Article(id=1240340683597345561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, issueId=1240340679365284185, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.05.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703433600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773649863384, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773649863384, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773649863384, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773649863384, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240340679365284185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, year='2024', volume='19', issue='5', pageStart='5', pageEnd='100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773649862376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658332792, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240376206927909170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, issueId=1240340679365284185, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240376206927909171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, issueId=1240340679365284185, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=25, endPage=34, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240340683844809506, articleId=1240340683597345561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, language=EN, title=The Citizen Science Turn in Open Science:A Quantitative Study of International Open Science Policies from the Perspective of Policy Tools, columnId=1215673775031501199, journalTitle=Studies on Science Popularization, columnName=Science Popularization Capacity, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years,international open science policies have exhibited a marked shift toward citizen science. Understanding and advancing citizen science within the framework of open science policies are pivotal for fostering collaborative sharing and co-creation between science and society. This study employs a policy tool framework to analyze international open science policy texts,exploring policy designs across various types of institutions and offering relevant policy recommendations. The findings reveal that international open science policies have shifted their primary focus from traditional science popularization to active citizen science participation. Additionally,different types of institutions exhibit notable variations in their policy tool structures and specific policy designs. The study suggests that China could draw on international experiences when formulating future policies related to science and science popularization. This includes integrating open science and citizen science into policy design,reshaping research culture and the concept of science popularization,reforming research funding and evaluation systems,developing public service platforms,exploring new models of collaboration between science and society,fostering collaborative skills on both sides,and incorporating societal engagement throughout the entire research lifecycle. These measures aim to jointly advance collaborative sharing and co-creation between the scientific community and society.

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国际开放科学政策近年呈现明显的公众科学转向,开放科学政策如何理解和推动公众科学是推进科学与社会协同共享、共创的关键课题。本文基于政策工具视角,通过文本分析方法解构国际开放科学政策内容,探索不同类型机构的政策设计及侧重。结果显示,国际开放科学政策关注由传统的公众科学普及转向公众科学参与,不同类型机构在政策工具结构和具体政策设计上有所差异。我国未来制定科技与科普政策时可参考国际经验,在政策设计之初融入开放科学与公众科学的双向度并形成有机整体,重新思考科研文化和科普理念,改革科研资助和评价体系,建设公共服务平台,探索科学与社会新合作模式,双向培养协作技能,并将公众参与纳入科研全生命周期考量,共同推进科学与社会协同共享、共创。

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张增一为通讯作者,E-mail:
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姜天海,博士研究生,研究方向:开放科学、科学与社会,E-mail:

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[2023-05-31]. https://eosc.eu/sites/default/files/EOSC-SRIA-V09.pdf., articleTitle=Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda (SRIA) of the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240375347837989311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, articleId=1240340683597345561, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=European Commission, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=European Commission. Opening Science up to Society[EB/OL]. [2023-05-31]. https://rea.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-12/swafs_factsheet_05_0.pdf., articleTitle=Opening Science up to Society, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240375347909292482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, articleId=1240340683597345561, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=European Commission, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=European Commission. Mutual Learning Exercise on Citizen Science Initiatives-Policy and Practice. Fourth Thematic Report,Enabling Environments and Sustaining Citizen Science[EB/OL]. [2023-09-15]. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/305248., articleTitle=Mutual Learning Exercise on Citizen Science Initiatives-Policy and Practice. Fourth Thematic Report,Enabling Environments and Sustaining Citizen Science, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240375349377298886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, articleId=1240340683597345561, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Dutch Research Council, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dutch Research Council. NWO Open Science Policy[EB/OL]. [2023-05-31]. https://www.nwo.nl/en/open-science., articleTitle=NWO Open Science Policy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240375349679288782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, articleId=1240340683597345561, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Open Knowledge Finland, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Open Knowledge Finland. Open Citizen Science Project Recommendations[EB/OL]. [2023-05-31]. https://zenodo.org/record/1211063., articleTitle=Open Citizen Science Project Recommendations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240375349767369168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, articleId=1240340683597345561, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Information Society Development Institute, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Information Society Development Institute. Open Science in the Republic of Moldova[EB/OL]. [2023-05-31]. https://zenodo.org/record/1468418., articleTitle=Open Science in the Republic of Moldova, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240375349834478034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, articleId=1240340683597345561, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Universities and Societies from Latin America and the Caribbean, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Universities and Societies from Latin America and the Caribbean. Declaración de PanamáSobre Ciencia Abierta[EB/OL]. [2023-05-31]. https://forocilac.org/declaracion-de-panama-sobre-ciencia-abierta/., articleTitle=Declaración de PanamáSobre Ciencia Abierta, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240375349918364118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, articleId=1240340683597345561, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=University of Bergen, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=University of Bergen. The University of Bergen Policy for Open Science[EB/OL] [2023-05-31]. https://www.uib.no/en/foremployees/142184/university-bergen-policy-open-science., articleTitle=The University of Bergen Policy for Open Science, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240375350014833114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, articleId=1240340683597345561, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Canadian Space Agency, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Canadian Space Agency. 2021—2024 Open Science Action Plan[EB/OL]. [2023-05-31]. https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/publications/open-science-action-plan-2021-2024.asp., articleTitle=2021—2024 Open Science Action Plan, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240375350098719197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, articleId=1240340683597345561, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=International Science Council, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=International Science Council. Open Science for the 21st Century:Draft ISC Working Paper[EB/OL]. [2023-05-31]. https://council.science/publications/open-science-for-the-21st-century/., articleTitle=Open Science for the 21st Century:Draft ISC Working Paper, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240375350174216669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, articleId=1240340683597345561, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=中国人大网, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国人大网. 中华人民共和国科学技术进步法[EB/OL]. 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政策工具具体类型编码节点编码示例
供给型政策工具资金投入94“…increase involvement of users and members of the public in RTI funding programmes.”
