Article(id=1215673776776335541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, issueId=1215673771789304187, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2025.05.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750435200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767768814509, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1760889600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767768814509, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767768814509, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767768814509, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215673771789304187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, year='2025', volume='20', issue='5', pageStart='5', pageEnd='122', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767768813320, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767770084132, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215679102028272162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, issueId=1215673771789304187, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215679102028272163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, issueId=1215673771789304187, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=58, endPage=67, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215673776960884919, articleId=1215673776776335541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, language=EN, title=The Visible and the Invisible:Key Dimensions of Digital Literacy Enhancement in the Platform Society, columnId=1215673772707856771, journalTitle=Studies on Science Popularization, columnName=Special Issue: Digital Literacy, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The arrival of the platform society poses new challenges to traditional citizens’ digital literacy,reflected in both visually-centred forms of content expression and algorithmically-driven mechanisms of content distribution. Based on an analysis of visual studies and platform studies,this paper argues that digital literacy in the platform society comprises two key dimensions:visual literacy and algorithmic literacy. Enhancing citizens’ digital literacy requires developing both visual interpretation,critique,and creative abilities, as well as algorithmic cognition,critique,and interactive abilities. Furthermore,it emphasizes that the collaborative enhancement of digital literacy in the platform society should be grounded in structural empowerment,guided by inclusiveness,and oriented toward future technological transformations.

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平台社会的到来对传统的公民数字素养提出了新的挑战,这种挑战体现在以视觉为中心的内容表达形式和以算法为驱动的内容推送机制两个方面。本文基于对视觉研究和平台机制的分析,提出平台社会中的数字素养具有视觉素养和算法素养两个关键维度,公民数字素养的提升既要关注视觉解读、批判和创作能力,也要关注算法认知、批判和交互能力,并强调平台社会数字素养的协同提升应以结构性赋能为基础,以包容性为原则,以未来技术变革为导向。

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张志安为通讯作者,E-mail:
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方正,复旦大学新闻学院博士研究生,研究方向:平台与社会、技术文化等,E-mail:

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方正,复旦大学新闻学院博士研究生,研究方向:平台与社会、技术文化等,E-mail:

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“可见”和“不可见”:平台社会数字素养提升的关键维度
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方正 , 张志安
科普研究 | 专题:数字素养 2025,20(5): 58-67
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科普研究 | 专题:数字素养 2025, 20(5): 58-67
“可见”和“不可见”:平台社会数字素养提升的关键维度
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方正 , 张志安
作者信息
  • 复旦大学新闻学院,上海 200433
  • 方正,复旦大学新闻学院博士研究生,研究方向:平台与社会、技术文化等,E-mail:

通讯作者:

张志安为通讯作者,E-mail:
The Visible and the Invisible:Key Dimensions of Digital Literacy Enhancement in the Platform Society
Zheng Fang , Zhian Zhang
Affiliations
  • School of Journalism,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433
出版时间: 2025-10-20 doi: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2025.05.006
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平台社会的到来对传统的公民数字素养提出了新的挑战,这种挑战体现在以视觉为中心的内容表达形式和以算法为驱动的内容推送机制两个方面。本文基于对视觉研究和平台机制的分析,提出平台社会中的数字素养具有视觉素养和算法素养两个关键维度,公民数字素养的提升既要关注视觉解读、批判和创作能力,也要关注算法认知、批判和交互能力,并强调平台社会数字素养的协同提升应以结构性赋能为基础,以包容性为原则,以未来技术变革为导向。

平台社会  /  数字素养  /  视觉素养  /  算法素养

The arrival of the platform society poses new challenges to traditional citizens’ digital literacy,reflected in both visually-centred forms of content expression and algorithmically-driven mechanisms of content distribution. Based on an analysis of visual studies and platform studies,this paper argues that digital literacy in the platform society comprises two key dimensions:visual literacy and algorithmic literacy. Enhancing citizens’ digital literacy requires developing both visual interpretation,critique,and creative abilities, as well as algorithmic cognition,critique,and interactive abilities. Furthermore,it emphasizes that the collaborative enhancement of digital literacy in the platform society should be grounded in structural empowerment,guided by inclusiveness,and oriented toward future technological transformations.

