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Article(id=1241406721025954560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715702400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904026513, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904026513, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904026513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904026513, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241406711219680205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904024176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773911273793, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241437118384362345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241437118388556650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=36, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241406721353110291, articleId=1241406721025954560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Dry Separation Technology for Recovering Fine Chalcopyrite by Rotary Triboelectrostatic Separator, columnId=1236276106932842717, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MINERAL PROCESSING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the triboelectric charging characteristics of the main minerals of quartz, molybdenite and chalcopyrite in a copper-molybdenum ore, the enrichment effect and mechanism of triboelectrostatic separation of chalcopyrite from the mixture under different conditions were investigated. The triboelectric charging results show that after the interaction with the rotary charger under applied electric voltage, chalcopyrite, molybdenite and quartz are remarkably different in charge-mass ratio. In mineral processing tests, a rotary triboelectrostatic separator (RTS) was adopted to treat an artificial ore with chalcopyrite, molybdenite and quartz in a mass ratio of 1∶1∶8. The results show that with the applied voltage of the rotary charger at -14 kV, the charger rotation speed at 5 000 r/min and the co-flow air velocity at 2 m/s, a copper concentrate can be obtained with Cu grade up from 3.3% to 5.9% at Cu recovery of 90%, and with Cu grade up to 9.3% at a recovery of 50%.

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研究了铜钼矿主要组分石英、辉钼矿、黄铜矿的摩擦荷电特性及其混合矿物中黄铜矿在不同条件下的旋转摩擦静电分选富集效果及影响机理。颗粒荷电试验结果表明，与施加外部电位的旋转摩擦起电器作用后，黄铜矿与辉钼矿及石英产生显著荷电差异。分选结果表明：应用旋转摩擦静电分选技术，对黄铜矿、辉钼矿和石英按质量比1∶1∶8组成的人工混合矿进行分离处理，在旋转摩擦起电器外加电位-14 kV、转速5 000 r/min、协风风速2 m/s条件下，可在铜回收率90%时把铜品位从3.3%提高至5.9%；铜精矿品位9.3%时，铜回收率仍可达50%。

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陶东平（1963—），男，江苏无锡人，博士，教授，主要从事细颗粒矿物分选研究。E-mail：
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张龙宇（1999—），男，山东德州人，硕士研究生，主要从事细颗粒矿物摩擦静电分选研究。E-mail：

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张龙宇（1999—），男，山东德州人，硕士研究生，主要从事细颗粒矿物摩擦静电分选研究。E-mail：

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张龙宇（1999—），男，山东德州人，硕士研究生，主要从事细颗粒矿物摩擦静电分选研究。E-mail：

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（a）RTS设备示意图；（b）RTS分选系统示意图

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（a）黄铜矿；（b）辉钼矿；（c）石英

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（a）黄铜矿；（b）辉钼矿；（c）石英

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矿物名称CuFeMoSiO2S纯度
黄铜矿33.3229.59——34.1497.05
辉钼矿0.110.3157.01—38.4195.84
石英——98.60—98.60
), ArticleFig(id=1241406730714796351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406721025954560, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试样主要元素含量（质量分数）

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矿物名称CuFeMoSiO2S纯度
黄铜矿33.3229.59——34.1497.05
辉钼矿0.110.3157.01—38.4195.84
石英——98.60—98.60
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细颗粒黄铜矿旋转摩擦静电干法分选技术研究
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张龙宇 1 , 吴中贤 1, 2 , 陶东平 1
矿冶工程杂志 | 选矿 2024,44(6): 36-40
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矿冶工程杂志 | 选矿 2024, 44(6): 36-40
细颗粒黄铜矿旋转摩擦静电干法分选技术研究
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张龙宇1 , 吴中贤1, 2, 陶东平1
作者信息
  • 1.山东理工大学　资源与环境工程学院，山东　淄博　255049
  • 2.中国矿业大学　化学工程学院，江苏　徐州　221116

    • 张龙宇（1999—），男，山东德州人，硕士研究生，主要从事细颗粒矿物摩擦静电分选研究。E-mail：

通讯作者:

陶东平（1963—），男，江苏无锡人，博士，教授，主要从事细颗粒矿物分选研究。E-mail：
Dry Separation Technology for Recovering Fine Chalcopyrite by Rotary Triboelectrostatic Separator
Longyu ZHANG1 , Zhongxian WU1, 2, Dongping TAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, Shandong, China
  • 2.School of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.008
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摘要
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研究了铜钼矿主要组分石英、辉钼矿、黄铜矿的摩擦荷电特性及其混合矿物中黄铜矿在不同条件下的旋转摩擦静电分选富集效果及影响机理。颗粒荷电试验结果表明，与施加外部电位的旋转摩擦起电器作用后，黄铜矿与辉钼矿及石英产生显著荷电差异。分选结果表明：应用旋转摩擦静电分选技术，对黄铜矿、辉钼矿和石英按质量比1∶1∶8组成的人工混合矿进行分离处理，在旋转摩擦起电器外加电位-14 kV、转速5 000 r/min、协风风速2 m/s条件下，可在铜回收率90%时把铜品位从3.3%提高至5.9%；铜精矿品位9.3%时，铜回收率仍可达50%。

旋转摩擦静电分选  /  黄铜矿  /  摩擦电选  /  干法分选  /  辉钼矿  /  石英  /  铜钼矿

Based on the triboelectric charging characteristics of the main minerals of quartz, molybdenite and chalcopyrite in a copper-molybdenum ore, the enrichment effect and mechanism of triboelectrostatic separation of chalcopyrite from the mixture under different conditions were investigated. The triboelectric charging results show that after the interaction with the rotary charger under applied electric voltage, chalcopyrite, molybdenite and quartz are remarkably different in charge-mass ratio. In mineral processing tests, a rotary triboelectrostatic separator (RTS) was adopted to treat an artificial ore with chalcopyrite, molybdenite and quartz in a mass ratio of 1∶1∶8. The results show that with the applied voltage of the rotary charger at -14 kV, the charger rotation speed at 5 000 r/min and the co-flow air velocity at 2 m/s, a copper concentrate can be obtained with Cu grade up from 3.3% to 5.9% at Cu recovery of 90%, and with Cu grade up to 9.3% at a recovery of 50%.