公共服务101“…to test how citizens can become involved in the development of new services and
administrative process…”
教育培训112“…co-creation training programmes for participants from science… and civil society have
been developed.”
基础设施102“…develop the necessary infrastructure to effectively support public researchers in their
work.”
技术标准166“…the new citizen science quality criteria will provide a substantial reference framework.”
环境型
政策工具
监测评估49“…the composition and activities of the crowd are moderated and monitored at a professional
level.”
产权隐私66“The leaders of citizen science projects take into consideration legal and ethical issues
surrounding copyright,intellectual property…”
评价激励116“…research and innovation programmes will include clear incentives to increase participation
of civil society,knowledge holders such as citizens…”
制定法规108“Develop a set of guidelines including methodologies and policies for citizen science
activities...”
重塑文化281“…supporting the behavioural shifts,including an appreciation of the citizen scientist.”
需求型
政策工具
倡议联合128“…various stakeholders must engage in new forms of cooperation. In particular,this means
integrating civil society players such as citizens…”
模式创新99“Innovative models for knowledge transfer,like citizen science and crowdsourcing…”
强制开放67“…major funding agencies have mandated public access to the results of the research they
fund.”
需求侧补贴9“…fair compensation models for crowdwork and much more.”
公共采购4“Iceland has a national license that allows free access to a wide range of electronic journals
for any citizen with a national ISP address.”
), ArticleFig(id=1240375344956502342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, articleId=1240340683597345561, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

政策工具编码示例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
政策工具具体类型编码节点编码示例
供给型政策工具资金投入94“…increase involvement of users and members of the public in RTI funding programmes.”
公共服务101“…to test how citizens can become involved in the development of new services and
administrative process…”
教育培训112“…co-creation training programmes for participants from science… and civil society have
been developed.”
基础设施102“…develop the necessary infrastructure to effectively support public researchers in their
work.”
技术标准166“…the new citizen science quality criteria will provide a substantial reference framework.”
环境型
政策工具
监测评估49“…the composition and activities of the crowd are moderated and monitored at a professional
level.”
产权隐私66“The leaders of citizen science projects take into consideration legal and ethical issues
surrounding copyright,intellectual property…”
评价激励116“…research and innovation programmes will include clear incentives to increase participation
of civil society,knowledge holders such as citizens…”
制定法规108“Develop a set of guidelines including methodologies and policies for citizen science
activities...”
重塑文化281“…supporting the behavioural shifts,including an appreciation of the citizen scientist.”
需求型
政策工具
倡议联合128“…various stakeholders must engage in new forms of cooperation. In particular,this means
integrating civil society players such as citizens…”
模式创新99“Innovative models for knowledge transfer,like citizen science and crowdsourcing…”
强制开放67“…major funding agencies have mandated public access to the results of the research they
fund.”
需求侧补贴9“…fair compensation models for crowdwork and much more.”
公共采购4“Iceland has a national license that allows free access to a wide range of electronic journals
for any citizen with a national ISP address.”