platform society  /  digital literacy  /  visual literacy  /  algorithmic literacy
方正, 张志安. “可见”和“不可见”:平台社会数字素养提升的关键维度. 科普研究, 2025 , 20 (5) : 58 -67 . DOI: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2025.05.006
Zheng Fang, Zhian Zhang. The Visible and the Invisible:Key Dimensions of Digital Literacy Enhancement in the Platform Society[J]. Studies on Science Popularization, 2025 , 20 (5) : 58 -67 . DOI: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2025.05.006
在数字中国建设的战略背景下,国家对公民数字素养的重视程度不断上升。习近平总书记在2021年10月18日的中央政治局第三十四次集体学习时指出,“要提高全党全社会数字素养和技能,夯实中国数字经济发展社会基础”[1]。随后,《提升全民数字素养与技能行动纲要》《“十四五”国家信息化规划》等文件相继出台,“全民数字素养与技能提升行动”被列为国家信息化规划的十大优先行动之首[2],这标志着媒介与信息素养已经上升至中国顶层国家治理的层面。
然而,当前媒介与信息素养的知识体系尚未能充分回应来自平台社会的传播逻辑的挑战。近年来,平台作为基础设施,逐步渗透进现有的社会运作与制度安排,由此形成“平台社会”。在平台社会中,社会互动和经济交易的流量越来越多地由全球在线平台生态系统引导,该生态系统由算法驱动并由数据推动[3],网络传播则整体呈现出“无视频不传播、无平台不触达、无情感不共鸣”的新特点[4]
实际上,学术界对“素养”的理解与媒介技术环境的发展高度关联,因此,本文的核心议题在于,数字素养的能力内核在平台社会的网络传播语境中发生了何种转变;为回应这一转变,数字素养提升应聚焦于哪些关键维度。本文主张,平台社会的网络传播要求数字素养从以文本识读为中心的传统框架,转向能同时应对“可见”的内容形态和“不可见”的分发机制的新结构。据此,本文将“视觉素养”和“算法素养”这两个相对被忽视但至关重要的维度,确立为平台社会中数字素养及其提升的关键维度。
“数字素养”并非一个静态、封闭的概念,其核心相对稳定,边界则动态变化。首先,从全球视角来看,数字素养主要被置于能力框架中理解[5-6],其核心是一种“在高度数字化的信息环境中有效运用各种形式信息的能力”[7],包括对信息的获取、理解、评估与创造等层次。其次,“素养”本身是社会建构的[8],媒介与信息素养同样是一个跨学科的、逐渐发展的概念群,具体的能力内核具有流动性和情境性,以至于一些学者认为,该领域已经充斥了太多术语,包括“信息素养”“网络素养”“新媒体素养”等。这些术语各有侧重,包括儿童青少年保护、赋权,以及个人、社群和地区发展等[9],也未必具有清晰的层级关系,博登(D. Bawden)等[7]因此主张使用“数字素养”作为相关素养的总称,并指出数字素养必须包含对新信息环境的全面理解。而传统媒介素养体系源于大众传媒时代,强调文本的识读或批判能力,其在平台社会的网络传播语境下面临新的挑战,具体体现为日益“视觉化”的传播形式和算法主导的分发机制。正是传播语境在这两个层面的变化,构成了重思数字素养的依据。
