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Article(id=1236276106337251540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1236276104999268557, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739635200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772680792650, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1753977600000, pubDateStr=2025-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772680792650, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772680792650, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772680792650, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236276104999268557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772680792331, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772681498687, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236279067746562719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1236276104999268557, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236279067746562720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1236276104999268557, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=28, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236276106584715478, articleId=1236276106337251540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Impact of Near-Surface Ore Body Mining on Stability of Overburden and Dangerous Rock Masses on Slopes, columnId=1236276106018484431, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MINING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the impact of near-surface ore body mining on the stability of overburden and dangerous rock masses of slopes, a phosphate mine was taken as an engineering project in the study. The stability of the dangerous rock mass of the slopes was determined by on-site investigation, and the evolution of deformation, stress and plastic zone of overburden under different mining schemes were simulated with FLAC3D software. The research results indicate that structural planes between layers of surrounding rock on the roof of stope are well-developed, probably causing falling debris in blocks or flakes. The strata are hard and brittle in lithology and have developed rock fractures. Under unloading effect of high and steep slopes, dangerous rocks are prone to be separated along the combination of fractures and strata plane, forming dangerous rock masses. The response law of the maximum stress in the overburden is similar to the law of the unbalanced force in numerical calculation. There is relatively small disturbance generated during mining process, which brings a little impact to the stability of adjacent stopes and surface. It is found that the ground surface is less affected by underground mining, with the deformation within the maximum limit value specified in the standard. If Ph2# ore body is mined after Ph1# ore body, the overburden can have relatively small displacement, and no connectivity in the plastic zones is occurred in the mining pillars, stopes and overlying strata.

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为探究近地表矿体开采对覆岩及山坡危岩体稳定性影响规律，以某磷矿为工程背景，采用现场调查方法明晰山坡危岩体现状稳定条件；运用FLAC3D软件模拟不同开采方案下覆岩变形、应力及塑性区的演化规律。结果表明：采场顶板围岩层间结构面发育，易造成顶板块状或片状坍落。地层岩性硬脆且裂隙发育，在高陡坡体卸荷作用下，危石块体易沿裂隙和岩层面出现组合剥离，形成危岩体；覆岩中最大应力的响应规律与数值计算的不平衡力变化规律相似。开采过程中产生的开采扰动较小，对岩层、邻近采场及地表稳定性产生的影响较弱；地表受到井下矿体开采影响程度较小，其变形值未超过规范允许的最大值。采用先开采Ph1#矿层后开采Ph2#矿层的开采顺序时，覆岩位移相对较小，塑性区在矿柱、采场、上覆岩层中均未产生贯通性分布。

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王飞飞（1990—），男，安徽蚌埠人，博士，工程师，硕士研究生导师，主要从事防灾减灾与防护工程研究。E-mail：
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贾亮（1987—），女，湖南汉寿人，硕士，讲师，主要从事工程管理及岩土力学方向研究。E-mail：

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贾亮（1987—），女，湖南汉寿人，硕士，讲师，主要从事工程管理及岩土力学方向研究。E-mail：

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贾亮（1987—），女，湖南汉寿人，硕士，讲师，主要从事工程管理及岩土力学方向研究。E-mail：

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Mechanical properties of rock mass

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岩性材料天然重度/（kN·m－3）弹性模量E/GPa泊松比μ凝聚力C/MPa内摩擦角φ/（°）
灰质白云岩（顶板）27.0110.520.248.2335.37
Ph1#矿层28.746.870.314.3631.12
灰质白云岩（夹层）26.9410.610.248.6535.81
Ph2#矿层28.857.230.304.0230.61
页岩（底板）26.438.470.185.6532.13
充填体18.108.010.212.8137.60
断层散体23.213.120.351.2322.31
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矿岩体力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性材料天然重度/（kN·m－3）弹性模量E/GPa泊松比μ凝聚力C/MPa内摩擦角φ/（°）
灰质白云岩（顶板）27.0110.520.248.2335.37
Ph1#矿层28.746.870.314.3631.12
灰质白云岩（夹层）26.9410.610.248.6535.81
Ph2#矿层28.857.230.304.0230.61
页岩（底板）26.438.470.185.6532.13
充填体18.108.010.212.8137.60
断层散体23.213.120.351.2322.31
), ArticleFig(id=1236348225741975700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276106337251540, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mining simulation scheme

