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Article(id=1236276107566174328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1236276104999268557, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737388800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772680792943, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1753977600000, pubDateStr=2025-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772680792943, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772680792943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772680792943, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236276104999268557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772680792331, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772681498687, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236279067746562719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1236276104999268557, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236279067746562720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1236276104999268557, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=186, endPage=191, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236276109499748485, articleId=1236276107566174328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Effect of Ferrite Content and Distribution on Microstructure and Properties of Ultra-high Strength Martensite-Ferrite Dual-Phase Steel, columnId=1236276108207902848, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Martensitic steel with different ferrite content and distribution was firstly fabricated by heat treatment. Then, the effects of ferrite content and distribution on the microstructure and properties of such ultra-high strength martensitic steel with yield strength more than 1 100 MPa was explored based on microstructure characterization and mechanical property tests. The microstructure evolution and strengthening and toughening mechanism were also analyzed. The results show that with a small amount of ferrite uniformly distributed in the martensite matrix, the steel sample in the experiment can exhibit not only ultra-high yield strength (1 245.44 MPa) and tensile strength (1 411.96 MPa), but also higher impact energy (80 J) at low temperature, presenting the optimal comprehensive mechanical properties. A small amount of ferrite in the local area continuously distributed along the rolling direction can slightly improve the tensile strength, but the unevenly distributed ferrite can improve the stress concentration and reduce the toughness. An increase in the content of continuously distributed ferrite can improve the tensile strength, but the formation of banded martensite and improved stress concentration make the toughness of the steel sample in the experiment substantially reduced.

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通过热处理制备出不同铁素体含量和分布的马氏体基超高强度钢，结合微观组织表征和力学性能测试，研究了铁素体含量及分布对屈服强度超过1 100 MPa的马氏体基超高强度钢组织及性能的影响，分析了微观组织演变和强韧化机理。结果表明：少量铁素体在马氏体基体中均匀分布时，实验钢不仅拥有超高的屈服强度（1 245.44 MPa）和抗拉强度（1 411.96 MPa），还拥有较高的低温冲击功（80 J），表现出极佳的综合力学性能；少量铁素体在局部区域沿轧向连续分布能略微提高拉伸强度，但不均匀分布的铁素体会增加应力集中程度，降低韧性；连续分布的铁素体含量增加时，拉伸强度提高，但形成的条带状马氏体和增加的应力集中使得实验钢韧性大幅度降低。

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刘文鉴（1995—），男，湖南娄底人，博士研究生，主要从事工程机械高强钢和高钢级管线钢研究。E-mail：
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钱亚军（1981—），男，安徽合肥人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事矿山与工程机械用高性能钢研究。E-mail：

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钱亚军（1981—），男，安徽合肥人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事矿山与工程机械用高性能钢研究。E-mail：

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钱亚军（1981—），男，安徽合肥人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事矿山与工程机械用高性能钢研究。E-mail：

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Annual Review of Materials Research, 2015, 45: 391-431., articleTitle=An overview of dual-phase steels: advances in microstructure-oriented processing and micromechanically guided design, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236348223875503005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276107566174328, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236348223888085917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276107566174328, companyId=1236348223875503005, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Xiangtan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd. of Hunan Valin, Xiangtan 411101, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236348223900668831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276107566174328, companyId=1236348223875503005, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.湘潭钢铁集团有限公司，湖南　湘潭　411101)]), AuthorCompany(id=1236348224009720748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276107566174328, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236348224018109357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276107566174328, companyId=1236348224009720748, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236348224026497967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276107566174328, companyId=1236348224009720748, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中南大学　材料科学与工程学院，湖南　长沙　410083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1236348226895401163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276107566174328, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Microstructure of experimental steel, figureFileSmall=S2vfGZMSIuu7kloVdxlvXg==, figureFileBig=t8VJi3kPwcHZVQx8j7Z8VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236348227054784721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276107566174328, language=CN, label=图1, caption=实验钢的微观组织

