Article(id=1240933966451110278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, issueId=1240933964039377912, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2025.04.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740672000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773791313040, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773791313040, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773791313040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773791313040, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240933964039377912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, year='2025', volume='20', issue='4', pageStart='5', pageEnd='107', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773791312465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773791780284, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240935926294180550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, issueId=1240933964039377912, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240935926294180551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, issueId=1240933964039377912, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=16, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240933966702768519, articleId=1240933966451110278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, language=EN, title=Dual Effects of Uncertainty Expression in Human-Computer Interaction:An Online Experimental Study Based on a Controversial Scientific Issue, columnId=1240933964869850106, journalTitle=Studies on Science Popularization, columnName=Special Issue Scientists’Participation in Science Popularization, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the deep penetration and widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the field of science communication,understanding the mechanisms by which its expression of uncertainty influences audience information processing and human-computer interaction behavior patterns has become a pressing theoretical and practical issue in science communication research. Based on this,this study selected genetically modified technology,a highly controversial and socially concerned scientific and technological issue,as the research object. We adopted a 2(uncertainty level:high vs. low)×4(simulated role: no role simulation vs. journalist vs. scientist vs. ordinary netizen)between-subjects experimental design. Through an independently developed AI dialogue platform based on large language models,we collected and analyzed self-reported and online interaction data from 547 Chinese participants to explore the complex mechanisms of uncertainty communication in human-computer interaction contexts. The research results reveal a phenomenon of significant theoretical importance:the high uncertainty expression driven by artificial intelligence has produced a significant dual effect on the audience. Specifically,at the cognitive evaluation level,highly uncertain statements significantly reduced the audience's trust in information content and information sources,and at the same time showed a clear negative bias in the risk-benefit perception dimension,that is,significantly enhanced the audience’s risk perception and correspondingly weakened their cognitive evaluation of the benefits of related technologies. However,at the human-computer interaction behavior level,the dialogue length and number of dialogue turns between the audience and the