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频次/次占比/%频次/次占比/%频次/次占比/%频次/次占比/%
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技术标准16628.98022.71152.46737.9832.0
教育培训11219.56418.2419.03821.5624.0
资金投入9416.37621.6419.01307.3104.0
环境型工具62041.336842.02338.319740.73239.5
产权隐私6610.72206.0626.13819.3000.0
监测评估4907.93609.8208.7703.6412.5
评价激励11618.78322.5313.02914.7103.1
制定法规10817.47119.3208.72914.7618.8
重塑文化28145.315642.41043.59447.72165.6
需求型工具30720.415717.91626.711022.72429.6
倡议联合12841.77950.3212.54137.3625.0
公共采购401.3100.6000.0302.7000.0
模式创新9932.34327.4531.33531.81666.7
强制开放6721.82616.6850.03128.2208.3
需求侧补贴902.9805.1106.2000.0000.0
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不同类型机构的政策工具内容分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总频次/次占比/%国家/区域政府科研资助机构学术组织机构政府间国际组织
频次/次占比/%频次/次占比/%频次/次占比/%频次/次占比/%
供给型工具57538.335240.12135.017736.62530.9
公共服务10117.66819.3000.03016.9312.0
基础设施10217.76418.2209.62916.4728.0
技术标准16628.98022.71152.46737.9832.0
教育培训11219.56418.2419.03821.5624.0
资金投入9416.37621.6419.01307.3104.0
环境型工具62041.336842.02338.319740.73239.5
产权隐私6610.72206.0626.13819.3000.0
监测评估4907.93609.8208.7703.6412.5
评价激励11618.78322.5313.02914.7103.1
制定法规10817.47119.3208.72914.7618.8
重塑文化28145.315642.41043.59447.72165.6
需求型工具30720.415717.91626.711022.72429.6
倡议联合12841.77950.3212.54137.3625.0
公共采购401.3100.6000.0302.7000.0
模式创新9932.34327.4531.33531.81666.7
强制开放6721.82616.6850.03128.2208.3
需求侧补贴902.9805.1106.2000.0000.0
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开放科学的公众科学转向:政策工具视角下国际开放科学政策文本的量化研究
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姜天海 , 贾萍萍 , 张增一
科普研究 | 科普能力 2024,19(5): 25-34
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科普研究 | 科普能力 2024, 19(5): 25-34
开放科学的公众科学转向:政策工具视角下国际开放科学政策文本的量化研究
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姜天海 , 贾萍萍, 张增一
作者信息
  • 中国科学院大学人文学院,北京 100049
  • 姜天海,博士研究生,研究方向:开放科学、科学与社会,E-mail:

通讯作者:

张增一为通讯作者,E-mail:
The Citizen Science Turn in Open Science:A Quantitative Study of International Open Science Policies from the Perspective of Policy Tools
Tianhai Jiang , Pingping Jia, Zengyi Zhang
Affiliations
  • School of Humanities,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.05.003
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国际开放科学政策近年呈现明显的公众科学转向,开放科学政策如何理解和推动公众科学是推进科学与社会协同共享、共创的关键课题。本文基于政策工具视角,通过文本分析方法解构国际开放科学政策内容,探索不同类型机构的政策设计及侧重。结果显示,国际开放科学政策关注由传统的公众科学普及转向公众科学参与,不同类型机构在政策工具结构和具体政策设计上有所差异。我国未来制定科技与科普政策时可参考国际经验,在政策设计之初融入开放科学与公众科学的双向度并形成有机整体,重新思考科研文化和科普理念,改革科研资助和评价体系,建设公共服务平台,探索科学与社会新合作模式,双向培养协作技能,并将公众参与纳入科研全生命周期考量,共同推进科学与社会协同共享、共创。

开放科学  /  公众科学  /  文本分析  /  政策工具

In recent years,international open science policies have exhibited a marked shift toward citizen science. Understanding and advancing citizen science within the framework of open science policies are pivotal for fostering collaborative sharing and co-creation between science and society. This study employs a policy tool framework to analyze international open science policy texts,exploring policy designs across various types of institutions and offering relevant policy recommendations. The findings reveal that international open science policies have shifted their primary focus from traditional science popularization to active citizen science participation. Additionally,different types of institutions exhibit notable variations in their policy tool structures and specific policy designs. The study suggests that China could draw on international experiences when formulating future policies related to science and science popularization. This includes integrating open science and citizen science into policy design,reshaping research culture and the concept of science popularization,reforming research funding and evaluation systems,developing public service platforms,exploring new models of collaboration between science and society,fostering collaborative skills on both sides,and incorporating societal engagement throughout the entire research lifecycle. These measures aim to jointly advance collaborative sharing and co-creation between the scientific community and society.