（a）轧制态；（b）淬火态

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（a）S1，OM；（b）S2，OM；（c）S3，OM；（d）S1，SEM；（e）S2，SEM；（f）S3，SEM

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Chemical composition of experimental steel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CSiMnPSNbV
0.160.301.120.0090.0020.0220.053
TiNiCrMoBAlFe
0.0180.320.210.540.001 80.03余量
), ArticleFig(id=1236348229038690668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276107566174328, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验钢的化学成分（质量分数）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CSiMnPSNbV
0.160.301.120.0090.0020.0220.053
TiNiCrMoBAlFe
0.0180.320.210.540.001 80.03余量
), ArticleFig(id=1236348229168714104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276107566174328, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Heat treatment process of experimental steel

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样品淬火温度/℃亚温淬火温度/℃回火温度/℃
S1—840230
S2—820230
S3860840230
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实验钢的热处理工艺流程

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样品淬火温度/℃亚温淬火温度/℃回火温度/℃
S1—840230
S2—820230
S3860840230
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铁素体含量及分布对马氏体基超高强度双相钢组织及性能的影响
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钱亚军 1 , 刘文鉴 2
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2025,45(4): 186-191
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2025, 45(4): 186-191
铁素体含量及分布对马氏体基超高强度双相钢组织及性能的影响
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钱亚军1 , 刘文鉴2
作者信息
  • 1.湘潭钢铁集团有限公司，湖南　湘潭　411101
  • 2.中南大学　材料科学与工程学院，湖南　长沙　410083

    • 钱亚军（1981—），男，安徽合肥人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事矿山与工程机械用高性能钢研究。E-mail：

通讯作者:

刘文鉴（1995—），男，湖南娄底人，博士研究生，主要从事工程机械高强钢和高钢级管线钢研究。E-mail：
Effect of Ferrite Content and Distribution on Microstructure and Properties of Ultra-high Strength Martensite-Ferrite Dual-Phase Steel
Yajun QIAN1 , Wenjian LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Xiangtan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd. of Hunan Valin, Xiangtan 411101, Hunan, China
  • 2.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2025-08-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.034
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摘要
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通过热处理制备出不同铁素体含量和分布的马氏体基超高强度钢，结合微观组织表征和力学性能测试，研究了铁素体含量及分布对屈服强度超过1 100 MPa的马氏体基超高强度钢组织及性能的影响，分析了微观组织演变和强韧化机理。结果表明：少量铁素体在马氏体基体中均匀分布时，实验钢不仅拥有超高的屈服强度（1 245.44 MPa）和抗拉强度（1 411.96 MPa），还拥有较高的低温冲击功（80 J），表现出极佳的综合力学性能；少量铁素体在局部区域沿轧向连续分布能略微提高拉伸强度，但不均匀分布的铁素体会增加应力集中程度，降低韧性；连续分布的铁素体含量增加时，拉伸强度提高，但形成的条带状马氏体和增加的应力集中使得实验钢韧性大幅度降低。

铁素体  /  马氏体  /  超高强度钢  /  双相钢  /  组织演变机理  /  强韧化机理

Martensitic steel with different ferrite content and distribution was firstly fabricated by heat treatment. Then, the effects of ferrite content and distribution on the microstructure and properties of such ultra-high strength martensitic steel with yield strength more than 1 100 MPa was explored based on microstructure characterization and mechanical property tests. The microstructure evolution and strengthening and toughening mechanism were also analyzed. The results show that with a small amount of ferrite uniformly distributed in the martensite matrix, the steel sample in the experiment can exhibit not only ultra-high yield strength (1 245.44 MPa) and tensile strength (1 411.96 MPa), but also higher impact energy (80 J) at low temperature, presenting the optimal comprehensive mechanical properties. A small amount of ferrite in the local area continuously distributed along the rolling direction can slightly improve the tensile strength, but the unevenly distributed ferrite can improve the stress concentration and reduce the toughness. An increase in the content of continuously distributed ferrite can improve the tensile strength, but the formation of banded martensite and improved stress concentration make the toughness of the steel sample in the experiment substantially reduced.