large language model under high uncertainty conditions both showed a significant increasing trend,reflecting a stronger information-seeking motivation and more active exploratory behavior tendencies compared to low uncertainty conditions. This finding indicates that uncertainty in human-computer interaction communication contexts simultaneously activates two relatively independent psychological processing processes: the cognitive evaluation path(leading to negative evaluation)and the behavioral regulation path(promoting active participation). In addition,the role simulation of large language models had no significant effect on trust and risk/benefit perception,but had a significant effect on interaction behavior,indicating that the audience's evaluation of AI-generated content is more based on content characteristics than on role labels. The findings of this study not only enrich the applicability of uncertainty communication theory in the era of artificial intelligence,but also provide important theoretical guidance and practical insights for optimizing science communication strategies.

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随着人工智能在科学传播中的深入应用,理解其不确定性表达对受众信息处理及人机交互行为的影响,已成为亟待解决的理论与实践议题。本研究以转基因技术这一高争议性话题为案例,采用2(不确定性:高vs. 低)× 4(角色模拟:无角色vs. 记者vs. 科学家vs. 普通网民)的组间实验设计,依托自研的大语言模型对话平台,收集并分析了547名参与者的自报告与在线交互数据,系统地探讨了不确定性沟通在人机交互中的作用机制。研究发现,高不确定性陈述对受众产生双重效应。在认知评价层面,高不确定性显著地降低了对信息内容及其来源的信任,并强化了风险感知、弱化了收益评估,呈现出明显的负面偏向。然而,在行为层面,高不确定性条件下的对话长度与轮次均显著增加,反映出受众更强烈的信息寻求动机与探索倾向。这表明,不确定性在人机交互情境中同时激活了两条相对独立的心理路径:认知评价路径(负面评价)与行为调节路径(积极参与)。此外,大语言模型的角色模拟对信任与风险/收益感知无显著影响,但显著地改变了交互行为,提示受众对AI 内容的评价更依赖内容特征而非角色标签。本研究拓展了不确定性沟通理论在人工智能时代的适用范围,并为优化科学传播策略提供了理论依据与实践启示。

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张幸为通讯作者,E-mail:
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陈安繁,香港浸会大学传理学院传播系研究助理教授,研究方向:科学传播、计算社会科学、人机互动与策略传播,E-mail:

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陈安繁,香港浸会大学传理学院传播系研究助理教授,研究方向:科学传播、计算社会科学、人机互动与策略传播,E-mail:

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陈安繁,香港浸会大学传理学院传播系研究助理教授,研究方向:科学传播、计算社会科学、人机互动与策略传播,E-mail:

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依托单位信源信任度风险感知收益感知
陈述不确定性
(参照组:低不确定性)
36.271***38.806***6.018*11.578***
模拟角色
(参照组:无角色模拟)
1.8461.6511.0721.187
陈述不确定性×模拟角色0.0530.4150.2001.319
), ArticleFig(id=1240933970586694173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, articleId=1240933966451110278, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

信息质量/信源评估、风险/收益感知的方差分析结果(样本数=547)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
依托单位信源信任度风险感知收益感知
陈述不确定性
(参照组:低不确定性)
36.271***38.806***6.018*11.578***
模拟角色
(参照组:无角色模拟)
1.8461.6511.0721.187
陈述不确定性×模拟角色0.0530.4150.2001.319
), ArticleFig(id=1240933970708328993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, articleId=1240933966451110278, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对话长度对话轮次平均每轮对话长度
陈述不确定性
(参照组:低不确定性)
2.756+4.570*0.152
模拟角色
(参照组:无角色模拟)
3.540*1.92625.093***
陈述不确定性×模拟角色0.9570.2061.867
), ArticleFig(id=1240933970834158118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, articleId=1240933966451110278, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

人机交互行为变量的方差分析结果(样本数=547)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对话长度对话轮次平均每轮对话长度
陈述不确定性
(参照组:低不确定性)
2.756+4.570*0.152
模拟角色
(参照组:无角色模拟)
3.540*1.92625.093***
陈述不确定性×模拟角色0.9570.2061.867
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人机互动中不确定性表达的双重效应——基于争议性科学话题的在线实验研究