rotary triboelectrostatic separation  /  chalcopyrite  /  triboelectrostatic separation  /  dry separation  /  molybdenite  /  quartz  /  copper-molybdenum ore
张龙宇, 吴中贤, 陶东平. 细颗粒黄铜矿旋转摩擦静电干法分选技术研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (6) : 36 -40 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.008
Longyu ZHANG, Zhongxian WU, Dongping TAO. Dry Separation Technology for Recovering Fine Chalcopyrite by Rotary Triboelectrostatic Separator[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (6) : 36 -40 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.008
正文
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斑岩型铜钼矿是目前世界上主要的铜矿类型。在中国，江西、西藏等地的斑岩型铜钼矿储量位居前列，铜钼矿资源具有品位低、伴生矿物多、分选难度大等特点[1]。干式预拋尾提高入浮给矿品位是提高低品位铜钼矿选矿经济效益的有效途径。摩擦静电分选属于低能耗干式分选技术，将其应用于预拋尾，可有效降低选矿成本、减少选矿过程中的能源消耗[2]，对黄铜矿分选富集及其他矿物分选有着重要意义。本文采用新型专利旋转摩擦静电分选技术，研究紫铜、不锈钢、铝作为摩擦起电器材料时，旋转摩擦起电器外加电位对铜钼矿中黄铜矿、辉钼矿和石英3种主要矿物经过摩擦荷电后表面荷电量及荷电极性的影响，以确定适宜的摩擦材料及摩擦起电器外加电位。然后使用旋转摩擦静电分选设备研究旋转摩擦起电器外加电位、转速、协风风速对人工混合矿物中黄铜矿富集的影响。研究结果可用于指导未来工业化试验和技术可行性评估，也可为其他矿物的静电分选研究提供参考。
1　旋转摩擦静电分选设备
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改装后的旋转摩擦静电分选机（RTS）及分选系统如图1所示。旋转摩擦静电分选系统主要包括给料装置、荷电装置、分选室、产品收集装置、真空源及气流矫正装置等。荷电装置由旋转摩擦起电器、摩擦腔及摩擦腔内壁组成；分选室由绝缘外壳和铜电极板组成。
旋转摩擦可有效强化矿物颗粒的摩擦荷电效果[3]。矿样通过进风气流及重力输送进入摩擦腔与旋转摩擦起电器接触荷电，目标矿物与其他脉石矿物介电常数不同，目标矿物经旋转摩擦起电器摩擦后与脉石矿物产生电荷差异[4]，荷电后的矿物颗粒进入分选室，在高压电场作用下，荷电量或荷电极性不同的矿物颗粒与其他脉石矿物产生不同的运动轨迹，实现分选。分选室内颗粒受到的横向力包括气体横向拖曳力和电场力，电场力大小直接影响矿物在分选室内横向运动的距离。分选室内颗粒受到的纵向力除重力外还有气体纵向拖曳力，它直接影响颗粒在分选室内的停留时间[5]。分选室内经过两个垂直电极板分选后的颗粒通过分矿板区分后，在真空源的作用下进入不同产品收集装置，实现分离。颗粒在RTS分选室内的受力和运动状态如图2所示。
2　试样性质及试验方法
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2.1　试样性质
试样黄铜矿和辉钼矿纯矿物均取自河北某铜钼矿。将样品破碎至-0.074 mm，采用X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）分析黄铜矿、辉钼矿及石英主要元素含量，结果如表1所示。从表1可以看出，试验所用黄铜矿、辉钼矿和石英纯度均高于95%。
2.2　试验方法
纯矿物破碎后筛分出的（-0.15+0.074）mm粒级颗粒作为纯矿物荷电试验样品。试验前将矿物置于80 ℃下烘干1 h，减少矿物表面水层对矿物荷电的影响，提高测量准确性。
荷质比测量试验时，将2 g矿物通过振动给料器均匀给入摩擦腔，经荷电后落入法拉第筒，记录电荷仪所示最大数值并对法拉第筒内矿物称重，计算矿物荷质比。每组试验重复3次，每次测量前使用高压气枪吹扫摩擦腔以清除内部积矿并放电。
纯矿物荷电试验中，增加空气湿度，颗粒表面电荷密度降低[6]，空气电导率增加，矿物表面电荷溢出到空气中，造成测量的矿物荷电量失真。为避免空气对黄铜矿的氧化作用造成矿物性质发生改变，试验周期控制在一周内。纯矿物荷电试验控制环境湿度30%～35%。
