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Based on an introduction of the structural characteristics of single-crystal Ni-rich ternary cathode material, the common preparation techniques of such material are summarized. Besides, the main strategies for improving the performance of this material in recent years are also discussed, which can provide a reference for large-scale production of such high-performance single-crystal Ni-rich ternary cathode material.

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介绍了单晶高镍三元正极材料的结构特点,总结了单晶高镍三元正极材料常见的制备工艺,并探讨了近年来材料性能改善的主要策略,可为高性能单晶高镍三元正极材料的规模化生产提供借鉴和参考。

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缪畅(1985—),女,湖南长沙人,硕士,高级实验师,主要从事新能源材料的研究。E-mail:
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肖围(1985—),男,湖北荆州人,博士,教授,主要从事新能源材料的研究。E-mail:

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(a),(d)800 ℃;(b),(e)900 ℃;(c),(f)1 000 ℃

, figureFileSmall=dAq/uEv8zoxx9ewOjsUt/Q==, figureFileBig=l8W7LymZbg9rt9Q52Iqhbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241081035182633185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081026231989176, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=KYTI72U3lUf5xwgnkK0zLA==, figureFileBig=5CFembvxpKi5f83d4axffQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241081035283296494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081026231989176, language=CN, label=图3, caption=前驱体及煅烧后单晶高镍三元正极材料SEM图

(a)NCM622前驱体;(b)NCM622单晶;(c)NCM811前驱体;(d)NCM811单晶

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单晶高镍三元正极材料的制备及改性研究进展
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肖围 , 易志成 , 刘程锦 , 万佳祥 , 缪畅
矿冶工程杂志 | 电池材料专题 2024,44(4): 1-7
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矿冶工程杂志 | 电池材料专题 2024, 44(4): 1-7
单晶高镍三元正极材料的制备及改性研究进展
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肖围 , 易志成, 刘程锦, 万佳祥, 缪畅
作者信息
  • 长江大学 化学与环境工程学院,湖北 荆州 434023
  • 肖围(1985—),男,湖北荆州人,博士,教授,主要从事新能源材料的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

缪畅(1985—),女,湖南长沙人,硕士,高级实验师,主要从事新能源材料的研究。E-mail:
Progress in Preparation and Modification of Single-Crystal Ni-Rich Ternary Cathode Material
Wei XIAO , Zhicheng YI, Chengjin LIU, Jiaxiang WAN, Chang MIAO
Affiliations
  • College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
出版时间: 2024-08-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.001
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介绍了单晶高镍三元正极材料的结构特点,总结了单晶高镍三元正极材料常见的制备工艺,并探讨了近年来材料性能改善的主要策略,可为高性能单晶高镍三元正极材料的规模化生产提供借鉴和参考。

单晶  /  高镍三元正极材料  /  锂离子电池  /  制备方法  /  改性策略  /  掺杂  /  表面包覆

Based on an introduction of the structural characteristics of single-crystal Ni-rich ternary cathode material, the common preparation techniques of such material are summarized. Besides, the main strategies for improving the performance of this material in recent years are also discussed, which can provide a reference for large-scale production of such high-performance single-crystal Ni-rich ternary cathode material.