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陈安繁 1 , 张幸 2 , 曹睿清 1
科普研究 | 专题 科学家参与科普 2025,20(4): 16-25
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科普研究 | 专题 科学家参与科普 2025, 20(4): 16-25
人机互动中不确定性表达的双重效应——基于争议性科学话题的在线实验研究
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陈安繁1 , 张幸2 , 曹睿清1
作者信息
  • 1香港浸会大学传理学院,香港 999077
  • 2深圳大学传播学院,深圳 518060
  • 陈安繁,香港浸会大学传理学院传播系研究助理教授,研究方向:科学传播、计算社会科学、人机互动与策略传播,E-mail:

通讯作者:

张幸为通讯作者,E-mail:
Dual Effects of Uncertainty Expression in Human-Computer Interaction:An Online Experimental Study Based on a Controversial Scientific Issue
Anfan Chen1 , Xing Zhang2 , Ruiqing Cao1
Affiliations
  • 1HKBU School of Communication,Hong Kong Baptist University,Hong Kong 999077
  • 2School of Media and Communication,Shenzhen University,Shenzhen 518060
doi: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2025.04.002
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随着人工智能在科学传播中的深入应用,理解其不确定性表达对受众信息处理及人机交互行为的影响,已成为亟待解决的理论与实践议题。本研究以转基因技术这一高争议性话题为案例,采用2(不确定性:高vs. 低)× 4(角色模拟:无角色vs. 记者vs. 科学家vs. 普通网民)的组间实验设计,依托自研的大语言模型对话平台,收集并分析了547名参与者的自报告与在线交互数据,系统地探讨了不确定性沟通在人机交互中的作用机制。研究发现,高不确定性陈述对受众产生双重效应。在认知评价层面,高不确定性显著地降低了对信息内容及其来源的信任,并强化了风险感知、弱化了收益评估,呈现出明显的负面偏向。然而,在行为层面,高不确定性条件下的对话长度与轮次均显著增加,反映出受众更强烈的信息寻求动机与探索倾向。这表明,不确定性在人机交互情境中同时激活了两条相对独立的心理路径:认知评价路径(负面评价)与行为调节路径(积极参与)。此外,大语言模型的角色模拟对信任与风险/收益感知无显著影响,但显著地改变了交互行为,提示受众对AI 内容的评价更依赖内容特征而非角色标签。本研究拓展了不确定性沟通理论在人工智能时代的适用范围,并为优化科学传播策略提供了理论依据与实践启示。

人工智能  /  不确定性  /  大语言模型  /  科学传播  /  人机交互

With the deep penetration and widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the field of science communication,understanding the mechanisms by which its expression of uncertainty influences audience information processing and human-computer interaction behavior patterns has become a pressing theoretical and practical issue in science communication research. Based on this,this study selected genetically modified technology,a highly controversial and socially concerned scientific and technological issue,as the research object. We adopted a 2(uncertainty level:high vs. low)×4(simulated role: no role simulation vs. journalist vs. scientist vs. ordinary netizen)between-subjects experimental design. Through an independently developed AI dialogue platform based on large language models,we collected and analyzed self-reported and online interaction data from 547 Chinese participants to explore the complex mechanisms of uncertainty communication in human-computer interaction contexts. The research results reveal a phenomenon of significant theoretical importance:the high uncertainty expression driven by artificial intelligence has produced a significant dual effect on the audience. Specifically,at the cognitive evaluation level,highly uncertain statements significantly reduced the audience's trust in information content and information sources,and at the same time showed a clear negative bias in the risk-benefit perception dimension,that is,significantly enhanced the audience’s risk perception and correspondingly weakened their cognitive evaluation of the benefits of related technologies. However,at the human-computer interaction behavior level,the dialogue length and number of dialogue turns between the audience and the large language model under high uncertainty conditions both showed a significant increasing trend,reflecting a stronger information-seeking motivation and more active exploratory behavior tendencies compared to low uncertainty conditions. This finding