在可见的媒介内容层面上,平台主导的传播环境日益“视觉化”。用户所接触内容的形式除图文之外,最显著的变化是短视频占据其注意力的比例。截至2024年12月,在我国11.08亿网民中,视频软件用户规模为10.70亿人,占网民整体的96.6%,其中短视频用户规模为10.40亿人,网络直播用户达8.33亿人[10]。而论人均单日使用时长,短视频应用达156分钟,居所有互联网应用首位;长视频应用次之,为110分钟;微短剧用户规模则迅速增长至6.62亿人,人均单日使用时长达101分钟,追平即时通讯应用[11]规模。在网络用户的沟通实践中,视觉成为主导的内容形态[12],其不仅展现出较强的叙事与情感动员效果,也出现了深度伪造等新型的视觉欺骗现象。更进一步说,在内容形态之外,数字交互界面本身就贯彻了一种“用视觉来思考”的原则[13]。图像理论家米切尔(W.J.T.Mitchell)[14]指出,图像在政治、大众文化、社会思考,乃至知识结构中,都成为我们这个时代特别紧迫的问题。然而,目前数字素养研究和行动仍然只是将视觉当作特定的信息传达方式,还没有充分认识到语言文字和视觉材料的差异,以及视觉材料的独特性[7]
在不可见的信息分发机制层面上,平台极大地改变了传播的权力结构。范戴克(J.van Dijk)[15]以树为隐喻,强调平台生态系统的秩序并非随机,而是受各种不可见的力量塑造,那些能够部署数据流的平台共同控制和组织了信息系统本身。平台以数据化、商品化和选择性3种机制驱动社会与经济互动,经由界面与算法自动运转,管理内容和用户活动。平台中的选择不仅由用户实践决定,而且还由黑箱式的技术商业策略构成[5]。平台对内容生产和传播机制的最大影响之一,正是算法推荐。算法是以有限步骤逐步解决问题的程序[16],今日头条和抖音等新兴平台伴随算法成长起来,微信视频号也在强化算法的应用。算法逐渐驱动所有平台的信息和服务匹配,重构了把关机制,改变了过去以专业权威为导向的内容分配原则。基于算法的决策在很大程度上影响了互联网用户如何感知世界,但正如李晓静在《智能媒体使用与儿童身心发展研究》一书中所警示,若缺乏有效管理与引导,智能媒体和算法对公民数字素养的影响可能弊大于利[17]
面对上述双重挑战,传统媒介素养已难以全面回应当下的素养需求。因此,平台社会中的公民数字素养转向必须突出两类关键素养,即视觉素养与算法素养。前者对应于信息传播的“内容层”,关注内容接受与表达形式,侧重于对平台中具体内容的识别与生成;算法素养对应于“机制层”,聚焦平台规则、数据流和算法决策等隐蔽的内容推荐与分发机制,强调整体信息获取的结构维度。二者互相补充,不可或缺。同时需要注意的是,米切尔[14]指出,并不存在所谓的“纯视觉媒体”,“媒体始终是感官和符号元素的混合体,所有所谓的视觉媒体都是混合或混杂的形态,融合了声音和视觉、文本和图像。即使是视觉本身也并非纯粹的视觉,其运作需要视觉和触觉印象的协调”。不过,由于“视觉”是平台内容最主要的形式,本文聚焦于视觉素养和算法素养,并主张除了传统的数字素养进路,还要从审美和文化视角切入,来关注用户对平台视觉内容的解读、批判与创作能力,然后进入视觉呈现背后的分发机制,关注用户对平台算法逻辑的认知、批判与交互能力,以提升平台社会的数字素养。
关于视觉素养的讨论可以分为两类[18],第一类之所以重视视觉素养,是为了补充、支持和促进更传统的读写能力的发展。比如,美国大学与研究型图书馆协会(Association of College and Research Libraries,ACRL)在2022年发布的第二版《高等教育视觉素养能力标准》将视觉素养视为对信息素养的补充:“视觉素养是一系列有效地发现、解读、评估、使用和创作图像及视觉媒体的能力,拥有视觉素养的人能够理解和分析视觉材料制作和使用中的语境、文化、伦理、美学、智力和技术等因素,既是视觉媒体的批判性消费者,也是对共享知识和文化体系的合格贡献者。”[19]而当代文化越来越依赖视觉,也因为它与即时和普遍的交流能力相关[18]。第二类则更重视特定艺术形式独有的思维能力和审美体验,主要目标是学习以更加专注和更本质的认知方式观察、感知和回应视觉艺术作品。不过,还需注意到图像理论家乔纳森·克拉里(J. Crary)等人的批判视角,他们认为“构成视觉领域的诸多因素,很大程度上是其他力量和权力关系的产物”,反对将视觉性置于优先地位[20]