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方案采场参数开采矿层
1Ph2#矿层空场法，沿走向长100 m，沿倾向长100 m，矿块间留宽4 m间柱开采Ph2#
2Ph2#矿层充填法，沿走向长100 m，沿倾向长100 m，矿块间留宽4 m间柱开采Ph2#→充填Ph2#
3Ph2#矿层充填法，沿走向长100 m，沿倾向长100 m，矿块间留宽4 m间柱。Ph1#矿层预控顶房柱采矿法，留4 m×4 m矿柱，沿走向和倾向间隔8 m布置开采Ph2#→充填Ph2#→开采Ph1#
4Ph1#矿层预控顶房柱采矿法，留4 m×4 m矿柱，沿走向和倾向间隔8 m布置开采Ph1#
5Ph1#矿层预控顶房柱采矿法，留4 m×4 m矿柱，沿走向和倾向间隔8 m布置。Ph2#矿层充填法，沿走向长100 m，沿倾向长100 m，矿块间留宽4 m的间柱开采Ph1#→开采Ph2#→充填Ph2#
), ArticleFig(id=1236348225913942169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1236276106337251540, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模拟开采方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案采场参数开采矿层
1Ph2#矿层空场法，沿走向长100 m，沿倾向长100 m，矿块间留宽4 m间柱开采Ph2#
2Ph2#矿层充填法，沿走向长100 m，沿倾向长100 m，矿块间留宽4 m间柱开采Ph2#→充填Ph2#
3Ph2#矿层充填法，沿走向长100 m，沿倾向长100 m，矿块间留宽4 m间柱。Ph1#矿层预控顶房柱采矿法，留4 m×4 m矿柱，沿走向和倾向间隔8 m布置开采Ph2#→充填Ph2#→开采Ph1#
4Ph1#矿层预控顶房柱采矿法，留4 m×4 m矿柱，沿走向和倾向间隔8 m布置开采Ph1#
5Ph1#矿层预控顶房柱采矿法，留4 m×4 m矿柱，沿走向和倾向间隔8 m布置。Ph2#矿层充填法，沿走向长100 m，沿倾向长100 m，矿块间留宽4 m的间柱开采Ph1#→开采Ph2#→充填Ph2#
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近地表层矿体开采对覆岩与山坡危岩体稳定性影响规律研究
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贾亮 1 , 姜安民 1, 2 , 王飞飞 3, 4 , 郑昌辉 3 , 吴宽 3, 4 , 任青阳 5
矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2025,45(4): 28-32
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矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2025, 45(4): 28-32
近地表层矿体开采对覆岩与山坡危岩体稳定性影响规律研究
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贾亮1 , 姜安民1, 2, 王飞飞3, 4 , 郑昌辉3, 吴宽3, 4, 任青阳5
作者信息
  • 1.湖南城建职业技术学院　管理工程系，湖南　湘潭　411101
  • 2.湖南科技大学　资源环境与安全工程学院，湖南　湘潭　411201
  • 3.湖南城市学院　土木工程学院，湖南　益阳　413000
  • 4.湖南城市学院　绿色建筑与智能建造湖南省普通高等学校重点实验室，湖南　益阳　413000
  • 5.重庆交通大学　土木工程学院，重庆　400074

    • 贾亮（1987—），女，湖南汉寿人，硕士，讲师，主要从事工程管理及岩土力学方向研究。E-mail：

通讯作者:

王飞飞（1990—），男，安徽蚌埠人，博士，工程师，硕士研究生导师，主要从事防灾减灾与防护工程研究。E-mail：
Impact of Near-Surface Ore Body Mining on Stability of Overburden and Dangerous Rock Masses on Slopes
Liang JIA1 , Anmin JIANG1, 2, Feifei WANG3, 4 , Changhui ZHENG3, Kuan WU3, 4, Qingyang REN5
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Management Engineering, Hunan Urban Construction College, Xiangtan 411101, Hunan, China
  • 2.School of Resource Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413000, Hunan, China
  • 4.Key Laboratory of Green Building and Intelligent Construction in Higher Educational Institutions of Hunan Province, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413000, Hunan, China
  • 5.School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
出版时间: 2025-08-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.005
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摘要
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为探究近地表矿体开采对覆岩及山坡危岩体稳定性影响规律，以某磷矿为工程背景，采用现场调查方法明晰山坡危岩体现状稳定条件；运用FLAC3D软件模拟不同开采方案下覆岩变形、应力及塑性区的演化规律。结果表明：采场顶板围岩层间结构面发育，易造成顶板块状或片状坍落。地层岩性硬脆且裂隙发育，在高陡坡体卸荷作用下，危石块体易沿裂隙和岩层面出现组合剥离，形成危岩体；覆岩中最大应力的响应规律与数值计算的不平衡力变化规律相似。开采过程中产生的开采扰动较小，对岩层、邻近采场及地表稳定性产生的影响较弱；地表受到井下矿体开采影响程度较小，其变形值未超过规范允许的最大值。采用先开采Ph1#矿层后开采Ph2#矿层的开采顺序时，覆岩位移相对较小，塑性区在矿柱、采场、上覆岩层中均未产生贯通性分布。

浅部资源  /  近地表矿体  /  上覆岩层  /  危岩体  /  地表塌陷  /  岩层塌落  /  岩层稳定性

To explore the impact of near-surface ore body mining on the stability of overburden and dangerous rock masses of slopes, a phosphate mine was taken as an engineering project in the study. The stability of the dangerous rock mass of the slopes was determined by on-site investigation, and the evolution of deformation, stress and plastic zone of overburden under different mining schemes were simulated with FLAC3D software. The research results indicate that structural planes between layers of surrounding rock on the roof of stope are well-developed, probably causing falling debris in blocks or flakes. The strata are hard and brittle in lithology and have developed rock fractures. Under unloading effect of high and steep slopes, dangerous rocks are prone to be separated along the combination of fractures and strata plane, forming dangerous rock masses. The response law of the maximum stress in the overburden is similar to the law of the unbalanced force in numerical calculation. There is relatively small disturbance generated during mining process, which brings a little impact to the stability of adjacent stopes and surface. It is found that the ground surface is less affected by underground mining, with the deformation within the maximum limit value specified in the standard. If Ph2# ore body is mined after Ph1# ore body, the overburden can have relatively small displacement, and no connectivity in the plastic zones is occurred in the mining pillars, stopes and overlying strata.