indicates that uncertainty in human-computer interaction communication contexts simultaneously activates two relatively independent psychological processing processes: the cognitive evaluation path(leading to negative evaluation)and the behavioral regulation path(promoting active participation). In addition,the role simulation of large language models had no significant effect on trust and risk/benefit perception,but had a significant effect on interaction behavior,indicating that the audience's evaluation of AI-generated content is more based on content characteristics than on role labels. The findings of this study not only enrich the applicability of uncertainty communication theory in the era of artificial intelligence,but also provide important theoretical guidance and practical insights for optimizing science communication strategies.

artificial intelligence  /  uncertainty  /  large language models  /  science communication  /  human-computer interaction
陈安繁, 张幸, 曹睿清. 人机互动中不确定性表达的双重效应——基于争议性科学话题的在线实验研究. 科普研究, 2025 , 20 (4) : 16 -25 . DOI: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2025.04.002
Anfan Chen, Xing Zhang, Ruiqing Cao. Dual Effects of Uncertainty Expression in Human-Computer Interaction:An Online Experimental Study Based on a Controversial Scientific Issue[J]. Studies on Science Popularization, 2025 , 20 (4) : 16 -25 . DOI: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2025.04.002
在科学传播领域,不确定性表达始终是一个兼具理论深度与实践复杂性的核心议题。传统观点认为,科学知识固有的不确定性体现了研究的诚信与严谨,然而,公开呈现这种不确定性又可能削弱公众信任、扭曲风险感知,进而对态度形成产生复杂而深远的影响[1-2]。随着人工智能在科学传播中广泛应用,这一经典命题正面临着前所未有的检验与拓展需求。
大语言模型作为新兴媒介,在表达不确定性时的机制与传统人际传播时存在本质差异。人类专家可以凭借个人经历、情感共鸣与权威身份建立信任,而大语言模型则依赖算法生成文本,既无真实情感,也缺乏权威背书。这种技术特性可能彻底改变不确定性沟通对受众认知与行为的作用路径[3-4],从而对现有理论提出新的挑战。当前,不确定性沟通的理论与实证研究多基于传统情境,对人机交互情境下不确定性的复杂作用仍缺乏系统探索。传统研究发现,不确定性往往带来认知层面的负面效应:信任下降、风险上升、权威削弱[5-6]。然而,人机交互特有的即时反馈、高度个性化与沉浸式体验可能重塑受众的感知模式与应对策略[7-8],使传统结论不再完全适用。这种变化不仅体现在认知处理层面,还可能延伸至行为互动与参与策略中。尤其在争议性科技议题的传播中,上述挑战更为突出。转基因技术本身兼具不确定性、高风险感知与价值冲突,当其与人工智能媒介的技术属性叠加时,传播效果可能更加难以预测[9-10]。因此,厘清不确定性在人机情境中的具体作用机制,已成为理论与实践的迫切需求。
基于此,本研究以转基因技术为案例,通过严格控制的在线实验,系统考察不确定性表达如何在大语言模型中介的传播情境中影响受众认知与行为。核心问题在于:高不确定性陈述是否会同时触发认知评价的负面路径与行为调节的积极路径?回答这一问题,不仅能为科学传播理论注入新的解释维度,也将为人工智能在教育、公众参与及风险沟通中的优化应用提供路径指引。
不确定性如何塑造受众对信息的认知评价,是传播学历久弥新的经典议题,其理论根基可追溯至认知信任理论[11]。该理论指出,受众对信息的信任源于对准确性、完整性与可靠性的系统评估。当科学信息包含高度不确定性时,受众会质疑其质量,进而贬低信源权威,整体信任随之下降[12]。在传统人际传播中,专家可以凭借亲身经历、情感共鸣与声望支持化解不确定性的负面冲击[13]。相反,人工智能驱动的传播缺乏这些“人情味”的优势:算法生成的文本既无真实情感,也无可验证的个人履历,使得不确定性对信任的侵蚀更加显著且难以修补[14]。斯洛维奇的风险感知理论进一步指出,不确定性会触发“不确定性厌恶”,放大风险,压缩收益[15]。在争议科技议题中,公众往往过度聚焦风险、忽视收益[16]。问题在于,当传播者由人类换成大语言模型时,这种偏差会被放大还是削弱?答案尚待实证。
与认知层面的负面效应相对,不确定性在行为层面的作用更为复杂。一方面,信息寻求行为理论提供了积极视角。威尔逊模型认为,认知缺口会激发探索动机,促使受众主动搜索信息以减轻不确定感[17-18]。库尔索模型进一步指出,适度的不确定性反而能点燃学习兴趣,推动深层知识建构[19]。在数字环境中,这种动机表现为更频繁的搜索、更长的浏览和更深的人机对话[20]。大语言模型的对话界面恰好为受众提供了即时提问、追问与澄清的便捷渠道,不确定性由此成为触发持续互动的催化剂[21-22]。另一方面,大量研究也揭示了不确定性的抑制效应。不确定性厌恶[23-24]、认知负荷增加[25-26]、风险规避倾向[27]与认知闭合需求[28]等多重机制,都会让受众回避而非深入不确定信息。当信息过于复杂且来源非人类时,这种回避倾向可能更突出。换言之,不确定性既可能“拉”用户深入对话,也可能“推”用户远离话题,关键取决于个体与情境的交互。
除了不确定性外,大语言模型可以即时“换身份”的能力为科学传播打开了新的可能,也带来了前所未有的理论难题。与人类专家固定而可追溯的职业背景不同,模型仅凭提示就能化身记者、科学家或普通网民,随场景切换角色,实现多样化互动[29]。既有研究已反复验证,信源身份会显著地左右受众的信任与态度:科学家自带权威光环,媒体擅长普及传播[30]。问题在于,模型的“角色”并非建立在真实资历、经历或情感上,而仅是训练语料的统计映射。这种“表面化”的身份扮演能否复制人类的信任加成?不同角色又是否会放大或削弱受众对不确定性的敏感度?在不确定性表达的情境下,角色效应与内容效应极可能交织出复杂的交互关系,其表现形态、强度与机制均需系统实证来厘清[31]
基于上述分析,本研究提出以下3个核心问题:
RQ1 在人机对话中,大语言模型的不确定性水平如何系统性地影响受众认知评价?
RQ2 在人机对话中,大语言模型的不确定性水平如何塑造受众与模型的互动模式?
RQ3 模型所扮演的不同角色(记者/科学家/普通网民)是否对上述过程产生调节作用?