学界对“视觉素养”的讨论所存在的差异源于大家对“视觉”理解的差异。视觉素养本身从读写能力(literacy)发展而来,语言与视觉之间的相似之处常常掩盖二者的张力。第一类讨论实际上采用符号学的术语来理解视觉信息,认为视觉信息有自己的“词汇”和“语法”,并将对视觉信息进行编码与解码的能力视为视觉素养,既要识别出视觉信息的框架,也要认识到视觉表达背后的中介过程[21]。在文本和剧本之外,视觉也通过其自身完成叙事,比如以低角度镜头拍摄的政客形象暗示了“强势领导者”的意涵[22],而社交媒体用户往往需要已经具备这一视觉语法知识才能识读出来。然而,相较于语言文字,图像与其含义间的联系主要来自类比,使得对图像的认知更为直观、高效[13]。简言之,看似理解视觉比理解文字更自然,但正因为视觉拥有独特的“语法”,反而可能要求更高的素养,这种张力构成了视觉素养的特性和复杂性。因此,视觉素养不仅仅是对传统媒介素养中“图像识读”能力的简单延伸,而是在平台社会“以视觉为中心”的传播环境下,针对视觉信息的获取、解读、批判与创作等多维能力的系统性提升,其核心能力、知识结构与评价标准,与以文本为主的媒介素养存在显著差异。对“素养”的重新概念化需要将视觉性置于更广泛的当代跨学科语境中[7],在中国当前平台社会的语境下,本文主张一种中间路线,即强调对视觉文本“词汇”和“语法”的解码能力,同时也注意视觉材料中那些并非完全语言化的部分。本文将视觉素养区分为视觉解读、批判和创作能力,既从视觉文本识读、批判性和包容性来理解视觉素养,也考虑视觉图像或视觉性在自我表达、美学乃至人文层面更广泛意义上的作用和地位。
视觉解读能力意味着用户能够轻松流畅地解码和理解视觉信息[13]。图像经常与大众迷信或缺乏读写能力联系起来[14],对图像占据主导地位、大众被虚假形象误导的焦虑,在文化史中反复出现,也始终呼唤着视觉解读能力。用户往往对视觉信息的接受更“自然”,这意味着视觉信息可以创造出强大的“现实感”“真实感”和“证据感”[23],能够超越文字来塑造我们对于世界的理解和阐释[24],其操纵性更加隐蔽,难以察觉[25]。不仅如此,视觉素养在其初期与审美和艺术教育密切相关[26],涉及自我和集体意识的生成。审美判断的外在形式是对一件艺术作品的反应,但它同时代表着形成这种反应的思想,个体在审美判断中进行自我分类、形成自我认同[27]。正因为我们的个体或集体自我意识会在视觉中并通过视觉被塑造和重塑,所以重要的是将图像理解为社会的建构物,而非现实的反映、审美愉悦的方式或市场营销的工具,从而在当代文化中负责任地思考和行动[26]
既然如此,那么用户如何提升视觉解读能力?第一,要学习解读视觉语法,意识到视觉材料中取景、预设视角、剪辑、色调范围、叙事、偶然性和二维性等因素的存在,ACRL的视觉素养标准中很多题项正是针对视觉语法设置的[19]。第二,视觉并非“中性表达”,而是具有强烈意义建构与情感力量的文化文本,解读出视觉内容中的情绪及其得以承载和流行的视觉机制,也是重要的视觉素养。第三,学习通过各种方式找到判断真实性的线索。图像和视频处理软件以及文生图、文生视频大模型的流行,使虚假错误信息和偏见歧视信息更容易生成和泛滥。除了通过检查视觉信息进行甄别,还包括机器辅助检查、社交媒体讨论等方式,公众对这些能力的掌握都应该被视为视觉素养的一部分。