ferrite  /  martensite  /  ultra-high strength steel  /  dual-phase steel  /  microstructure evolution mechanism  /  strengthening and toughening mechanism
钱亚军, 刘文鉴. 铁素体含量及分布对马氏体基超高强度双相钢组织及性能的影响. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (4) : 186 -191 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.034
Yajun QIAN, Wenjian LIU. Effect of Ferrite Content and Distribution on Microstructure and Properties of Ultra-high Strength Martensite-Ferrite Dual-Phase Steel[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (4) : 186 -191 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.034
正文
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超高强度钢的使用有助于减轻装备的钢材质量和降低装备运行油耗[1-3]。屈服强度1 100 MPa以上的商用工程机械用钢属于超高强度钢，一般为马氏体钢[4]。马氏体钢的超高强度往往意味着较低的低温韧性，在低温环境下容易因冲击载荷作用而断裂失效，需要适当的组织调控以获得更为优良的强韧性匹配[5-6]。亚温淬火是将钢材加热至两相区保温后淬火冷却至室温的工艺，其加热温度低、保温时间短、加工成本低，引入的铁素体相具有良好的塑韧性，有利于马氏体钢韧性的改善[7-12]。将亚温淬火工艺合理地运用到工程机械用钢的制备中，能在保障实验钢超高强度的同时优化韧性。然而，目前有关铁素体含量和分布对屈服强度超过1 100 MPa的马氏体基双相钢组织演变和强韧性的影响研究较少，本文以经亚温淬火+回火和淬火+亚温淬火+回火后的轧制态Q1100工程机械用钢为研究对象，研究铁素体含量和分布对其组织性能的影响，深入研究其组织演变和强韧化机理，以期获得超高强度高韧性工程机械用钢。
1　实验材料与方法
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实验钢为某企业生产的轧制态工程机械用Q1100钢，厚度为11 mm，其化学成分如表1所示，轧制态和860 ℃淬火态实验钢微观组织如图1所示。轧制态组织为变形的粒状贝氏体，淬火态组织为完全的马氏体[13]。将化学成分代入经验公式计算可得，实验钢的Ac1温度（加热时珠光体向奥氏体转变的温度）和Ac3温度（加热时转变为奥氏体的终了温度）分别为723和847 ℃。
表2为实验钢的热处理工艺流程。其中S1和S2样品采用亚温淬火+回火，S3样品采用淬火+亚温淬火+回火。
在实验钢板1/2厚度处切取试样，采用金相显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和电子背散射衍射（EBSD）技术分析试样。OM和SEM试样观察面用金相砂纸机械研磨，抛光至镜面，最后用体积分数4%硝酸酒精溶液腐蚀10～14 s。用Image Pro Plus软件统计OM微观组织。EBSD样品观察面在机械研磨后用体积分数10%高氯酸酒精溶液电解抛光至表面无划痕。采用SIRION 200场发射扫描电子显微镜进行SEM表征，采用配备EBSD探头的ZEISS EVO MA 10扫描电子显微镜进行EBSD表征，采用HKL Channel 5软件分析样品晶体学信息。
在钢板1/2厚度位置取样，沿轧向切割成标准棒状拉伸试样，按照国标GB 228.1—2010，采用MTS-810力学性能试验机进行拉伸实验。在钢板1/2厚度处取样，加工成10 mm×10 mm×55 mm的V形缺口夏比冲击试样，采用国标GB/T 229—2020进行低温冲击实验，实验温度为－40 ℃。对冲击实验后的样品断口进行SEM表征。
