ℃增加到100 ℃，赤泥中钠和钛浸出率呈现先增加后趋于稳定的趋势。这是因为酒石酸的电离是一个吸热反应，升高温度，溶液中的氢根离子和酒石酸根离子增多，有利于赤泥中钠和钛的浸出；而当浸出温度升高到一定程度时，继续升高温度会导致赤泥浆液中单硅酸转化为多聚态硅酸，使浆液的流动性变差，不利于浸出。适宜的浸出温度为90 ℃。
2.2　多因素正交试验
为了获得酒石酸的最佳浸出效果，在单因素条件试验基础上，设计了4因素3水平正交试验，探究了酒石酸对赤泥中钠和钛的浸出过程中，酒石酸浓度（A）、浸出温度（B）、液固比（C）、浸出时间（D）4个因素对钠和钛浸出率影响的显著程度。正交试验因素和水平见表2，正交试验结果见表3。
由表3可知，4个因素对赤泥脱碱率影响的顺序为：液固比>酒石酸浓度>浸出时间>浸出温度。4个因素对赤泥中钛浸出率影响的顺序为：酒石酸浓度>液固比>浸出温度>浸出时间。结合单因素试验和正交试验结果，赤泥中钠和钛浸出率最优的试验条件组合为A3B2C3D2，即酒石酸浓度1.00 mol/L、浸出温度90 ℃、液固比8 mL/g、浸出时间60 min。
2.3　浸出机制
在酒石酸浓度1.00 mol/L、浸出温度90 ℃、液固比8 mL/g、浸出时间60 min的优化条件下进行了3组浸出验证试验，结果如表4所示。由表4可以看出，3组试验钠和钛浸出率变化不大，钠和钛平均浸出率分别为93.50%和76.66%，说明在优化试验条件下，酒石酸对赤泥中钠和钛的浸出较稳定。此外，在此条件下铁和铝浸出率分别为26.92%和24.11%，浸出率较低，这也说明酒石酸对钠和钛的浸出具有较好的选择性。
赤泥浸出前后XRD图谱如图5所示。从图5可以看出，赤泥主要由钙霞石、方解石、石英、赤铁矿、钙钛矿和磷镁铝石组成；优化条件下，经酒石酸浸出后，赤泥的主要物相为赤铁矿、硬石膏、石英、钙霞石及钙钛矿。浸出后，赤泥的XRD图谱中，方解石衍射峰消失，钙霞石衍射峰明显减弱，赤铁矿的衍射峰降低，而石英和钙钛矿衍射峰变化不明显。此外，浸出后赤泥的XRD图谱中出现了硬石膏的衍射峰。说明赤泥中方解石可与酒石酸反应生成硬石膏，石英几乎不与酒石酸发生化学反应，其他矿物在酒石酸中均有一定程度的溶解[14]。综上所述，浸出液中的钠主要来自于钙霞石和拜耳法工艺中的氢氧化钠，钛主要来自于钙钛矿和拜耳法工艺中溶解并重新沉淀在赤泥表面的次生钛。
2.4　浸出动力学
通过动力学研究可以更好地分析和了解赤泥中钠和钛的浸出过程，掌握赤泥中钠和钛浸出的控制因素，从而为提高赤泥中钠和钛的浸出率提供指导。
2.4.1　浸出动力学模型
液-固非均相反应的反应速率受固体产物层扩散、界面化学反应和混合控制。酒石酸浸出赤泥过程中会形成硬石膏，且浸出后溶液中仍有固体残余，因此赤泥的酒石酸浸出过程选择未反应收缩核模型中的固体产物层扩散控制和界面化学反应控制模型来探讨浸出动力学[15]。
固体产物层扩散控制模型的速率方程为：
界面化学反应控制模型的速率方程为：
式中：x为钠或钛的浸出率，%；t为浸出时间，min；k1和k2分别为固体产物层扩散控制和界面化学反应控制的表观速率常数，min－1。
2.4.2　钠的浸出动力学分析
用固体产物层扩散控制模型和界面化学反应控制模型对钠的浸出试验数据进行浸出动力学拟合，拟合曲线如图6所示。从图6可以看出，固体产物层扩散控制模型和界面化学反应控制模型的拟合相关系数R2分别为0.969 23和0.970 03。界面化学反应控制模型的R2相对较高，说明赤泥中钠的浸出动力学符合未反应收缩核模型，钠的浸出过程主要受界面化学反应控制[16-17]。
2.4.3　钛的浸出动力学分析
用固体产物层扩散控制模型和界面化学反应控制模型对钛的浸出试验数据进行浸出动力学拟合，拟合曲线如图7所示。从图7可以看出，固体产物层扩散控制模型的拟合相关系数R2为0.862 78，略低于界面化学反应控制模型的拟合相关系数（0.868 3），说明赤泥中钛的浸出过程主要受界面化学反应控制。
3　结论
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1）正交试验确定的酒石酸浸出拜耳法赤泥中钠和钛的优化工艺条件为：酒石酸浓度1.0 mol/L，浸出温度90 ℃，液固比8 mL/g，浸出时间60 min。钠的浸出效果受液固比影响最大，其次是酒石酸浓度，而钛的浸出效果受酒石酸浓度影响最大，其次是液固比。在优化工艺条件下，钠和钛浸出率分别为93.50%和76.66%。
2）酒石酸浸出前后赤泥的XRD分析结果表明，浸出液中的钠主要来自于钙霞石和拜耳法工艺中的氢氧化钠，钛主要来自于钙钛矿和拜耳法工艺中溶解并重新沉淀在赤泥表面的次生钛。
3）赤泥脱碱和钛浸出动力学符合未反应收缩核模型，且脱碱和钛浸出过程主要受界面化学反应控制。
基金
收起
  • 贵州省省级科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2023]一般142)
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2022M720927)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.026
  • 接收时间：2025-02-10
  • 首发时间：2026-03-05
  • 出版时间：2025-08-01
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  • 收稿日期：2025-02-10
基金
贵州省省级科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2023]一般142)
中国博士后科学基金(2022M720927)
作者信息
    1.东北大学　资源与土木工程学院，辽宁　沈阳　110819
    2.贵州科学院，贵州　贵阳　550001

通讯作者:

张覃（1967—），女，贵州毕节人，博士，教授，博士研究生导师，主要从事矿产资源综合利用研究。E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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