视觉批判能力的目标在于理解视觉内容的复杂性,洞察视觉操控的意图和过程。话语被铭刻在图像中,视觉信息从来都不是中立的。例如,一幅名人的图像呈现了其个人生活的某个面向,同时也以特定方式建构了该名人的身份。因此,视觉素养领域本身逐渐转向更批判性的立场,即从视觉符号阐释和美学欣赏,过渡到对图像生产和接受过程中相关权力和利益的分析[23],使个人能够批判性地、负责任地理解视觉信息,促进社会正义。这首先要求用户能够看到视觉叙事中的权力关系和意识形态,对视觉内容中的代表性、再现方式、公平性和权力动态进行积极而自觉的审视[28]。其次,用户需探究自身的立场,了解个人的背景、经历、价值观、世界观、偏见等如何影响对视觉材料的解读、互动和研究[19]。最后,用户需要意识到视觉信息背后存在着生产和流通过程。在大众媒介兴盛时期,学界就提出要通过视觉素养教育解析权力的操控,以抵御色情、暴力和消费主义内容对受众的腐蚀[29]。在平台社会,视觉元素对公众认知有着显著的影响,往往比基于文本的信息更能有效地吸引受众的注意力。调动视觉元素争夺注意力的背后是对流量的需求,用户需要意识到生产和流通过程如何影响视觉呈现。例如,随着人工智能和机器学习驱动社交媒体平台和搜索引擎的发展,“网红”和机器人开始将图片优化成点击诱饵(click bait),以推动病毒式传播[28]
结合对现有文献的分析,本文将视觉创作能力定义为,针对特定目标和特定受众,运用美学和设计元素,负责任地创作和传达有意义的视觉内容,并熟练运用各种数字工具的能力[30]。一些专业人士对视觉素养是否应该包括视觉创作能力持保留态度,他们认为这是相当大的挑战[28]。不过,每个平台用户都可以是创作者。视觉创作提供了一个非语言的表达平台,使个体能够将内心的情感、思想和经历以图像的形式呈现出来,视觉思维本身在自我表达甚至疗愈中发挥独特的作用。
用户若要提升视觉创作能力,首先需要明确对视觉材料的需求,如果要使用现有视觉材料,就需要注意知情同意以及合乎道德的使用方式,然后掌握获取视觉材料、使用创作工具的技能等。此外,用户也需要培养自我辨别能力和作为创作者的敏感性,以克服根深蒂固的偏见[28],增强包容性。一方面,用户要能够理解视觉材料的使用和设计如何影响那些以不同模式学习或有不同能力的人,比如视觉障碍者、阅读障碍者。另一方面,幼儿、老年人、听障者和读写能力较低的人群可以通过视觉来理解文本中很难读懂的思想,也可以通过图形、图表、示意图和其他图形组织工具,描述那些难以用简单文字解释的复杂概念,甚至打破不同语言的障碍[8]
不过,需要重申的是,媒体始终是各种感官和符号的混合体,所有视觉媒体都已经结合了声音和视觉、文本和图像[14]。本文强调视觉素养,并不存在任何贬抑语言文字素养重要性的意图,而是建议将对文本的关注扩展到各种感官和符号上来。此外针对视觉素养开发量表的努力并不多,两项早期的视觉素养量表开发均以土耳其大学生为对象,也没有进行验证性因子分析;另一项较为成熟的量表则主要关注视觉解读和创作的能力,并不考虑与视觉相关的法律、社会和经济问题[30]。因此,视觉素养量表需要在未来进一步完善。
算法素养是一种“对算法决策的本质及其可能造成的不准确性和偏见的理解”[8],着眼于缩小数字鸿沟,支持个体适应未来社会,并有能力对算法的控制者进行问责[31],在近20年来逐渐受到重视。不过,与媒介和信息素养相似,算法素养也是一个丰富的概念群[32]。一些学者使用算法意识、算法知识、算法技能和人工智能素养等术语进行研究,另一些学者则力求更精确地界定其研究的素养类型,并尝试用定性方法和多种测量方法开发算法素养的量表,探索可能影响算法素养的因素[33]。多古鲁尔(L. Dogruel)等[34]则首次尝试系统地开发算法素养量表,超越具体的任务和应用来预测与算法相关的行为,取得了良好的信效度。他们提供了一个简洁而全面的算法素养定义,算法素养是“意识到线上应用、平台和服务中的算法使用,知道算法的工作原理,能够批判性地评估算法决策,并具有应对甚至影响算法运作的技能”,分别对应算法认知能力、算法批判能力和算法交互能力。