2　实验结果及分析讨论
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2.1　微观组织表征
图2为实验钢的OM和SEM照片。S1和S2样品是轧制态实验钢经亚温淬火和低温回火后得到的，微观组织由不均匀分布的铁素体和回火马氏体组成，其中S2样品加热温度更低（820 ℃），铁素体含量更多，粗大条带状铁素体沿轧制方向首尾相连，将马氏体分隔成条带状。S1样品加热温度更高（840 ℃），铁素体含量更少，仅在局部区域存在少量铁素体首尾相连，分布不均匀。S1样品的铁素体含量过少，无法将马氏体分隔成条带状。S3样品经淬火+亚温淬火+低温回火后得到，微观组织由少量细小均匀的铁素体和大量回火马氏体组成。3种实验钢的回火马氏体组织均呈板条状形貌，其上分布有细小弥散的碳化物，其中S2样品中的马氏体呈连续的条带状分布。对OM照片进行两相占比统计，S1、S2、S3样品的马氏体占比分别为91.48%、78.98%、89.46%，铁素体占比分别为10.52%、22.02%、10.54%，S1和S3样品的马氏体占比相近且高于S2样品的马氏体占比。
图3为实验钢的EBSD照片。图3（a1）～（c1）分别为3种样品的反极图（IPF）；图3（a2）～（c2）为用HKL Channel 5软件中的Band Slope工具定性区分出的马氏体和铁素体分布图，1#区域代表铁素体，2#区域代表马氏体。结果表明，S1、S2样品中的铁素体呈不均匀分布的条带状特征，其中S1样品铁素体含量少且仅有少量铁素体连续分布，S2样品的铁素体含量更高，铁素体条带状分布特征更明显，S3样品的铁素体呈均匀分布的等轴状形貌。图3（d）和图3（e）分别为3种实验钢微观组织的大小角度晶界占比和晶粒尺寸统计图，S1、S2、S3样品的小角度晶界（LAGBs）占比分别为56.23%、63.75%、59.48%，大角度晶界（HAGBs）占比分别为43.77%、36.25%、40.52%，平均有效晶粒尺寸分别为2.10、2.47、2.01 μm。S2样品的HAGBs占比低，有效晶粒尺寸大，S1和S3样品的HAGBs占比和有效晶粒尺寸相近。
2.2　力学性能测试
图4为实验钢的拉伸性能曲线和力学性能统计图。S1、S2、S3样品的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别为1 263.73、1 212.61、1 245.44 MPa和1 434.40、1 400.11、1 411.96 MPa，低温（－40 ℃）冲击功依次为68、61、80 J。相比之下，S2样品具有更低的强度和韧性，S3样品具有与S1样品相近的超高屈服强度和更高的韧性。因此，S2样品综合力学性能差，S3样品综合力学性能好。
2.3　组织演变机理
图5为实验钢的微观组织演变机理示意图。轧态实验钢中的粒状贝氏体晶粒沿轧制方向被拉长，长条状MA组元沿晶界分布。将轧制态实验钢进行亚温淬火和低温回火，制得S1和S2试样。MA组元碳含量较高，晶界位置也因原子排列不规则、晶格畸变大等原因而处于高能量状态，因此，贝氏体晶界上的MA组元能为奥氏体形核提供所需的浓度起伏、结构起伏和能量起伏，促进奥氏体优先形核[14]。由于在两相区加热，贝氏体无法完全转变为奥氏体，未转变组织经加热后分解形成铁素体[15]。在随后的快速冷却过程中，奥氏体转变为板条状马氏体，与分解后形成的铁素体一起形成马氏体/铁素体双相钢。由于轧态实验钢微观组织中长条状MA组元沿着贝氏体晶界分布，奥氏体优先在贝氏体晶界形核和长大并首尾相连，加热温度相对低（820 ℃）时，奥氏体化区域面积小，加热温度较高（840 ℃）时，奥氏体化区域面积增大，首尾相连程度增加。
S3样品采用淬火+亚温淬火+低温回火工艺制得。实验钢经淬火得到马氏体组织，再加热至两相区温度，实验钢的马氏体板条界和原始奥氏体晶界等缺陷密度高的界面处优先析出奥氏体并长大，快冷后得到马氏体，未奥氏体化部分的贝氏体高温分解后形成铁素体[16]。由于淬火态组织中马氏体分布均匀，没有择优取向，形成的奥氏体均匀分布，未奥氏体化区域形成的铁素体也均匀分布。由于S3样品加热温度较高（840 ℃），所得铁素体含量比S2样品少。