open science  /  citizen science  /  textual analysis  /  policy tools
姜天海, 贾萍萍, 张增一. 开放科学的公众科学转向:政策工具视角下国际开放科学政策文本的量化研究. 科普研究, 2024 , 19 (5) : 25 -34 . DOI: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.05.003
Tianhai Jiang, Pingping Jia, Zengyi Zhang. The Citizen Science Turn in Open Science:A Quantitative Study of International Open Science Policies from the Perspective of Policy Tools[J]. Studies on Science Popularization, 2024 , 19 (5) : 25 -34 . DOI: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.05.003
国际开放科学(Open Science)运动近年从开放获取、开放科学数据等实践扩展到公众科学(Citizen Science),打破科学与社会的边界,致力于面向全社会开放科研全生命周期,推动多知识系统协同共享、共创的全球性变革[1]。多国或区域相继出台的开放科学政策规划都将公众科学作为重要模块,如欧盟开放科学战略目标[2]、荷兰开放科学2030计划(Open Science 2030 in the Netherlands[3]和拉脱维亚开放科学战略2021—2027(Latvian Open Science Strategy 2021—2027[4]等。
面对科技与社会发展新形势,我国着力推进全民科学素质提高,《全民科学素质行动规划纲要(2021—2035年)》强调深化科普供给侧改革,提高供给效能,将“科技资源科普化工程”列为重点工程之首,并明确科学共同体各角色责任[5]。但建设工作面临诸多挑战,如科普主体权责不明、激励约束机制不足、科普理念方法相对滞后、对科技创新发展支撑不足等[6],特别是公众仅被认为是科研产出的被动接收者或科学教育参与者,并未真正参与科研流程,其作为知识创新贡献者的潜能尚未被完全发掘。
开放科学政策对公众作为知识创新贡献者的认可和对公众科学的重视为科学界与社会面临的共同挑战提供新视角。开放科学与公众科学有共通的内涵理念和使命目标,且其参与主体高度重合。国际开放科学运动可成为盘活科技资源、建设全民科学素质的新发展引擎,公众科学也是开放科学打破边界、形成协同共享、共创的重要抓手,二者互为表里。
开放科学与公众科学的交叉研究作为新兴方向,主要出现在国际前沿政策规划和研究报告中。在价值理念层面,开放科学将科研主体扩展至社会公众等非专业科研人员,如欧盟委员会明确认为公众作为科研贡献者可参与科学生产、交流和评价[2]。联合国教科文组织(United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization,UNESCO)的《开放科学建议书》(UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science)的一项重要任务是推动科学向社会开放科学知识创造、评估与传播过程,推动其与社会行动者的新型合作[7]。在平台机制层面,欧洲开放科学云(European Open Science Cloud,EOSC)建设的底层基础之一就是公众科学,鼓励公众参与和科研众包并提供数据存储和利用 [8]
目前,国内将二者视为有机整体的研究尚少。武学超提出开放科学内涵包括公众化、民主权等五个向度[9]。胡昭阳和汤书昆指出,随着科技知识可开放获取、可计算、可开放关联,异质性知识共同体正在进行全球性协同研究与创新,众包科学等成为公众参与科研的新型组织方式[10]。黄磊等指出,开放科学推动全球科学知识传播效率极大提升且生产成本大幅下降,科学知识可通过互联网增加公众对科学的理解,改变传统科学教育模式[11]。金瑛等提出,公众科学是新型开放创新模式,有助于推动开放科学、公民科学素质和公众参与政府决策[12]。罗昊雯和李正风提出,开放科学为科普转型升级提供更开放、包容、多元的发展空间,也让当代科普工作面临科普参与主体扩展、科学家与公众需要建立新型关系的挑战[13]
总体而言,国内已有研究甚少将开放科学与公众科学结合进行分析,特别是缺少如对相关政策文本进行交叉分析等的实证类研究。开放科学运动发展至今,已由传统的科学界内部改革转为面向全社会重构的开放式科学系统[1]。公众科学如何有机融入开放科学政策规划,不仅关乎开放式科学系统构建,也为提升全民科学素质提供新视角。本研究结合政策工具分析国际开放科学政策中所存在的公众科学转向,在“应然”基础上发掘更多“实然”,为我国未来科技与科普政策改革有机融入开放科学与公众科学提供依据。