算法认知包括算法意识和算法知识,首先是指意识到在线应用程序、平台和服务中存在算法,其次则是对算法工作原理的理解。算法认知被普遍视为元技能,是获得其他技能的先决条件。具备算法认知可以限制算法操控和降低风险,保持用户的自主性[34]。具体到用户而言,算法意识指用户意识到算法的类型、用途及其实际应用场景,而算法知识是指用户对算法如何运作的认知,包括信息个性化或定制的过程,算法处理信息的类型,以及算法对用户在线上所接触信息的影响方式,比如算法会根据用户先前的行为,为内容标定优先级后输出[34]。此外,算法的运作依赖于数据,二者都是人工智能的核心要素。本文认为,理解算法离不开数据素养,即有效且正当地发现、评估、使用信息及数据的意识和能力[35]。同时,人工智能技术近年来日益融入平台社会,加剧了人们对网络信息混杂的担忧。因此,算法素养也需要考虑人工智能素养,它能够帮助用户理解人工智能技术在信息传播过程中的角色、功能和影响,识别人工智能生成的图像和深度伪造视频,以及了解用于验证人工智能生成内容的新工具。不过,虽然算法认知能力与数据素养和人工智能素养有重叠之处,但是三者在具体能力表现和测量维度上具备较强的差异,未来的量表开发需要对三者进行澄清。此外,目前算法素养研究仍然以更易测量的算法认知为主,多古鲁尔等[34]开发的量表也主要测量算法意识和算法知识,未来需要建立更全面的标准来测量算法素养的其他维度,对算法的批判性评估和人与算法的交互尤其被强调。
算法批判指对算法系统进行的批判性评估,是一种个人反思算法相关机会和风险,审视算法过滤对个人和社会潜在影响的能力[36],缺乏算法素养可能会加剧用户对潜在负面影响的脆弱性。用户需要认识到算法输出的偏见、歧视、审查制度、各种形式的政治和经济操纵、潜在的隐私侵犯和回音室效应,了解算法拥有者或部署者的意图或目标,以及算法如何影响用户的行为并塑造现实[37]
首先,算法素养已被视为对抗算法偏见的一种方式。算法偏见源于算法代码以及用于训练算法的数据集中存在的偏见,然而人们又倾向于认为算法是中立、客观的[38],这些既存偏见也就因此被算法复制和强化[39]。有研究者指出用户应该审视自己的价值观和信仰,并意识到自己的偏见,以便能够理解算法平台或服务中偏见的可能产生方式,从而能够使用和把握算法平台[40]。其次,在处理、分类、排序数据时,算法使世界以特定而非其他方式呈现,因此具有政治性[16]。算法并非纯技术代码,而是嵌入了人类偏好、公司战略与用户反馈的数据系统[41]。像谷歌这样强大的平台有能力将用户的注意力引导到特定的新闻信息上[42],然而,用户往往没有意识到这些算法的运作。如果没有算法知识,用户对所遇到的信息作出理性判断的能力就会受到削弱[43]
不仅算法影响人,人也会影响算法。算法是一个社会技术系统,因此也需要充分考虑用户在算法系统中的积极角色,以及用户对算法决策的影响[44]。用户在具备算法认知之后,能够在互动中调整使用算法的方式,而凭借其在线行为和数据影响算法决策,更改算法的输出并保护其隐私[34],这种熟练使用现有算法的能力被定义为算法交互。有学者指出,提升算法素养更多地不是集中在发展技能或反思如何使用算法,而是学习如何应对它们的要求和后果[36]。本文认为算法交互包含了应对、利用以及行动3个部分。
第一,算法应对指防御性地识别与调控算法。第一类策略与用户采取措施保护自己的数据和隐私相关,比如隐私浏览、删除cookie,以及调整平台的预设置,要求平台不获取用户的某些数据等[45]。第二类应对策略则与算法输出结果相关,用户和算法决策协同创建符合用户兴趣的内容流。比如用户会通过关注、取消关注或屏蔽个人和组织来进行策划[46],或者有意识地点赞某些帖子以及使用特定短语发送消息等方式来“混淆”算法视听[47],或者直接退出个性化推荐[48],比较不同算法的结果以减轻算法过滤的影响[36]。