2.4　强韧化机理
如前所述，S1、S2、S3样品的平均有效晶粒尺寸分别为2.10、2.47、2.01 μm，马氏体占比分别为91.48%、78.98%、89.46%，铁素体占比分别为10.52%、22.02%、10.54%。用100个方格模拟S1、S2、S3实验钢的组织分布，实验钢微观组织简化图见图6，其中有色方格代表马氏体，占比分别为94%、80%、90%，白色方格代表铁素体，占比分别为6%、20%、10%，垂直方向为轧制方向。S1样品中少量铁素体局部弥散分布，S2样品中铁素体含量增加并连续分布，S3样品中少量铁素体均匀分布。如图所示，垂直于轧制方向共有90个两相界面，其中S1、S2和S3样品中分别包含82、76和80个马氏体/马氏体界面。当样品受轧向拉伸应力时，垂直于应力连续分布的马氏体硬相成为主要承力结构而有利于强度提高。S2样品的铁素体相含量多，沿受力方向马氏体/马氏体界面数量少且晶粒尺寸大，均不利于强度的提高，因而其强度低。S1和S3样品微观组织中两相占比相近，其强度的主要影响因素为两相分布和有效晶粒尺寸。一方面，S1样品沿受力方向马氏体/马氏体界面数量更高，有利于其强度的提高；另一方面，S1样品的有效晶粒尺寸略高于S3样品，其细晶强化效果减弱。如前所述，S1样品的强度高于S3，说明沿受力方向连续分布的马氏体相含量对S1样品强度的有利影响占主导地位。
图7为实验钢冲击断口的SEM照片和韧化机理。S3样品断口为韧性断裂，包含均匀分布的韧窝，表明其具有优良韧性。S3样品的铁素体均匀分布且平均晶粒尺寸小，有利于缓解应力集中并阻碍裂纹扩展，使得S3样品韧性高。S1样品断口为韧脆混合型断裂，包含不均匀分布的准解理面、韧窝、撕裂棱和微裂纹。局部存在的由细小韧窝组成的撕裂棱说明该区域经历了大量的塑性变形，吸收变形能量，可能与S1中局部连续分布的铁素体有关[17]。铁素体在马氏体基体的局部区域连续分布，两相之间的应变不相容导致局部应力集中，促进了附近微裂纹的产生，使得S1样品韧性低于S3样品[18-19]。S2样品断口为韧脆混合型断裂，包含舌状花样准解理面、等轴型韧窝和微裂纹。断口中大量舌状花样沿垂直方向连续分布，部分舌状花样的起源部位存在微裂纹。这是因为带状马氏体更容易受到横向冲击的损伤而形成微裂纹，沿轧向连续分布的条带状马氏体和铁素体加剧了微观组织局部应力集中，促进裂纹在界面的形核和沿轧向扩展，因此S2样品韧性最差[20]。
3　结论
收起
1）当铁素体含量约为10%时，均匀分布的铁素体有利于提高实验钢的综合力学性能，使实验钢具有超高的屈服强度（1 245.44）、抗拉强度（1 411.96 MPa）和高的低温冲击功（80 J）；铁素体的局部连续分布能略微提高实验钢的拉伸强度，但会降低实验钢的低温冲击功。
2）当连续分布的铁素体含量增加到约20%时，结合力强的马氏体/马氏体界面数量减少，使得实验钢的拉伸强度明显降低，并促使形核的微裂纹沿连续铁素体扩展，降低实验钢的低温韧性。
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2025年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.034
  • 接收时间：2025-01-21
  • 首发时间：2026-03-05
  • 出版时间：2025-08-01
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  • 收稿日期：2025-01-21
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    1.湘潭钢铁集团有限公司，湖南　湘潭　411101
    2.中南大学　材料科学与工程学院，湖南　长沙　410083

通讯作者:

刘文鉴（1995—），男，湖南娄底人，博士研究生，主要从事工程机械高强钢和高钢级管线钢研究。E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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