随着公众科研兴趣提升和先进通信技术普及,公众科学在项目数量和范围上不断扩展。欧洲公众科学协会(European Citizen Science Association,ECSA)认为,公众科学是涵盖各种公众参与科学方式的总括性术语,主要特征是:第一,公民积极参与研究并与科研人员或专业人士合作;第二,能获得真正的成果,如新科学知识、保护行动或政策变化。该界定还从责任、道德、学科特征、资助与激励、数据管理与所有权等方面进一步描述公众科学的特征[14-15]
欧洲高校公众科学发展报告(Citizen Science at Universities:Trends,Guidelines and Recommendations)指出,公众科学家跨领域合作已形成共通的流程和网络,涌现出大量公众科学平台推动公众参与意识的广泛形成,参与形式也由简单任务演变为深入参与从构思到发表的科研全流程。该报告总结了影响公众科学项目成功与否的因素:招募和留住参与者;研究成果质量和影响;公开透明;组织、信息流动和可持续性;适当承认与奖励;道德和法律考虑等[16]
美国宇航局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)公众科学政策规定,公众科学项目应遵循严格标准,必须包括经同行评议的推动科学进步的目标等,评估要素包括科学价值;建立专业知识团队并促进参与、沟通和成果传播;有充足预算,可利用现有平台和爱好者社区发挥群体影响力;项目上线前须测试以确保数据质量和积极的参与体验,结果须反馈给参与者,须包含数据管理计划等[17]
公众科学和开放科学有共通的内涵理念。开放科学的内涵理念已从最初单纯的开放科学信息资源,扩展到共享、透明、公平、包容、协作等,强调科学界与社会的协同共享、共创以及不同行动者在参与多元实践与过程中的平等角色[7]
研究遵循ECSA的公众科学概念界定与原则,聚焦开放科学政策中与公众科学相关的政策文本研究。第一,为确保样本查全率,结合以下方式检索:检索国际开放科学政策网站和开放科学知识库(如zenodo);检索国际组织和政府机构网站和文件库;扩展检索国内外相关文献;以“开放科学”和“公众科学”为关键词在国外搜索引擎补充检索。第二,政策文件标题中须带有“open science”关键词,搜索到的开放科学政策文件内容须包含“citizen science”“public engagement”等相关内容。第三,开放科学政策体系的建立依靠多元主体的改革力量,包括国家和区域政府机构、科研资助机构、科研单位与学术组织,以及政府间国际组织等。研究选取的发布机构在开放科学运动推动阶段具有较大的权威和影响力,但作为一个新兴运动,开放科学政策的发布多出现在欧美地区,因此样本选取在现阶段受实际情况所限并不能做到区域均衡。第四,改革初期,不同主体发布的政策文件形式多元,开放科学的重要政策和战略规划主要包括政策、规划、路线图、宣言和愿景报告等形式,其中,宣言和愿景报告均选自政府和权威组织机构,对开放科学战略规划和政策体系建设具有重要意义,且其提出的规则和措施等对发布主体内部有执行效力,有助于我们更全面地理解这一由异质性主体联合推动的政策改革全貌。本研究经过初筛共获得118份开放科学国际政策文件,基于上述筛选策略剔除不含公众科学内容的文件,最终确定93份样本,时间跨度为2012年1月至2023年3月。
研究结合罗伊·罗恩韦尔(Roy Rothwell)和沃尔特·泽格维德(Walter Zegveld)的政策工具理论[18],对开放科学政策中公众科学相关文本进行结构化分析,将政策工具分为供给型、环境型与需求型(见表1),并基于前期反复阅读进行界定:第一,供给型政策工具主要通过直接投入资源推动公众科学发展,包括设立公共服务队伍、投入基础设施、设立技术标准、开展教育培训和资金投入;第二,环境型政策工具表现为政策对建设公众科学的间接影响,指通过制定法规指导、改革科学评价激励体系、完善知识产权和隐私安全、实施政策监测评估和重塑公众参与的开放文化营造有利的政策环境;第三,需求型政策工具通过多方联合并参与国际开放科学倡议、强制开放数据成果、创新交流参与模式、采取公共采购或需求侧补贴,间接刺激需求端活力并形成新的市场需求。
在政策工具理论指导下,研究利用NVivo11质性研究工具对开放科学政策文本中公众科学相关文本进行编码,将政策文本中有价值的信息转化为量化数据,进而再现政策工具结构和政策文本的其他结构性特征。编码步骤包括:首先,通过前期反复阅读确立检索关键词,包括citizen science、public、society及其变体,以及对公众科学家的多种称呼方式如non-academic、non-professional、non-scientist、non-expert、non-specialist、amateur、crowd、volunteer,以及crowd sourcing、scientific communication等以确保无遗漏,其中剔除public较宽泛的“公共的”含义;之后,由两位编码员进行前10%样本的编码信度测试,测试结果以Kappa系数显示为0.94,符合后期编码需求;再基于政策工具、科研生命周期、政策关注问题等维度进一步完成文本信息抽取、编码与量化,共编码4 761个节点;最后,分析编码结果,编码示例见表1