第二,算法利用指创造性地利用算法以及算法所驱动的社会技术系统,以满足个人需求、应对算法风险的能力。用户在理解平台推荐机制后,反向利用其传播逻辑,设计面向平台的传播方式或内容结构以获取最佳传播效果,例如优化标题、缩略图、发布时间、关键词等。第三,个体在平台社会不断被要求“提升素养”,但所面对的却是一个由平台技术逻辑、所有权结构和用户协议组成的复杂权力网络。在这种情境下,算法素养不能仅强调个人责任,而必须回到“用户在平台中的位置”,强调算法行动,即考虑批判性理解、协商性参与及结构性干预的可能性。这包括理解包含媒体、企业和政府在内的其他主体对算法的使用方式,推动与算法相关的透明度、问责制和数据权利的政策措施[49],并倡导负责任的技术设计。
此外,多古鲁尔[36]认为算法素养还需要包含创造和设计算法的能力,比如修改现有算法或者制作自己的算法应用。事实上,算法素养最早就被定义为一种在计算机编程中获得的技能[50],而现在多将算法视为一种用户与之交互的社会文化对象,算法素养也就不必然要求用户学习编程技术,不过编程技能在未来可能越来越重要。关于是否需要技术、数学或统计知识,还存在一些讨论[51]。什么是合适和有用的数字素养教育最终可能取决于学习者的教育环境和社会文化现实,数字素养提升首先必须根据特定人群的需求、身体、思想和现实来发展数字素养研究和教育[52],汇集、研究与创造关于行动的知识与经验,促进可持续发展和社会改变。
“媒介素养是关于行动的知识”[9]。本文将平台社会的传播语境中的数字素养分解为视觉素养与算法素养两大关键维度,并详尽阐述了各项子能力构成和个体提升路径。不过,在平台社会中,仅依赖个体学习,其效果是有限的。尼克尔斯(T. P. Nichols)等[53]建议扩展“素养”的概念,将媒体环境概念化为一个生态系统,从而将应对算法影响的部分责任从用户转移到整个媒体系统。提升数字素养,应该建立一项涵盖教育体系、平台设计、社会倡导与制度干预的有机协同工程,使个体真正成为能动参与者。由此,本节讨论更进一步到数字素养的协同提升,行动者应以结构性赋能为基础,以包容性为原则,以未来技术变革为导向。
第一,数字素养提升需要以结构性赋能为基础,强调行动主体的多元性。正如李晓静等[54]指出,中小学生虽然是数字原住民,但仍需要家长或学校进行引导来理解互联网、提升数字技能。平台作为关键的主体,应在公众教育上进行投入,比如对深度伪造及其他人工智能生成的图片和视频进行强制标签标识;强化面向具体用户的透明机制和界面设计,增强算法可解释性,调整用户设置界面,核心在于使用户能够更直观地感知并便捷地操作其数据与算法控制选项。在涉及数字素养的热点事件中,用户卷入度最强,大众媒体应能及时响应,开展支持教育,比如在伪造内容出现后及时辟谣等。一些社会力量也为数字素养提升提供独特支持,比如全球性非营利组织Mozilla开发了浏览器插件Regrets Reporter,用于屏蔽算法推荐中的有害内容,其口号是“从算法中夺回控制权”,并倡导对有害推荐算法的持续研究[55]
第二,数字素养提升需要以包容性为原则,强调受益对象的普惠性。平台生态可能加剧老年人、身心障碍者、农村居民等群体的被动甚至排斥状态,在数字素养提升中,应该特别注重偏见和公正问题。包容性原则有双重含义,一是应该培养对多种群体的包容性,二是数字素养倡导行动本身也应包容多种群体。实践中,已有国内残障组织在传播倡导行动中关注媒介素养[9],工信部“数字适老中国行”的“银龄数字课堂”同样旨在助力更多老年群体掌握数字技能[56]。视觉素养从业者的任务之一是示范如何赋能他人,从而创作更具包容性和公平性的图像[28]。实践者可以根据不同群体的认知与行为特点,通过日记写作练习[57]或者制作视频博客[58]等多种方法,引导参与者反思与算法的互动,同时也增强对自身偏见的觉察[40]和数据权利意识。增强数字素养提升的社会包容性,也需要为视觉障碍、阅读障碍、学习障碍等身心障碍者提供音频描述、多模态访问方式等无障碍服务。