single crystal  /  Ni-rich ternary cathode material  /  lithium-ion battery  /  preparation method  /  modification strategy  /  doping  /  surface coating
肖围, 易志成, 刘程锦, 万佳祥, 缪畅. 单晶高镍三元正极材料的制备及改性研究进展. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (4) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.001
Wei XIAO, Zhicheng YI, Chengjin LIU, Jiaxiang WAN, Chang MIAO. Progress in Preparation and Modification of Single-Crystal Ni-Rich Ternary Cathode Material[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (4) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.001
锂离子电池因无记忆效应、能量密度高、环境友好等优势,已成为便携式电子产品、储能系统和新能源汽车等领域的主要电源[1-2]。在锂离子电池的各个组成部件中,正极材料在成本、安全性、能量密度等核心指标中起着决定性作用。因此,优化正极材料是提升锂离子电池性能的关键。正极材料中,LiCoO2因倍率性能好、体积能量密度高、工作电压高等特点,在消费类电子产品中占有显著优势,但实际放电比容量低、成本高等缺陷限制了其进一步应用[3];LiNiO2可逆容量高、价格适中、层状结构良好,一度被认为是LiCoO2的极佳替代品,但其合成条件苛刻、循环稳定性差[4];LiMnO2具有安全性能高、成本低廉、低温性能好等优势,但其高温性能较差、理论容量较低,且循环寿命衰减较快[5]。层状三元正极材料LiNixCoyMn(1-x-yO2有效结合了LiCoO2、LiNiO2和LiMnO2的优势,产生了非凡的协同效应,被认为是极有前途的正极材料。为满足不同要求,可以对Ni、Co和Mn的比例进行调节,从而得到高稳定性的低镍三元正极材料LiNixCoyMn(1-x-yO2x<0.6)或高容量的高镍三元正极材料LiNixCoyMn(1-x-yO2x≥0.6)。目前已商业化的高镍三元正极材料主要是由纳米级一次颗粒堆积而成的二次球形多晶材料。在这种堆积式结构下,由不可逆相变产生的各向异性体积变化会引起晶间微裂纹等结构衰退问题。晶间微裂纹的产生增加了活性物质与电解液的接触面积,导致副反应的加剧和额外的正极/电解质界面膜(CEI)的形成,从而增加了电荷转移电阻,严重损坏电化学性能,这是目前高镍三元正极材料性能恶化的主要原因之一[6-7]。研究发现,无晶界的单晶型三元正极材料可以很大程度上遏制各向异性体积变化所产生的晶间微裂纹问题,能显著提高材料结构强度、压实密度和界面稳定性,从而获得更稳定的循环性能和耐高温高压性能,电池拥有更长的使用寿命[8-9]。但是,相比于多晶材料,单晶材料制备过程需要更高的烧结温度,从而引发锂镍混排等一系列问题,导致制备过程面临严峻挑战。本文总结了常见的单晶高镍三元正极材料制备方法,并简单介绍了当前材料性能改善的主要策略。
高温固相法是制备单晶高镍三元正极材料的常见方法,通过将锂盐和三元前驱体(TMOH,过渡金属氢氧化物,简写为TM)按一定物质的量比(简称Li/TM比)均匀混合后,于高温条件下烧结,使二次颗粒破碎、融合、结晶而得到单晶。
煅烧温度和Li/TM比是高温固相法制备单晶高镍三元正极材料的关键条件,二者共同决定了单晶材料的晶粒尺寸。文献[10]考察了不同Li/TM比与不同煅烧温度对制备的单晶LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2(NCM622)颗粒形貌与电化学性能的影响,如图1所示。煅烧温度相同的情况下,增加锂含量会导致晶粒尺寸变大;Li/TM比相同的情况下,提高煅烧温度也会促进晶粒的生长。研究发现,过小的晶粒尺寸增大了活性物质与电解液的接触面积,加剧了副反应的产生;而晶粒尺寸过大导致Li+传输路径变长,电荷转移动力学缓慢。因此,合适的煅烧温度和Li/TM比对高性能单晶材料的制备至关重要。