本研究选择转基因技术作为研究对象,这一选择基于以下考虑:首先,转基因技术是一项在全球范围内和中国境内都长期存在争议的新兴科技,具有典型的争议性科技特征,为探索不确定性沟通效果提供了理想的研究情境[32]。其次,该技术在农业、食品、医药等领域展现应用潜力,但同时引发广泛的社会、经济、环境和伦理讨论,使公众对其风险和收益的感知存在较大差异[33]。最后,在中国语境下,转基因技术发展呈现出复杂的态势,公众对转基因技术的认知和接受程度存在较大的差异,为研究不确定性沟通提供了丰富的变异空间[34]
本研究采用2(不确定性水平:高、低)×4(模拟角色:无角色模拟、记者、科学家、普通网民)的组间实验设计。这种设计能够同时检验不确定性水平和模拟角色的主效应,以及两者之间可能存在的交互效应,为回答研究问题提供了严格的实验控制。不确定性水平的操纵是本研究的核心。高不确定性条件下,大语言模型使用“可能”“也许”“存在不确定性”等表达方式;低不确定性条件下,则使用“可能性很高”“明确”“已证实”等表达方式。这种操纵设计旨在创造足够的不确定性感知差异,以观察其对受众认知和行为的不同影响。模拟角色的设置(无角色模拟、记者、科学家、普通网民)旨在探索不同身份标签对不确定性效应的调节作用。虽然本研究的核心关注点是不确定性的主效应,但角色变量的引入有助于更全面地理解人机交互中的信任建构机制。
2025年3月底,我们通过国内学术性调查平台极术云(https://databnu.com/)在中国进行全国性在线调查实验。极术云是一家专门服务于网络分组实验和网络追踪研究的学术性调查平台,具有良好的样本代表性和数据质量保障。经过严格的数据清洗和质量控制,共有547名参与者完成所有调查问题并通过注意力检查。样本构成如下:37.10%为男性,平均年龄29.02岁(标准差=6.36),最常见教育水平为大学,占92.50%。这一样本构成基本反映了中国网络受众的人口统计学特征,为研究结果的外部效度提供了保障。
实验流程主要包括以下4个阶段。(1)实验导入:参与者通过极术云平台进入实验界面,阅读实验指导语;指导语告知参与者,他们将参与一项关于转基因技术的在线研究,目的是了解公众对转基因技术相关信息的处理和评价方式。(2)背景信息收集:参与者在同意参与后,首先回答一系列人口统计学问题,包括性别、年龄和教育水平等。此外,参与者还需完成基线测量,评估其对转基因技术的既有认知和态度。(3)人机交互实验:在完成基线测量后,参与者被随机分配到不同的实验条件中,与大语言模型聊天机器人就转基因话题展开对话,每个参与者仅接触一种条件下的对话界面。(4)后测与操纵性检验:完成与大语言模型聊天机器人的对话后,被试者会被跳转到问卷平台,要求回答操纵性检验题项和一系列后测问题。
为了确保在线实验中人机交互过程的真实性,研究团队搭建了人工智能实验对话平台普罗透斯(Proteus),该实验平台允许研究人员以API形式调用国内外多种主流大语言模型(本研究采用的是X所发布的大语言模型Grok-3)、以多种形式微调大语言模型的输出结果,以及可视化聊天界面的定制化设计。通过人工智能对话实验平台,研究团队设计了采用2(不确定性水平:高、低)×4(模拟角色:无角色模拟、记者、科学家、普通网民)总共8种人机交互的在线界面(见图1)。
为了全面回答研究问题,本研究设计了涵盖认知评价(信息信任度、信源信任度、风险感知、收益感知)和行为反应(对话长度、对话轮次、每轮平均长度)两个维度的测量体系。
信息信任度:通过“您认为科学陈述的可靠性如何”和“您认为科学陈述的可信度如何”两项条目,衡量参与者对科学陈述的信任程度,采用7点量表(1=完全不可靠/不可信,7=非常可靠/非常可信)(平均值=4.86,标准差=1.13)。
信源信任度:通过“您认为在讨论这个话题并做出陈述的人有多可信”一项条目测量实验被试对信息源的信任程度,采用7点量表(1=完全不可信,7=非常可信)(平均值=4.91,标准差=1.11)。
风险感知:基于既有文献[9],采用4个题项测量受众对转基因技术风险的感知,包括安全风险、社会公平风险、生态风险和安全威胁风险(平均值=4.45,标准差=1.09)。
收益感知:采用5个题项测量受众对转基因技术收益的感知,涵盖医学应用、生态保护、农业生产、生物制药和科学研究等方面(平均值=5.06,标准差=1.01)。
对话长度:计算每个实验被试与被分配的大语言模型聊天机器人对话中,其输入的总文本长度,以token数为单位(平均值=5 844.14,标准差=6 806.09)。
对话轮次:通过受众输入的次数来度量,代表受众发起与大语言模型聊天机器人对话的次数(平均值=3.58,标准差=2.20)。