shallow resource  /  near-surface ore body  /  overlying stratum  /  dangerous rock mass  /  surface subsidence  /  stratum collapse  /  stratum stability
贾亮, 姜安民, 王飞飞, 郑昌辉, 吴宽, 任青阳. 近地表层矿体开采对覆岩与山坡危岩体稳定性影响规律研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (4) : 28 -32 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.005
Liang JIA, Anmin JIANG, Feifei WANG, Changhui ZHENG, Kuan WU, Qingyang REN. Impact of Near-Surface Ore Body Mining on Stability of Overburden and Dangerous Rock Masses on Slopes[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (4) : 28 -32 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.005
正文
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近些年，矿产资源需求量增加导致矿山开采加速[1]。一些矿山考虑到开采对地表生态环境的影响[2]，且受前期技术条件、开采条件等制约，在近地表区域预留了矿体。随着矿产资源的枯竭，预留的矿体成为矿山持续开采的延续资源。因此，研究近地表区域矿体开采对地表的影响，即控制上覆岩层稳定性尤为重要。
对地下开采引起的地表塌陷、岩层垮塌、山体滑坡等灾害，学者们开展了大量的相关研究工作[3-10]。研究主要聚焦于埋藏较深的矿体开采对地表、上覆岩层的影响，对近地表矿体开采的研究较少，尤其是近地表多层矿体开采顺序对上覆岩层稳定性的影响机制不够明晰。
本文针对某磷矿，采用现场调查方法明确近地表矿体开采对地表的影响情况，并建立三维力学分析模型，模拟近地表多层矿体开采对上覆岩层稳定性的影响，分析近地表矿体开采对上覆岩层稳定性的影响机制。
1　矿区概况
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1.1　矿区地质条件
某磷矿矿区内山脉、水系呈北东向展布，矿区内山高谷深，地形陡峻。海拔标高805.4～1 539.0 m，相对高差一般为400～500 m，属中山地貌类型。地表主要为山体斜坡，斜坡角度为42°～61°。
磷矿层赋存标高824.00～1 110.50 m，埋藏于当地最低侵蚀基准面（标高805 m）以上，矿床地下水主要补给来源为大气降水，地形有利于自然排水。
工业磷矿层直接顶板亦为半坚硬-坚硬碳酸盐类地层，底板则为半坚硬碎屑岩类地层。矿区北东向及近东西向的F29断层延伸长度350～2 150 m，导致矿层出现5～44 m的垂直落差，从而破坏了磷矿层的连续性。依据GB/T 12719—2021，矿区工程地质类型为碳酸盐岩为主、工程地质勘探复杂程度为中等的可溶盐岩类矿床。
在井下典型区域选取灰质白云岩（顶板）、Ph1#矿层、灰质白云岩（夹层）及页岩（底板）等块状岩石加工制作成标准试件。试件的含水状态为天然状态，折减后井下矿岩体力学参数见表1。
1.2　井下开采现状
通过井下现场调查可知，磷矿层直接顶板围岩为浅灰色薄-中厚层状泥粉晶白云岩夹灰黄色薄层状云质泥岩，岩石硬度中等。岩石质量指标（RQD）值平均72%，岩体完整性属中等。直接顶板围岩层间结构面发育，白云岩所夹的薄层状云质泥岩在水和负压作用下极易出现顶板块状或片状坍落。局部巷道顶板岩层水平向易引起顶板呈片状垮塌。现场调查发现，局部区段有顶板坍落现象。间接顶板为夹泥质白云岩，属硬质岩石类，岩石RQD值平均71%，岩体完整性总体为中等，巷道揭露后，除在构造裂隙发育地段出现局部冒顶外，一般情况下，出现严重岩石坍落现象的可能性较小。磷矿层顶板围岩稳定性属差-中等。
1.3　地表现状
矿区内共发育19处危岩体，发育地层均为灯影组白云岩，分布高程多在1 000～1 200 m。19处危岩体所处地貌多为陡崖或陡坡，自然坡度近直立，于临空面处产生卸荷裂缝，形成松弛变形破坏，为崩塌的形成和发展提供了有利的地形条件。