第三,数字素养提升需要以未来技术变革为导向,以此回应素养概念本身的建构性。对素养的理解与技术环境变化紧密相关,视觉素养倡导者有设计标准可以参考[19],不过其任务仍然是从更广阔的文化视角来理解观看实践如何超越图像感知来影响我们的生活[7]。申东熙(D. Shin)等[48]则建议把关于算法的四项规范,即公平、问责、透明、可解释性,视为与算法素养最相关的部分。面对平台社会的技术环境,具体的干预措施可简可繁,包括出版视觉素养练习册[23],发布解释算法的视频[59],建立用以追踪最新的算法案例的算法知识库[60],乃至开发提示平台策展算法的可视化工具[61]等等。而当下生成式AI的普及使得视觉合成信息更具迷惑性,大模型的提示词又提升了技术使用门槛。因此,未来的数字素养教育还需纳入“人工智能素养”,以帮助公众在新的技术条件下保持鉴别力、批判性和技术使用能力。
平台社会的数字素养提升应当能让学习者的身份从有辨识力的文化消费者,变为负责任的文化生产者,最终成为具有批判意识的积极参与者[62]。本文提出平台社会的数字素养提升应特别关注视觉素养与算法素养,并非数字素养体系之外的“另起炉灶”,而是数字素养在平台社会逻辑下的延展与深化,也是应对数字时代新挑战的创新维度。视觉素养与算法素养的提出,并非穷尽数字素养的所有范畴,而是聚焦于平台社会最具挑战性的两个维度。视觉素养强调对视觉信息的批判性理解和创造,算法素养强调对信息结构的反思和交互,二者共同勾勒了平台社会信息传播的“内容维度”与“结构维度”。它们为我们理解如何在内容表达与分发机制日益复杂化的环境中提升公众的数字素养,提供了理论框架和实践方向。
此外,研究者在未来进行量表开发时,可以继续探索视觉素养中有关视觉批判能力的子量表、算法素养中有关批判和交互能力的子量表,还应关注这两类素养在不同社会群体中的表现差异及其教育干预的效果,以推动数字素养的全面提升和社会包容性发展。未来研究也需要注意通过验证性因子分析等方式,检验这两个维度的独立信效度,特别是在同一研究项目中与传统媒介素养量表进行多维度比较,确保视觉素养和算法素养既体现其独特性,又能合理融入数字素养整体框架。在未来研究中,声音、语音交互等多模态信息同样应当纳入数字素养的分析框架。
  • 国家社科基金重大专项“构建适应全媒体生产传播工作机制和评价体系研究”(24ZDA071)
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2025年第20卷第5期
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doi: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2025.05.006
  • 接收时间:2025-06-21
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2025-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-21
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国家社科基金重大专项“构建适应全媒体生产传播工作机制和评价体系研究”(24ZDA071)
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    复旦大学新闻学院,上海 200433

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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