相同成分下,单晶正极材料的合成温度通常比多晶正极材料高60~100 ℃,而高温锂化过程容易造成Li和O的损失,导致化学计量比失衡和层状结构退化[11-12]。为了解决Li和O过量损失导致的容量降低和结构恶化问题,文献[13]在高温锂化前进行了预锂化探究,研究表明,通过调节预锂化动力学能抑制亚稳定尖晶石相的形成,促进正极材料向有序层状结构的转变,减少高温锂化过程中Li和O的损失,从而制备出高度有序和符合化学计量比的单晶材料。适当温度下的预锂化能有效降低Li+/Ni2+混排程度,提高H2/H3相变可逆性,从而增强材料的循环稳定性能;此外,高温煅烧易生成具有显著Li+/Ni2+混排的团聚材料,虽然研磨可以使团聚的大颗粒分解为分散的单晶颗粒,但会导致一系列的晶格缺陷。文献[14]在此基础上提出了一种简单的退火工艺,研磨后退火可以使晶格畸变的高镍正极材料有效恢复到有序层状结构,使受损的表面变得光滑圆润,从而改善材料的电化学性能。
相较于高温固相法中高温煅烧导致的性能缺陷,熔盐法可以在较低温度下合成分布均匀、具有特定晶面形貌的单晶材料,因此被广泛应用于单晶高镍三元正极材料的制备。
不同的晶面具有不同的原子排列和表面反应活性,极大地影响着单晶材料的结晶度、Li+扩散动力学等。熔盐法中熔融盐的引入可以调节晶面表面能和颗粒结晶方向,从而得到特定晶面形貌的单晶颗粒。文献[15]以过量的KCl或NaCl(氯化物与前驱体的质量比为3∶1)为助熔剂在不同煅烧温度下制备了不同晶型的单晶材料,其SEM图如图2所示。使用熔融盐KCl制备的颗粒表面呈现了(012)和(101)等效面,减小了晶面间表面能的差异,促进单晶颗粒生长为各向同性的圆形多面体;使用熔融盐NaCl制备的颗粒表面呈现了发育良好的(003)和(111)等效面,使得晶体表面能降低,从而形成了特定的八面体形貌。相同煅烧温度下,使用熔融盐NaCl制备的单晶材料均呈现比使用熔融盐KCl制备的单晶材料略高的放电比容量。
此外,熔融盐独特的助熔剂特性有利于前驱体原子的溶解和扩散,从而促进晶体的快速成核和生长。因此,该方法能有效降低材料的合成温度,进而抑制离子无序化和相变引起的晶内微裂纹等问题。文献[16]利用熔点更低的LiCl和NaCl混合物(LiCl与NaCl物质的量比为2∶8)为助熔剂,在820 ℃下制备出粒径为1~2.5 μm的单晶LiNi0.91Co0.03Mn0.06O2材料。该方法在较低温度制得的单晶材料,不仅拥有较低的电荷转移阻抗,还能有效抑制晶内微裂纹的产生,从而改善电池循环性能。然而材料合成后需要对表面残余助熔剂进行清洗,这一过程会引入额外的表面缺陷。文献[17]在前驱体与总锂量比例一定的情况下,用少量的LiNO3取代部分LiOH·H2O,制备了0.5~2 μm的单晶LiNi0.9Co0.055Mn0.045O2颗粒。低熔点LiNO3不仅促进了晶粒的生长,而且强氧化性NO3-有效抑制了Li+/Ni2+混排。重要的是,由于LiNO3的分解温度低,在煅烧过程中会分解为氮氧化物(NO和NO2)而排出,有效缓解了后续残余助熔剂清洗引发额外表面缺陷的问题。
水热法是合成单晶高镍三元正极材料的一种常见液相法,是指在密封的高温高压反应釜中,溶剂在超临界状态下利用物质快速溶解和再结晶的性质进行化学反应合成三元正极前驱体材料,然后与锂源混合烧结,制得单晶高镍三元正极材料。该方法制备的材料粒径分布均匀、晶体发育良好,且由于避免了研磨和水洗等工序,在提高样品纯度的同时降低了晶体结构的损伤,改善了正极材料的电化学性能。
前驱体的形态和结构很大程度上决定了正极材料的电化学性能。文献[18]利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为分散剂,通过均匀沉淀-水热反应制备了宽度约135 nm的独特棒状前驱体,再与过量锂源混合烧结,制得了亚微米级单晶NCM622颗粒,其SEM图如图3(a)、(b)所示。研究表明,水热法制得的单晶颗粒分散性好、粒径分布集中、结晶度高,具有快速的Li+传输通道,能促进循环过程中Li+的嵌入和脱出,从而提高了倍率性能。
文献[19]利用水热合成过程中的超临界重构效应合成了初级粒径大、分散形貌独特和(001)晶面为优先取向的六边形单晶板状前驱体,然后在非高Li/TM比和非高温煅烧条件下制备出高结晶微米级富镍单晶LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2(NCM811)材料,其SEM图如图3(c)、(d)所示。具有独特六边形形貌和(001)晶面的前驱体在后续煅烧中更容易获得规则的层状结构,从而降低了Li+/Ni2+混排程度,显著提高了晶体的结构稳定性。该材料在1.0C条件下循环100次后,拥有93.4%的高容量保持率。此外,单分散、微米尺寸的储锂结构有效缩短了Li+的扩散距离,提升了倍率性能,该材料组装的纽扣电池在10.0C下仍有130.4 mAh/g的可逆放电比容量。
除了上述几种常见的制备方法之外,一些新颖的制备方法也成功地制备出高性能的单晶高镍三元正极材料,如脉冲高温烧结法(PHTS)和酸蚀法,为高性能单晶高镍三元正极材料的合成提供了重要参考。