矿区内构造活动强烈，多条断层及褶皱发育，导致岩体结构完整性差，结构破碎，节理裂隙发育，为崩塌坠石的形成提供了有利条件。矿区内山高坡陡，临空面高，岩体裂隙发育，在高陡坡体的卸荷作用下，岩体裂隙不断加深加宽，导致坡体的裂隙演化为拉张裂缝，危石块体从基岩上逐渐被剥离，在裂隙和岩层面的组合下形成危岩体。
破碎的岩体结构和良好的临空条件是危石形成和变形的内因，而卸荷和雨水作用则是促使危石变形的外因。在内外因素的共同作用下，危石容易从母岩脱落并发生变形破坏。针对矿段的危岩体，主要采用人工清理、静态爆破以及设置被动防护网等措施进行防治。
2　数值模型与研究方案
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2.1　精细化建模过程
采用MIDAS-GTS/NX软件建立磷矿区的地表模型。该模型长1200 m，宽877 m，高349～690 m。中磷层采用预控顶房柱采矿法，采场矿柱尺寸4 m×4 m，沿走向和倾向间隔8 m布置。采区尺寸依据实际情况建立，比例1∶1。
该模型包括了地表地形地貌、矿体、各种岩体、采场矿柱、F29断层等结构，共建立了1 237个实体。矿岩体包含了灰质白云岩（顶板）、Ph1#矿层、灰质白云岩（夹层）、Ph2#矿层、页岩（底板）矿体等5种。由于地表土体较薄，对本次研究影响很小，没有单独划分一层模型。
采区充填体、矿柱和条柱的网格密度为4 m，且每1 m划分为一个计算节点；夹层的网格密度为8 m，围岩网格密度为20 m。最终完成网格划分后，模型中共有432 183个节点和254 962个单元。模型建立后导入FLAC3D中，生成包含矿体、岩层等要素的矿区整体分析模型，如图1所示。
X平面上所有节点在X方向固定，即滑动铰支座。Y平面上所有节点在Y方向固定，即滑动铰支座。Z方向最低平面上所有节点在X、Y、Z三个方向上固定，即固定铰支座。矿区开采最大深度距地表200 m左右，且该区域地质构造简单，所以初始地应力场的计算只考虑重力的影响。
采用有限元数值模拟，研究假设如下：矿体与围岩体为各向同性材料；矿体与围岩体中的细微裂隙暂不考虑，将细微裂隙对岩石的影响体现在岩体力学中；因地下水影响较小，暂不考虑水力方面的作用；采空区形态各异，在数值模拟中难以准确建立形态十分复杂的采空区，本次模拟对采空区进行简化处理。
2.2　模拟开采方案
矿区Ph1#矿层开拓系统等已按设计建设完成，具备矿石回采条件，而Ph2#矿层开拓系统暂未建成，且Ph1#矿层磷矿石品位高于Ph2#矿层。Ph1#矿层赋存于Ph2#矿层上部，Ph1#矿层与Ph2#矿层间距0～13 m，平均间距8 m。为了探究近地表矿体开采对上覆岩层稳定性影响机制，设计了6种模拟开采方案，见表2。
2.3　稳定性判定标准
根据GB 50021—2009《岩土工程勘察规范》和GB 50771—2012《有色金属采矿设计规范》，矿区地表稳定性受到井下开采影响的判据为变形ε=±2 mm/m，倾斜i=±3 mm/m，曲率k=±0.2×10－3 m－1。
根据井下开采经验类比得出的岩层变形位移量判断标准如下：位移量小于20 mm时，基本不会对岩体稳定性造成影响；位移量20～50 mm时，岩体能够保持基本稳定；位移量50～100 mm时，岩体可能存在潜在的稳定性问题；位移量超过100 mm时，岩体将出现大变形，且存在破坏现象，甚至可能引发大规模破坏。除了以变形位移为判据外，还可辅助应力、塑性区分布进行综合判定[11]。因此，本次数值模拟采用最大不平衡力、岩层应力、地表位移及塑性区分布等指标进行开采稳定性判断。
3　数值模拟结果分析
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3.1　岩层最大不平衡力演变规律
各方案岩层最大不平衡力如图2所示。由图2可知，除了方案4，其他方案的最大不平衡力均达到或超过了0.20 GPa。方案1、2、3优先开采Ph2#矿层，方案4、5、6优先开采Ph1#矿层。方案1、2、3的最大不平衡力大于方案4、5、6。主要是因为Ph2#矿层比Ph1#矿层埋藏深，矿体受到的地应力相对较大，在开采卸荷作用下，产生的采动响应相对较大。计算模型中产生的不平衡力较大，即在开采过程中产生的开采扰动较大，会对岩层、邻近采场及地表稳定性产生一定影响。方案4的不平衡力最小，即在开采过程中产生的开采扰动较小，对岩层、邻近采场及地表稳定性产生的影响较弱。从最大不平衡力的角度量化分析，推荐方案4为优先开采方案，即先开采Ph1#矿层。
3.2　岩层应力演变规律
各方案采空区上覆岩层最大应力如图3所示。由图3可知，方案4采空区上覆岩层应力值最小，方案3采空区上覆岩层应力值最大。采空区上覆岩层最大应力的响应规律与计算模型中产生的不平衡力的规律相似。