将黄铜矿、辉钼矿、石英按质量比1∶1∶8组成人工混合矿，进行分选试验。
3　结果与讨论
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3.1　纯矿物荷电特性
不同矿物荷电极性和荷电大小（或荷电密度）的差异是实现有效摩擦静电分选的必要前提。一般而言，荷电差异越大，分选效果越佳。RTS技术中影响矿物荷电特性的主要参数是旋转摩擦起电器材料、转速、外加电位等，它们对纯矿物荷质比的影响规律如下所述。
3.1.1　旋转摩擦起电器材料种类和转速对纯矿物荷质比的影响
分别使用紫铜、不锈钢和铝作为摩擦起电器材料，对黄铜矿、辉钼矿及石英进行摩擦荷电，探究旋转摩擦起电器材料种类及转速对纯矿物荷质比的影响，结果如图3所示。由图3可以观察到：旋转摩擦起电器材料种类对黄铜矿和辉钼矿荷质比的影响很小；转速4000 r/min时，3种旋转摩擦起电器材料摩擦黄铜矿后，黄铜矿荷质比为（-10±2）nC/g；旋转摩擦起电器材料对石英的荷质比影响非常显著，相同转速下，3种旋转摩擦起电器材料作用下的石英摩擦荷质比排序为：紫铜>铝>不锈钢；以紫铜为摩擦起电器材料，转速4 000 r/min时，黄铜矿、辉钼矿、石英荷质比分别为-8.4 nC/g、-38.9 nC/g、-122.8 nC/g。与传统滑槽试验测得的石英荷质比（-6 nC/g）[7]相比，旋转摩擦起电使石英荷质比提高了19倍，这是因为旋转摩擦荷电系统在传统滑槽系统单一滑动摩擦的基础上加入了颗粒与摩擦起电器以及颗粒与摩擦腔内壁的碰撞摩擦，相同条件下，碰撞摩擦比滑动摩擦荷电效果更佳[3]。
3.1.2　旋转摩擦起电器外加电位对矿物荷质比的影响
摩擦起电器转速5 000 r/min时不同摩擦起电器材料在不同外加电位下对纯矿物荷质比的影响如图4所示。由图4可见：旋转摩擦起电器外加电位对黄铜矿和辉钼矿荷质比有显著影响。外加-4 kV电位时，在3种摩擦起电器材料作用下黄铜矿荷电性均由负电转变为正电；随着外加电位升高，黄铜矿荷电量逐渐增大，外加电位-10 kV，紫铜和不锈钢材料对黄铜矿的荷质比均为20 nC/g，铝摩擦材料对黄铜矿的荷质比为5.3 nC/g；外加电位-10 kV时，辉钼矿荷电极性由负电转变为正电，此时紫铜和不锈钢摩擦材料对辉钼矿的荷质比均为2.8 nC/g；对摩擦起电器施加正电时，黄铜矿和辉钼矿均携带更高负电荷，且辉钼矿荷电量高于黄铜矿。摩擦起电器外加电位对石英荷质比影响非常显著，但并没有出现矿物荷电极性由负到正的转变。外加电压-10 kV条件下，紫铜作摩擦材料时石英荷质比-102.5 nC/g，此时黄铜矿与石英两者荷电差异绝对值达到最大值122.5 nC/g。相同外加电位条件下，不锈钢摩擦材料作用下黄铜矿和石英荷质比差值的绝对值为35 nC/g，铝摩擦材料作用下黄铜矿和石英荷质比差值绝对值为81.7 nC/g。在实际矿物分选中，颗粒荷电差异越大，越容易分离目标矿物和脉石矿物。
3.2　分选试验
对黄铜矿、辉钼矿和石英按质量比1∶1∶8配制的人工混合矿进行分选试验。分选试验在RTS设备上进行，使用紫铜作为摩擦起电器材料，试验室湿度30%～35%，经过两段分选，使用美国PE公司的ICP-OES测量产品中铜含量，分别计算产品中铜累计品位及累计回收率。
3.2.1　旋转摩擦起电器外加电位
提高旋转摩擦起电器外加电位可以有效提高黄铜矿与石英的荷电差异。协风风速2.5 m/s、旋转摩擦起电器转速5 000 r/min，旋转摩擦起电器外加电位对人工混合矿中铜富集效果的影响见图5。从图5可以看出：随着旋转摩擦起电器外加电位升高，分选性能曲线往右上角偏移，说明分选效果不断改进。旋转摩擦起电器外加电位从-8 kV增至-14 kV，累计回收率90%和50%对应的铜累计品位分别从3.5%和5.2%提高到5.1%和8.2%，分选获得的最高累计品位也由6.5%提高至9.7%。相同铜回收率下品位提高说明抛尾富集效果增强。
提高旋转摩擦起电器外加电位会扩大不同颗粒荷电极性差异，进而提高对目的矿物的分选效率。图5结果进一步说明了在纯矿物荷电试验中黄铜矿与石英带异种电荷的结论是正确的。需要指出的是，颗粒在摩擦腔内荷电后进入分选室的过程中会出现带异种电荷矿物碰撞发生电荷中和的现象[8]，可能导致矿物颗粒荷电量降低，在分选室电场中偏转角度减小，分选效果变差。控制给料量在适当的范围内能达到较好的分选性能。
3.2.2　旋转摩擦起电器转速