全球多地政府组织机构近年相继发布开放科学政策规划,其中对公众科学参与的政策的关注度上升,相关文件发布数量在2021年达峰。其中,欧洲是主要发布地(77.4%),发布机构中占比最高的是学术组织机构(47.3%)和政府机构(40.9%)。文件类型主要为政策规划(53.8%),政策效力逐步提升,如斯洛文尼亚的《科研和创新法案》(Slovenia:Open Science in the New Scientific Research and Innovation Activities Act)从法律层面承认开放科学与公众科学的重要性[19]
随着全球挑战愈发复杂和全民科学素质提升,公众不再满足于作为科研活动末端的信息接收者,这种传统的从科学界向公众单向科普到公众主动参与科研活动的转向也体现在政策文本中。经编码可得,公众科普相关节点占46.2%,公众科学参与节点占比更高(53.8%)。政府对公众科学参与关注更高(60%),学术组织机对此类的关注最少(45.6%)(见图1)。
政策文本提及的公众科学能解决的科研或社会问题中,社会问题占比高达79.6%,其中频次最高的关键词包括推动公众科学参与热情、维护公众获取科研信息权利和提升科学素质、解决社会需求的挑战、提升公众科学信任等;科研问题中最多提及的是推进科研范式变革、提升科研质量与诚信、提升科研效率与效益、推动科学民主化等(见图2)。
在政策工具结构中,环境型工具使用频次最高(41.3%),特别是重塑公众科学参与的开放文化,以及改革科研评价激励协同共创。供给型工具(38.3%)最常用的是设置开放科研数据和公众科学等标准,其次是教育培训以提升协作能力。需求型工具(20.4%)着重推动倡议联合融入国际开放科学语境。供给型工具投入资源起到直接推动作用,环境型工具建设生态培养适合孵化的土壤,需求型工具通过调节激发主体活力,三类工具相互作用形成协同效应。
不同类型机构的侧重不同(见表2),在供给型工具中,政府注重资金投入,科研资助机构对技术标准的使用高出均值近一倍,政府间国际组织更注重基础设施建设;环境型工具中,资助机构更关注知识产权和隐私保护,国际组织注重重塑文化;需求型工具中,政府着力推动联合倡议,资助机构注重强制开放刺激需求,国际组织则呼吁模式创新。
开放科学是对科研活动的系统性变革,本研究基于科研活动规律,将科研生命周期分为科研启动(构思、立项)、科研实施(数据收集、处理)、成果传播(出版、传播)、成果评价(同行评议、科研评价)和知识动员(知识转化、再利用)五阶段,研究政策在不同阶段对公众科学的推动效果。知识动员阶段编码节点占38.7%,然后是科研实施(24.7%)、成果传播(17%)、成果评价(12.5%)和科研启动(7.1%)阶段,公众科学相关政策主要集中在知识动员和科研实施阶段。在不同类型机构中,政府使用的政策工具主要在知识动员阶段;资助机构主要在科研实施阶段、科研启动阶段相对较高;学术组织机构对成果传播关注较高;国际组织更关注科研实施和知识动员阶段(见图3)。
根据上述分析并结合部分样本案例,可大致勾勒出不同类型机构在开放科学政策中推动公众科学的实施路径。
《开放式欧洲》(Open Europe:Policies,Reforms and Achievements in EU Science and Innovation 2014—2019)报告中曾指出,开放科学的一个显著特征是它正在重新定义公众在科研中的角色[20]。20世纪,科学被视为高度专业化的活动,为有科学背景的全职专业人员所从事,公众只发挥被动作用。开放式科学生态系统中的公众在科研生产和传播中扮演重要角色,这不仅承认了公众参与权,而且在认知层面明确公众可为研究过程提供关键见解。
欧盟理事会在2016年以开放科学行动倡议与决议的方式率先在欧盟地区达成理念共识,推动公众获取科研信息和其科学参与、发表等权利[21-22]。随后欧盟委员会提出的开放科学政策体系和平台建设要求科研生产、评价和交流等改革均融入公众参与[2]。不同行动者可发挥不同作用:政府可提供线上工具包、入门途径与学习空间,连接现有欧洲科研活动与基础设施,并倡导实践原则和质量标准;科研单位可投入资金、设施和人力,图书馆可作为沟通桥梁并开展培训;科研资助机构则应提供灵活长期的资助并设立小型试验项目[23]
2021年,欧盟委员会提出将开放科学和公众科学作为欧洲研究惯例,深入推进科研评价改革,评估公众科学和社会参与程度等指标[24]。“地平线欧洲”(Horizon Europe)研究资助框架已将公众、民间团体和终端用户参与纳入立项考核。
能力建设是指支持协作网络和确保资源的系统,包括基础设施建设、人力和资源供给、技能培训等。2016年,欧盟筹建欧洲开放科学云平台(Europen Open Science Cloud,EOSC),在底层机制融入公众科学理念,明确规定数据提供和使用者涵盖公众等所有行动者[25]。欧洲“地平线2020”研究资助框架为其“科学与为了社会”(Science with and for Society,SwafS)模块拨款5亿欧元开展能力建设[20],在高校和科研机构中开展了700余项改革[26]。荷兰开放科学2030计划将公众科学和社会参与提升为首要战略,每年投入2千万欧元用于开放科学相关建设[3]