文献[20]使用低成本的PHTS策略成功制备了单晶LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2(NCM90)材料。该策略在传统750 ℃、8 h煅烧工艺中增加了1 040 ℃、1 min的PHTS,得到了初始比容量为209 mAh/g的八面体单晶材料。与传统二次球形多晶颗粒相比,该方法制备的单晶NCM90材料压实密度显著提升,成功抑制了晶内微裂纹的产生,提高了循环稳定性和热稳定性。PHTS策略结合了当前高温烧结、熔盐和超快烧结三种方法的优点,同时具有减轻锂挥发、无需额外后续处理和缩短煅烧时间等优势,为低成本制备高能量密度单晶高镍正极材料提供了一条新途径。
文献[21]通过稀硫酸刻蚀多晶NCM622材料,成功制备出高性能亚微米级单晶NCM622材料,其工艺如图4所示。虽然稀硫酸刻蚀会导致过渡金属离子的损失和表面40 nm缺锂层的形成,但刻蚀后过渡金属离子间总体的比值不变,且补充锂源并热处理后,可以完全恢复有序的层状结构。制备的亚微米级单晶NCM622材料与多晶NCM622材料相比,在5.0C和10.0C条件下,可逆比容量分别提升了28.6%和129%。与传统制备单晶正极材料的方法相比,该方法制备简便,且能有效去除杂质,为单晶三元正极材料的合成开辟了一条简单、经济的新途径。
与多晶材料相比,单晶材料虽然有效避免了晶间微裂纹的产生,且在压实密度、热稳定性、界面稳定性等方面展现出显著优势,但在实际应用中仍存在一些亟待解决的问题。表面重构、Li+扩散动力学缓慢及单晶材料制备过程中不可避免的Li+/Ni2+混排等问题限制了单晶材料电化学性能的提升。因此需要对单晶材料进行改性,以进一步推动单晶材料在高性能领域的应用与发展。
元素掺杂是一种常用的改性手段,被广泛用于调节高镍三元正极材料的结构和电化学性能,以达到降低Li+/Ni2+混排、抑制相变、提高Li+传输速率、稳定晶体结构等目的。掺杂离子的类型和浓度及取代位点的不同(如图5所示)会对材料性能起到不同改性作用。
文献[22]通过熔盐法合成了K+掺杂的单晶Li1-x-KxNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(LKNCM)材料,掺入Li位的K+具有更大的离子半径(rLi+=0.076 nm,rK+=0.138 nm),从而扩大了锂层间距,促进了Li+的迁移。在0.1C条件下,LKNCM的首次放电比容量为192.0 mAh/g,明显高于未改性样(181.0 mAh/g)。此外,LKNCM具有较低的Li+/Ni2+混排程度和有序的层状结构,1.0C条件下循环200次后的容量保持率为91.0%,显著高于未改性样品(72.0%)。文献[23]通过在O位掺杂制备了F-掺杂的单晶LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2-xFx材料,掺入的F-与过渡金属离子形成了更强的金属-氟键,从而稳定了层状结构,抑制了不良副反应的产生。适量的F-掺杂不仅可以降低单晶材料的界面转移阻抗和电荷转移阻抗,还可以增加晶面间距,促进Li+的传输,从而改善材料的电化学性能。文献[24]采用Nb5+梯度掺杂策略对单晶LiNi0.83Co0.12Mn0.05O2材料进行了修饰,掺杂过渡金属位Nb5+的量从颗粒表面到颗粒核心呈线性递减。富Nb5+表面由于较强的Nb—O键可以形成电化学保护层,抑制电解液侵蚀和有害的相变,而贫Nb5+的核心保持着高容量。线性Nb5+梯度掺杂降低了从表面到核心的结构转变,使材料在重复的锂脱嵌过程中保持结构完整。
调控材料的表/界面化学性质是提高单晶高镍三元正极材料电化学性能的另一种有效策略,主要通过在正极材料表面形成保护层,阻止正极材料与电解液直接接触,起到抑制有害相变和过渡金属离子溶解的作用。
文献[25]在单晶LiNi0.65Co0.15Mn0.2O2材料表面包覆了一层纳米级TiO2,结果表明,TiO2包覆层有效降低了表面锂残留量,并提高了电化学过程中H2/H3相变的可逆性,抑制了晶内裂纹的产生,从而显著提高了单晶材料在高截止电压和大电流密度条件下的循环稳定性。文献[26]采用水热法制备了Al2O3包覆的单晶NCM622材料,适量Al2O3包覆层不仅减少了充放电过程中活性物质的损失,还抑制了正极材料/电解质界面的副反应,从而改善了材料的循环性能,但表面Al2O3包覆层导致储锂性能下降。
传统金属氧化物包覆层虽然可以防止正极材料与电解液的直接接触,但其惰性本质进一步阻碍了Li+传输动力学,从而影响了材料的倍率性能。而具有离子/电子导电性的包覆材料很好地解决了这一问题。文献[27]成功地在单晶LiNi0.63Co0.07Mn0.3O2材料表面引入多功能Li2SiO3包覆层,高离子导电Li2SiO3包覆层因其独特的三维离子扩散通道,极大地促进了Li+的传输,同时强的Si—O键稳定了单晶材料结构,抑制了高脱锂状态下H2/H3相变引起的表面晶格畸变和长循环过程中副反应的发生,有效改善了材料的倍率性能和长循环性能。改性后的材料在1.0C条件下具有171.2 mAh/g的可逆比容量,循环300次后仍有94.7%的容量保持率。此外,文献[28]在单晶正极材料表面包覆离子导体涂层时,引入了原子沉积技术,实现了涂层的均匀包覆,在提高Li+传输动力学的同时得到了均匀的CEI膜,显著增强了界面稳定性。