旋转摩擦起电器转速一方面会改变摩擦起电器与颗粒之间的相对运动速度，另一方面会影响摩擦腔内气流的稳定程度。协风风速2.5 m/s、旋转摩擦起电器外加电位-14 kV时，旋转摩擦起电器转速对铜矿物富集效果的影响如图6所示。从图6可以看出：分选性能曲线随着旋转摩擦起电器转速升高而显著向右上角偏移，说明分选效果得到改善。旋转速度从2 000 r/min提高到5 000 r/min时，累计回收率90%和50%对应的铜累计品位分别从3.5%和3.9%提高到5.0%和8.5%，分选获得的最高品位也由4.5%提高至9.8%。比较图5和图6发现，旋转摩擦起电器转速对铜富集效果的影响比旋转摩擦起电器外加电位的影响更显著。图6结果表明，铜累计品位相同时，随着旋转摩擦起电器转速提高，铜累计回收率逐渐提高，铜累计品位6.5%时，旋转摩擦起电器转速5000 r/min和3000 r/min对应的累计回收率分别为77.0%和7.0%，回收率增加十分显著。
较低的转速会降低颗粒与旋转摩擦起电器的碰撞强度。提高旋转摩擦起电器转速能促进颗粒与旋转摩擦起电器以及颗粒与颗粒之间的碰撞，提高颗粒摩擦荷电效果，减少进入分选室内带弱电或不带电的颗粒数量，进而提高分选效果。文献[9]模拟了旋转摩擦起电器在高速旋转时摩擦腔内气流的流动情况以及颗粒在摩擦腔内的运动轨迹，指出提高旋转摩擦起电器转速可以稳定摩擦腔内气流，颗粒在摩擦腔内碰撞次数增加，荷电更加充分。
3.2.3　协风风速
协风通过分选室上部的两组布气装置均匀进入分选室，对分选室内颗粒的纵向运动起到辅助作用的同时，也避免细颗粒在分选室内运动时发生碰撞团聚及电中和现象。旋转摩擦起电器外加电位-14 kV、转速5 000 r/min时，协风风速对铜富集效果的影响如图7所示。从图7可以看出：铜累计回收率相同时，铜累计品位随着协风风速提高先增加后减小；协风风速从1.0 m/s增加到2.0 m/s的过程中，铜累计品位及累计回收率逐渐上升，协风风速2.0 m/s时曲线向右上方偏移最显著，达到最佳分选效果，此时累计回收率90%和50%对应的铜累计品位分别为5.9%和9.3%，抛尾富集效果明显；最高精矿铜累计品位可达到11%；继续提高协风风速，分选曲线向左下方偏移，铜累计品位及累计回收率均下降，分选效果变差。
协风风速可以控制从起电腔进入分选室的气流流态，减少紊流，提高颗粒的分散性和流动性[10]，避免进入分选室的细颗粒向两极板偏移时异种荷电颗粒因相互碰撞而发生电中和现象。文献[11]模拟了分选室中协风对颗粒运动情况的影响，发现协风风速过小时，协风气体对颗粒纵向运动的辅助效果差，颗粒在电场力作用下产生过度的横向偏转，导致颗粒落点在极板处而产生冲击反弹，目的矿物在极板反弹后进入中矿集矿口，导致精矿产率和回收率下降；但协风风速过大时，协风气体对颗粒纵向拖曳力过大，导致颗粒在分选室内停留时间短，目的矿物因横向偏转角度过小而进入中矿，造成精矿回收率降低，富集效果变差。
4　结论
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1）黄铜矿、辉钼矿和石英荷电量随着旋转摩擦起电器转速提高而增大。旋转摩擦起电器不外加电位情况下，紫铜作为摩擦起电器材料时黄铜矿与石英荷质比差异最大，黄铜矿、辉钼矿、石英的荷质比分别为-8.4 nC/g、-38.9 nC/g、-122.8 nC/g。
2）对旋转摩擦起电器施加负电位可以显著提高黄铜矿、辉钼矿和石英的荷电差异。黄铜矿和辉钼矿荷电极性随着电位增大均由负电转为正电，而石英一直带负电。
3）精矿铜富集效果随着旋转摩擦起电器外加电位和转速增加持续改善，但随着协风风速增大先提高后降低。
4）铜分选富集试验的适宜条件为：旋转摩擦起电器外加电位-14 kV、旋转摩擦起电器转速5 000 r/min、协风风速2 m/s。该条件下，铜累计回收率90%和50%时可将铜钼石英混合矿物的铜累计品位从3.3%分别提高至5.9%和9.3%，取得了较好的干法抛尾富集效果。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(51804188)
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2024年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.008
  • 接收时间：2024-05-15
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-15
基金
国家自然科学基金(51804188)
作者信息
    1.山东理工大学　资源与环境工程学院，山东　淄博　255049
    2.中国矿业大学　化学工程学院，江苏　徐州　221116

通讯作者:

陶东平（1963—），男，江苏无锡人，博士，教授，主要从事细颗粒矿物分选研究。E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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