每轮平均长度:由对话长度除以对话轮次计算得到,反映单次交互的深度(平均值=1 455.82;标准差=429.66)。
实验结束后,首先要求被试回答“您认为这个科学事实陈述是确定的还是不确定的?”(1=非常确定,7=非常不确定),以此来测量被试关于聊天机器人在转基因话题上科学陈述的感知不确定性。方差分析(ANOVA)结果显示,高不确定性被试组(平均值=4.77)和低不确定性被试组(平均值=3.48)在这个题项上存在显著差异,说明实验条件操纵是有效的。其次,要求被试回忆并选择其交互的大语言模型聊天机器人的角色,正确率高于90%。
本研究探索了不确定性在人机交互传播情境中的复杂作用机制和影响路径,研究结果揭示了一个现象:不确定性对受众的影响呈现出多维度特征,这些影响在不同的心理和行为层面表现出截然不同的作用模式和效应方向。
在不确定性表达对个体认知评价的影响方面,根据表1的方差分析结果和图2显示,不确定性水平对信息信任度和信源信任度均产生了显著的影响。具体而言,高不确定性陈述相比低不确定性陈述显著地降低了受众对信息的信任度(F=36.271,p<0.001)和对信源的可信度评价(F=38.806,p<0.001)。在信息信任度方面,低不确定性条件下的平均得分为5.23(标准差=1.08),而高不确定性条件下的平均得分降至4.49(标准差=1.12)。这一结果表明,当大语言模型在科学陈述中表达不确定性时,受众对信息可靠性和可信度的评价会显著下降。在信源信任度方面,类似的模式同样显著。低不确定性条件下的平均得分为5.28(标准差=1.05),高不确定性条件下的平均得分为4.54(标准差=1.12)。这表明不确定性不仅影响受众对信息内容的评价,还会影响其对信息来源的信任判断。
此外,不确定性对受众风险和收益感知的影响揭示了其在认知层面的作用机制。方差分析结果显示,不确定性水平对转基因议题的风险感知(F=6.018,p<0.05)和收益感知(F=11.578,p<0.001)均有显著的影响。在风险感知方面,高不确定性条件下受众的风险感知得分(平均值=4.62,标准差=1.12)显著高于低不确定性条件(平均值=4.28,标准差=1.05)。这一发现表明,当科学信息包含高度不确定性时,受众倾向于放大对潜在风险的担忧。在收益感知方面,高不确定性条件下受众的收益感知得分(平均值=4.89,标准差=1.05)显著低于低不确定性条件(平均值=5.23,标准差=0.95)。这表明不确定性不仅会放大风险感知,还会削弱对潜在收益的认知,导致受众对科技发展持更加保守的态度。
然而,在交互行为的分析维度上,本研究发现了与认知评价层面截然不同的影响模式和效应方向。数据分析结果揭示了不确定性对受众交互行为产生的显著促进作用,这一发现为理解不确定性在人机交互中的复杂作用机制提供了实证证据。
根据表2图3所呈现的方差分析结果,不确定性水平对受众与大语言模型进行交互的对话总长度产生了边缘显著的正面影响(F=2.756,p<0.10)。具体的统计数据显示,在高不确定性条件下,受众输入的平均token数达到6 142.35个(标准差=7 123.45),而在低不确定性条件下,受众输入的平均token数为5 545.93个(标准差=6 488.73)。虽然这一差异在统计学上仅达到了边缘显著水平,但其实际意义不容忽视,它表明不确定性确实会在一定程度上促进受众与人工智能系统进行更加深入和持续的交互。
更重要的发现体现在不确定性对对话轮次的影响上。方差分析结果显示,不确定性水平对受众与大语言模型进行交互的对话轮次产生了统计学意义上的显著正面影响(F=4.570,p<0.05)。在高不确定性条件下,受众平均进行了3.85轮对话(标准差=2.31),而在低不确定性条件下,受众的平均对话轮次为3.31轮(标准差=2.08)。这一发现具有理论意义和实践价值。对话轮次的显著增加表明,面对包含不确定性的科学信息时,受众并未选择回避、终止或减少与人工智能系统的交互,而是表现出更强的参与动机和探索意愿。他们通过增加交互轮次的方式试图获取更多相关信息,澄清存在的疑问或对相关问题进行更深入的探讨和理解。
虽然不确定性显著地影响了对话的总体长度和交互轮次,但对每轮对话的平均长度却未产生统计学意义上的显著影响(F=0.152,p0.05)。数据分析结果显示,在高不确定性条件下,每轮对话的平均长度为1 461.23个token(标准差=441.52),而在低不确定性条件下,每轮对话的平均长度为1 450.41个token(标准差=417.80)。