欧盟委员会提出,能力建设关键要提升对公众科学需求和裨益的认识,不能仅限于科学家的能力建设;科研资助和评价机构也要开展能力建设,其在早期就为实践者提供电子学习工具与平台,并在各级设置公众科学支持中心,整合社区和网络力量等[27]。例如,瑞士苏黎世公众科学能力中心以“一站式商店”形式支持全国活动,包括工具和基础设施(开放的网络和移动平台)、专业知识和方法(包括数据质量、研究伦理等)、科学家与公众互动的社区管理、网络和伙伴关系。该中心注重学术研究质量,并优先考虑共创项目,最大限度促进公众和科学家的多阶段合作,现已形成强韧的合作网络,为不同行动者提供培训和种子资金,培养关键位置的倡导者和活动大使[27]
科研资助机构不仅提供经费资助,在科研评价奖励中也发挥重要作用,是科学系统变革的重要角色。例如,荷兰研究理事会(Dutch Research Council)长期致力于开放科学建设,2020年起将公众科学活动纳入项目预算“设备、项目相关商品与服务、与第三方协作”模块。全职科研人员在该模块每年可申请高达1.5万欧元用于报销志愿者费用、招募或培训公众科学家,或建设相关平台设施[28]
学术组织机构积极探索协同共享、共创的开放科学文化和公众合作的新科研模式,并力求改革科研评价奖励机制。芬兰开放知识组织(Open Science Coordination in Finland)提出,公众参与不只是一种方法,还是一种态度和价值观,应建立公民科学家奖励激励机制,通过文章共同署名等承认各方贡献[29]。摩尔多瓦信息社会发展机构(Information Society Development Institute,Moldova)的开放科学评估指标中有一项用于评价公众科学建设,包括公众科学平台与知识库数量、众筹项目数量和金额、与公众合作的科研项目比例、论文共同署名者包含非科学家的数量、非专家个人和组织发起的科研项目数、科学博客数、公众科学群体大小等[30]。拉丁美洲和加勒比地区高校与社团联盟(Universities and Societies from Latin America and the Caribbean)发布的巴拿马开放科学宣言(Declaraci ó n de Panam ásobre Ciencia Abierta)提出,建立激励机制承认科研人员与社区公民的合作关乎区域知识生产和能力发展,促进社区参与科研及资源有效再利用,通过公众科学进程和民间自主开源创新解决社区问题,鼓励投资建设促进公众参与的开放式研究机构、区域开放实验室网络,并推进符合区域需求的合作项目议程[31]。挪威卑尔根大学(University of Bergen)开放科学政策明确提出,要推动公众科学,包括利用现有激励计划在校园推广公众合作的新科研形式,确保项目遵守学术标准中的科研证据、科学方法和研究伦理,并建立基础设施促进公众科学项目数据管理[32]。加拿大航天局(Canadian Space Agency)开放科学政策提出为公民科学家开发数据入门工具包,通过分阶段方法提高开放数据网站现有数据集的可用性[33]
UNESCO的《开放科学建议书》[7]作为全球纲领性文件明确了开放科学运动的社会转向,强调科学的公有属性,社会各界都应以平等、公平的角色参与科研,并基于众筹、众包和科学志愿服务等新合作模式,使科学过程更具包容性,更容易被探究型社会所接受。国际科学理事会也通过宣言、倡议等方式强调科研工作面临的障碍是缺乏公众接受,政府决策路线往往是“决定—宣布—捍卫”,而非“参与—深思—决定—行动”[34]。开放科学应着重推动早期的社会参与和征询,与社会各界共同制定以解决方案为导向的知识、政策和实践。当前全球复杂挑战的应对需要多方知识技能,相关行动者在某一时刻既是知识生产者也是使用者,这是一个创造可操作知识和促进相互学习的社会过程,科学知识生产者必须停止将知识使用者视为被动的信息接收者或仅是科研数据收集者,科学知识生产者可通过社交媒体群组和众包等数字化流程汇聚群体智慧。
通过机构案例分析可发现,不同类型机构的政策工具使用和实施路径各有侧重,与前述分析结果相互印证。其中,国家和区域肩负统筹配置资源和政策文化建设的重任,因此供给型和环境型工具使用率最高,注重重塑开放的科研文化,改革科研评价体系,同时直接投入资源进行能力建设,并完善政策体系提升公众科学的战略地位。科研资助机构作为科技资源配置与评价的权威角色,通过资助和评价政策进行约束和激励,因而刺激市场活力的需求型工具使用更成熟,如荷兰研究理事会将公众科学纳入资助预算。学术组织机构对内部科研人员有管束和激励之职,同时肩负科学与社会间的桥梁连接职责,在双向联结中表现积极,但不同组织机构改革的侧重点不同,因而对工具的使用较为平均,实施路径也更多元化。政府间国际组织的属性决定其难以提供直接投入,但号召力强,可通过倡议联结各方利益,达成理念共识,因此其作用不可或缺。