3.3　地表与覆岩位移演变规律
各方案地表位移云图如图4所示。山坡危岩体集群处的地表位移为6～10 mm，井下矿体开采对危岩体南侧的山体地表影响相对较大，最大地表位移为16 mm。
为了更精准地判定井下开采扰动对山坡危岩体的影响程度，采用地表变形、倾斜及曲率三个指标对其进行量化。各方案地表变形、倾斜与曲率如图5所示。由图5可知，地表变形、倾斜与曲率均小于许用判定值，说明地表受到井下矿体的开采影响程度较小。方案3对地表产生的影响相对较大，先开采下部的Ph2#矿层会导致岩层下沉变形，但岩层变形就会自发形成压力拱，支撑上覆岩层的重力，防止进一步变形；后续开采Ph2#矿层上部的Ph1#矿层时，Ph2#矿层上覆岩层中形成的压力拱效应被破坏，导致上覆岩层继续下沉；然后形成新的压力拱，直至岩层基本稳定。综合矿山安全生产与经济效益，方案6先开采Ph1#矿层后开采Ph2#矿层可以满足安全要求。
井下矿体开采后，上覆岩层发生变形位移，通过监测上覆岩层位移量，得到每种方案的上覆岩层最大位移，如图6所示。方案3上覆岩层位移最大，为17.5 mm，接近临界值（20 mm），因此可认为，先开采Ph2#矿层后开采Ph1#矿层，上覆岩层存在冒落垮塌的风险。
3.4　岩层塑性区演变规律
各方案开采区域范围不同，产生的塑性区分布面积有很大差异，难以通过塑性区分布面积量化判定各方案优劣，仅通过塑性区在矿柱、采场、上覆岩层中的贯通性情况进行分析。根据模拟开采计算结果分析可知，Ph1#矿层开采留设的4 m×4 m矿柱与采场间矿柱尚未出现塑性区贯通现象。在Ph1#矿层均开采完毕后进行Ph2#矿层的开采，形成了过去式的塑性区分布，其破坏随着应力降低而暂停，尚未形成正在进行式的塑性区分布情况，可判定先开采Ph1#矿层后开采Ph2#矿层的开采顺序对上覆岩层的影响较小。在井下矿体开采过程中，应定期对地表及岩层进行变形观测并做好预防措施。
4　结论
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1）山坡岩体因岩性硬脆、岩体裂隙发育，在高陡坡体的卸荷作用下，危石块体从基岩上逐渐剥离，在裂隙和岩层面的组合下形成危岩体。
2）上覆岩层中最大应力与不平衡力的演化规律相似，方案1、2、3的最大不平衡力与应力均大于方案4、5、6，且方案4的最大不平衡力与应力最小。
3）地表变形、倾斜及曲率三个指标量化结果显示，开采Ph1#矿层后开采Ph2#矿层可以满足安全要求。塑性区在矿柱、采场、上覆岩层中均未产生贯通性分布。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(U20A20314)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2024JJ6110; 2024JJ8049; 2025JJ70386)
  • 益阳市科技创新计划(2024YR02)
文献
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2025年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.005
  • 接收时间：2025-02-16
  • 首发时间：2026-03-05
  • 出版时间：2025-08-01
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  • 收稿日期：2025-02-16
基金
国家自然科学基金(U20A20314)
湖南省自然科学基金(2024JJ6110; 2024JJ8049; 2025JJ70386)
益阳市科技创新计划(2024YR02)
作者信息
    1.湖南城建职业技术学院　管理工程系，湖南　湘潭　411101
    2.湖南科技大学　资源环境与安全工程学院，湖南　湘潭　411201
    3.湖南城市学院　土木工程学院，湖南　益阳　413000
    4.湖南城市学院　绿色建筑与智能建造湖南省普通高等学校重点实验室，湖南　益阳　413000
    5.重庆交通大学　土木工程学院，重庆　400074

通讯作者:

王飞飞（1990—），男，安徽蚌埠人，博士，工程师，硕士研究生导师，主要从事防灾减灾与防护工程研究。E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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