这一分析结果揭示了不确定性影响受众交互行为的机制和作用路径:不确定性主要通过增加交互频次而非加深单次交互的深度来促进受众的参与行为。换言之,当受众面对不确定性时,他们更倾向于采用“多问几次”而非“问得更深”的策略来获取所需信息和减少认知的不确定性。这种行为模式反映了受众在面对不确定信息时的一种适应性策略选择。通过对认知评价和行为反应数据的综合分析和深入比较,本研究发现了一个现象:不确定性在认知层面和行为层面产生了看似矛盾但实际上相对独立的双重效应。这一发现揭示了不确定性在人机交互传播情境中的复杂作用机制:不确定性似乎同时激活了两个相对独立的心理处理过程,其中一个过程导致认知层面的负面评价和信任削弱,而另一个过程则促进行为层面的积极参与和交互增加。基于这一发现,我们将这种现象概念化并命名为“不确定性的双重效应”。
与不确定性所产生的一致效应形成对比的是,大语言模型的角色模拟功能对核心认知变量的影响相对有限,且缺乏统计学显著性。方差分析结果显示,模拟角色变量(包括无角色模拟、记者、科学家、普通网民4个水平)对信息信任度(F=1.846,p>0.05)、信源信任度(F=1.651,p>0.05)、风险感知(F=1.072,p>0.05)和收益感知(F=1.187,p>0.05)的影响均未达到统计学显著性水平。这一发现在一定程度上出乎研究预期,因为传统的传播学研究通常发现不同的信源角色会对受众的信任评价和态度形成产生显著影响[36]。角色效应在人机交互情境中的缺失可能反映了受众对人工智能生成内容所具有的独特认知模式和评价机制:相较传统的人际传播中的角色标签,受众在评价人工智能生成的内容时可能更关注信息内容本身的特征、质量和可信度。
然而,虽然角色模拟对认知评价变量的影响有限,但其对交互行为却产生了差异化的影响效应。模拟角色变量对对话总长度(F=3.540,p<0.05)和每轮平均对话长度(F=25.093,p<0.001)均产生了统计学意义上的显著影响,但对对话轮次未产生显著影响(F=1.926,p>0.05)。这一发现表明,不同的角色设定会显著影响受众的表达方式、交互深度和沟通策略,但不会改变其与人工智能系统进行交互的基本频次和参与意愿。
特别值得关注的是科学家角色所产生的特殊效应和独特影响。当大语言模型模拟科学家角色进行交互时,受众的每轮平均对话长度出现了显著增加,这一现象可能反映了受众对“权威专家”身份的期待和认知偏好。受众可能期望从具有科学家身份的人工智能系统处获取更加专业、详细和权威的信息解释,因此,会倾向于提出更加复杂和深入的问题,或者要求获得更加全面和深入的解释及分析。这种行为模式体现了受众在人机交互过程中仍然保持着对专业权威的认知偏好和期待。
本研究通过 AI 辅助的在线实验设计,聚焦争议性科技议题,探索了不确定性沟通在人机交互中的复杂作用机制,发现了人机互动下科学传播中不确定性沟通的双重效应。研究发现,在大语言模型主导的科学传播情境中,不确定性表达对于受众产生了复杂而看似矛盾的影响机制。在认知评价层面,高不确定性降低了受众的信息信任度和信源信任度,增加了风险感知并削弱了收益感知。然而,高不确定性却促进了受众与大语言模型的交互行为,表现为对话轮次和总长度的增加。这启示人机互动过程中可能存在不确定性沟通双重效应的并行模型,即不确定性同时激活了认知评价路径(启发式处理导致负面评价)和行为调节路径(信息寻求动机促进积极参与),两个路径相对独立但可能在一定条件下产生交互作用。
对于“不确定性的双重效应”在人机互动中的发现,在某种程度上印证了双重处理理论(Dual-Process Theories),如启发式—系统式模型(Heuristic-Systematic Model,HSM)。根据HSM,个体在处理信息时可能采取两种不同的路径:启发式处理和系统式处理。启发式处理是一种快速、低努力的认知过程,依赖简单的判断规则或启发式线索(如信息来源的表面特征)。系统式处理则是一种耗时、高努力的认知过程,涉及对信息内容进行深入、全面的分析。本研究发现的不确定性双重效应,恰好印证了这两种处理模式的并行存在。在认知评价层面,高不确定性可能触发了受众的启发式处理,导致他们基于不确定性这一简单线索迅速作出负面判断(如信任度降低、风险感知增加),而未进行深入的系统式分析。然而,在行为层面,这种不确定性反而激发了受众的信息寻求动机,促使他们进行更多的交互,这可以被视为一种试图启动或深化系统式处理的行为,以期通过获取更多信息来降低不确定性。因此,“不确定性的双重效应”可以被理解为在人机交互情境下,信息不确定性同时激活了受众的启发式处理(导致认知层面的负面评价)和对系统式处理的需求(导致行为层面的积极信息寻求)。这不仅为不确定性沟通理论提供了新的视角,也丰富了双重处理理论在人机交互背景下的应用。