不同类型机构作为异质性行动者群体,通过国际研讨会和宣言倡议等达成共识,形成紧密的关系型网络同盟,并在谈判磋商中不断定位自身在同盟中的角色作用,进而明确适合自身的政策工具和实施路径。上述分析也为未来我国分层推动相关政策实践提供启示。
开放科学可成为科技体制与科普工作改革的一个新切入点,世界各国相继围绕开放科学政策形成新的专项改革方案,我国新修订的《中华人民共和国科学技术进步法》也认可了开放科学对科技进步与社会发展的重要作用[35]。我国在未来改革科技与科普政策时,可参考已有国际经验,在政策设计之初就融入开放科学与公众科学,推进科学与社会的协同共享、共创。
当前,我国科普工作面临挑战,这一方面是由于我国公民科学素质有待提高;另一方面是由于当前科研工作高度专业化,科学界与社会间存在巨大鸿沟,公众仅被认为是科研产出的被动接收者,其作为知识创新贡献者的潜能尚未被发掘。开放科学的理念内涵已扩展为科学与社会共享、协作、共创等原则,与公众科学有共通的内涵理念和使命目标,且参与主体高度重合,并将公众视为平等、主动的行动者。在推动公众科学建设的国际开放科学政策中,使用频率最高的是环境型工具(41.3%),特别是其中的重塑开放的科研文化(45.3%)是关键环境要素。未来我国在建设科研文化时,可以重新思考公众作为知识创新贡献者在科研活动中的角色,可选取部分领域先行先试,探索公众在科研议程设置、数据收集、知识生产和再利用等方面的作用。
政策文本和案例分析显示,改革科研价值导向可从资助与评价政策入手,科研资助机构与科研单位可探索设置科研人员与公众协作的专项基金,考核受资助项目的开放科学设计,如在立项时考察数据管理计划(Data Management Plan),在预算中设置部分因公众参与产生的费用或平台建设费,在项目评估中考察项目的公众参与程度,并在科研产出如论文发表中明确列出公众贡献。除此之外,将社会参与和公众协作纳入科研评价指标,改变现有的“唯论文”评价体系,激发科普供给侧效能。
研究显示,直接投入资金资源、建设平台和公共服务、提供教育培训等供给型政策可助力开放科学背景下的公众科学发展。我国可探索围绕基础设施、教育培训、互动社区与网络伙伴关系等建设各级公众科学支持中心,提供可及性高、可操作性强的科研数据管理平台和公众协作实验室等,可基于区域需求设立区域协作实验平台,通过地方性知识和群体智慧解决区域问题。
欧盟委员会在总结相关政策实践经验时提到一项挑战,就是要将公众参与科学推广到征询意见之外的科研全生命周期。研究结果显示,在当前国际开放科学政策中,公众科学相关政策主要集中在知识动员(38.7%)、科研实施(24.7%)和成果传播(17%)阶段,科研评价(12.5%)和科研启动(7.1%)阶段工具使用较少,造成了公众科学参与周期的不均衡、不连贯。建议未来我国在制定相关政策时考量公众在科研全生命周期的参与程度和方式。
相关政策实践可能面临现实阻力,如政策倡导的不同角色间的公平、平等和实际科研活动规律、科研资源分配、科研评价体系等之间的问题,需要将公众科学纳入开放式科学系统进行全盘考虑。
过去20多年的国际开放科学运动发展逐渐呈现出明显的公众科学转向。开放科学政策对公众作为知识创新主体的认可和对公众科学参与的重视,为重新理解科学的建制和科学界与社会间的关系提供了新的思考。此前,科学界与社会间存在巨大鸿沟,公众仅被认为是科研产出的被动接收者或科学教育的参与者。
未来,我国在制定科技与科普政策规划时,可在顶层设计上有机整合开放科学与公众科学的理念,不仅要推动科技资源科普化和科研人员参与科学传播,而且将公众视为知识创新主体之一,激励公众参与科学,在政策层面承认公众对科研活动的重要性和主动性,从需求侧角度提升公众科学活力与能力,进而提升全民科学素质。同时,随着我国开放科学实践的不断深入,要改革科研资助和评价体系,搭建科学公共服务平台,探索科学与社会互动的新模式,促进科学家与公众进行高效的协作和沟通,将公众参与纳入科研全生命周期,推进公众科学以及科学与社会的协同发展。
  • 中国科学技术协会研究生科普能力提升项目“开放科学促进科学普及和公众参与的机制与路径研究”(KXYJS2022010)
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doi: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.05.003
  • 接收时间:2023-12-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-25
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中国科学技术协会研究生科普能力提升项目“开放科学促进科学普及和公众参与的机制与路径研究”(KXYJS2022010)
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    中国科学院大学人文学院,北京 100049

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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