传统修饰策略具有自身独特的优点,单一的改性难以同时兼顾材料的倍率性能、结构稳定性、热稳定性、安全性能等要求,因此多种修饰策略的协同改性至关重要。
文献[29]通过高温烧结制备了Al3+/Sm3+共掺杂的单晶LiNi0.83Co0.07Mn0.1O2材料,由于Al3+与Sm3+溶解性的差异,Al3+在体相中均匀结合,而Sm3+倾向于在外表面富集。Al3+/Sm3+共掺杂的协同作用不仅抑制了Li+/Ni2+混排和不可逆H2/H3相变,还减少了氧空位的出现和过渡金属离子的溶解,极大提高了材料的结构稳定性和循环性能。文献[30]采用溶胶-凝胶法在单晶NCM811材料中实现了梯度Al3+掺杂和表面La2Li0.5Al0.5O4包覆的双重耦合。多重表征表明,双耦合协同效应有效抑制了晶内裂纹、氧空位和岩盐相的出现,缓解了电极/电解质界面的副反应和CEI膜的生长,实现了材料体相和表面结构的协同稳定。此外,文献[31]通过原位修饰工艺制备了梯度Al3+掺杂和均匀LiAlO2/Li3PO4双包覆的单晶LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.04Al0.01O2材料。研究发现,梯度Al3+掺杂显著改善涂层与体相间界面相容性的同时,高离子导电LiAlO2/Li3PO4涂层的协同作用有效提升了Li+扩散动力学和长期储存时的空气稳定性,减少了表面锂残留量,抑制了表面副反应。改性后的单晶材料表现出优异的循环性能和储锂性能。
经过长期研究探索,单晶高镍三元正极材料的制备方法取得了显著进步,为规模化生产奠定了坚实基础。高温固相法因工艺简单成为当前单晶正极材料大规模工业生产的主要方法,但高温煅烧容易造成Li+/Ni2+混排加剧和颗粒团聚,严重损坏材料的电化学性能;熔盐法能有效降低煅烧温度、缓解颗粒团聚,制备出颗粒分散良好、具有特定晶面形貌的单晶材料,但后续助熔剂的水洗容易引入额外的表面缺陷,导致容量下降;水热法能有效避免研磨和水洗等工序,制备出粒径分布均匀、晶体发育良好的单晶材料,但所需设备成本较高,将其扩展到工业规模生产仍面临一定的技术挑战。创新性的脉冲高温烧结法和酸蚀法为低成本制备高性能单晶高镍正极材料提供了可行方案。
当前,单晶高镍三元正极材料仍面临表面重构、Li+/Ni2+混排、Li+扩散动力学缓慢等挑战。通过对正极材料体相中不同位点进行元素掺杂,不仅可以扩大锂层间距,提升Li+传输速率,从而提高倍率性能,还能降低Li+/Ni2+混排程度,稳定晶体结构,进而提高循环性能;表面包覆能够在正极材料表面形成保护层,起到降低表面锂残留量、抑制有害相变和副反应的作用,显著提高材料的界面稳定性;协同改性能有效结合两种或多种改性策略,同时改善正极材料的结构稳定性、倍率性能、热稳定性等性能,成为当前单晶高镍三元正极材料的主流改性策略。为了满足日益增长的市场需求,不仅需要致力于持续提升单晶高镍三元正极材料的卓越性能,而且急需对单晶正极材料制备工艺进行优化,降低生产成本。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52274292)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金杰青项目(2020CFA090)
  • 荆州市科技计划项目(2023EC37)
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2024年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.001
  • 接收时间:2024-05-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-02
基金
国家自然科学基金(52274292)
湖北省自然科学基金杰青项目(2020CFA090)
荆州市科技计划项目(2023EC37)
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    长江大学 化学与环境工程学院,湖北 荆州 434023

通讯作者:

缪畅(1985—),女,湖南长沙人,硕士,高级实验师,主要从事新能源材料的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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