然而,与预期不同的是,本研究发现大语言模型模拟的记者、科学家、普通网民等角色均未显著地影响公众的信任感知与风险评价。这一结果与传统人类信源研究中发现的显著角色效应(如科学家身份通常提升可信度)形成鲜明对比[6],揭示了公众对人工智能生成内容的独特认知模式。这一发现表明,也许受众对大语言模型生成内容的评价更多关注内容本身而非信源特征。这种认知模式的转变可能反映了公众对人工智能技术特性的理解,可能源于受众对人工智能的本体论认知(Ontological Perception)。当受众与人工智能系统互动时,他们可能已经预设了这是一个非人类实体,其“角色”更多的是一种交互或功能上的设定,而非真实的身份。因此,无论人工智能扮演何种角色,受众在认知层面(如对信息可靠性的判断)可能更倾向于依赖内容本身的逻辑性和证据,而非角色所赋予的传统权威性。然而他们却不可避免地会受到不同角色大语言模型指令和使用的大语言模型版本的影响,因此在交互行为上显示出明显的差异。
本研究的发现对于人机交互、科学传播和风险沟通等多个跨学科领域存在一定的启示:首先,本研究拓展了不确定性沟通理论的适用范围和解释力。传统的不确定性沟通研究主要关注其负面影响,认为不确定性会降低信任、增加焦虑并阻碍有效传播[37-38]。然而,本研究发现,在人机交互情境中,不确定性的影响更加复杂和多维。“不确定性的双重效应”的发现表明,不确定性不应被简单地视为科学传播的障碍,而应被理解为一种具有复杂作用机制的传播要素。这一发现为不确定性沟通理论提供了理论的补充,强调了情境因素在塑造不确定性效应中的作用。双重效应的发现也为科学传播策略提供了启示,传统的策略往往试图最小化或回避不确定性,以维护公众信任[39]。然而,本研究表明,适当的不确定性表达可能有助于激发公众的主动参与和深度学习。基于这一发现,科学传播者可以采用更精细的不确定性表达方式:渐进式不确定性披露,避免一次性披露所有不确定因素,而是根据受众的接受能力和交互进程逐步展示不确定性信息;交互式信任建构,利用不确定性激发的交互动机,通过多轮对话逐步建立受众信任,而非依赖单次权威性展示。其次,本研究揭示了人机交互在科学传播中的独特性质。与传统的人际传播或大众传播不同,人机交互创造了一种新的传播情境,在这种情境中,传统的传播理论可能需要被重新审视和修正[40]。人机交互的非社会性特征可能放大了不确定性的负面认知效应,因为受众无法依赖人际信任和情感连接来缓解不确定性的冲击。同时,人机交互的便利性和灵活性又可能增强了不确定性的正面行为效应,因为受众可以更容易地进行信息寻求和探索。“不确定性的双重效应”为人工智能系统设计者提供了重要的设计原则。系统不应简单地追求确定性表达,而应学会利用不确定性的双重效应来优化受众体验[41]。系统可以通过渐进式不确定性披露、交互式信任建构和个性化响应等策略,在保持科学准确性的同时,最大化受众的参与度和学习效果。
当然,本研究也存在一定的局限性。需要指出的是,本研究中包括不同的不确定性水平以及大语言模型扮演的不同角色,在受众看来,区分梯度可能不明确,尤其当它们都由大语言模型扮演时,这可能是不同大语言模型角色并不存在显著的差异性效应原因。未来的研究可以尝试通过更精细的角色设定和操纵性检验,例如,引入更具差异化的人工智能形象、语气或交互模式,以期在人机交互情境中探索更明显的角色效应。此外,也可以考虑引入人类信源作为对照组,以更清晰地比较人机交互与人际交互中角色效应的差异。最后,本研究主要关注了不确定性在认知评价和行为反应两个维度的影响。未来的研究可以探索不确定性对情感反应、态度形成以及长期行为模式的影响。同时,也可以考虑引入更多的情境变量,如信息复杂度、受众先验知识水平等,以构建更全面和精细的不确定性沟通模型。
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doi: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2025.04.002
  • 接收时间:2025-02-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-28
基金
香港浸会大学启动基金(163102)
作者信息
    1香港浸会大学传理学院,香港 999077
    2深圳大学传播学院,深圳 518060

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kpyj/CN/10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2025.04.002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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