Article(id=1240340682833973664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, issueId=1240340679365284185, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.05.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706803200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773649863203, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773649863203, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773649863203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773649863203, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240340679365284185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, year='2024', volume='19', issue='5', pageStart='5', pageEnd='100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773649862376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773658332792, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240376206927909170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, issueId=1240340679365284185, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240376206927909171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, issueId=1240340679365284185, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=55, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240340683060466090, articleId=1240340682833973664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, language=EN, title=Science Identity:An Ontological Indicator of Adolescents’Scientific Literacy, columnId=1240340553641021532, journalTitle=Studies on Science Popularization, columnName=Scientific Literacy, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Science identity plays a critical role in fostering adolescents’scientific literacy and cultivating national scientific talent. Science identity,derived from the psychological concept of“identity,”refers to an individual’s possession of scientific capabilities,ability to work like a scientist,self-recognition as a“science person,”and acknowledgment by others as such. Science identity is conceptualized through four frameworks:the single-dimensional“recognition”framework,the two-dimensional“self-social”framework,the three-dimensional“recognition-competence-performance”framework,and the four-dimensional“recognition-competence-performance-interest”framework. As an ontological marker of adolescents’scientific literacy development,science identity functions as both a means of identifying and expressing scientific literacy ontologically and a framework for evaluating it. The practical pathway to enhancing adolescents’scientific literacy through the lens of science identity can be summarized in three steps. First,adolescents establish science identity standards during scientific learning to cultivate an ontological awareness of scientific literacy. Second,they“input”science identity through social interactions,thereby activating this ontological awareness. Third,they compare their science identity during scientific practice to validate this awareness,ultimately“outputting”a subjective understanding of scientific literacy.

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科学身份认同对青少年科学素质和国家科技人才培养都具有重要意义。科学身份认同源自心理学的“身份认同”概念,指一个人具有科学能力,能像科学家一样工作,认可自己也被他人认可是一名“科学人”。目前存在四种科学身份认同概念框架:单维度的“认可”框架、二维度的“自我—社会”框架、三维度的“认可—能力—表现”框架和四维度的“认可—能力—表现—兴趣”框架。科学身份认同作为青少年科学素质发展的本体性指征,是科学素质的本体性识别与表达方式,也是科学素质的一种评估方法。在科学身份认同视角下提升青少年科学素质的实践路径可以概括为三个步骤:首先,青少年在科学学习中“制定”科学身份认同标准,感知科学素质本体意识;其次,青少年在社会互动中“输入”科学身份认同,激活科学素质本体意识;最后,青少年在科学实践中“比较”科学身份认同,确认并“输出”科学素质本体意识。

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黄璐,杭州师范大学经亨颐教育学院副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向:STEM教育、学习科学,E-mail:

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黄璐,杭州师范大学经亨颐教育学院副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向:STEM教育、学习科学,E-mail:

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黄璐,杭州师范大学经亨颐教育学院副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向:STEM教育、学习科学,E-mail:

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科学身份认同:青少年科学素质的本体性指征
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黄璐 1 , 裴新宁 2
科普研究 | 科学素质 2024,19(5): 55-63
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科普研究 | 科学素质 2024, 19(5): 55-63
科学身份认同:青少年科学素质的本体性指征
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黄璐1 , 裴新宁2
作者信息
  • 1杭州师范大学中国教育现代化研究院,杭州 310008
  • 2华东师范大学教育学部国际与比较教育研究所,上海 210006
  • 黄璐,杭州师范大学经亨颐教育学院副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向:STEM教育、学习科学,E-mail:

Science Identity:An Ontological Indicator of Adolescents’Scientific Literacy
Lu Huang1 , Xinning Pei2
Affiliations
  • 1Chinese Education Modernization Research Institute(Zhejiang Provincial Key Think Tank),Hangzhou Normal University,Hangzhou 311121
  • 2(Institute of International and Comparative Education,East China Normal University,Shanghai 200062
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.05.006
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科学身份认同对青少年科学素质和国家科技人才培养都具有重要意义。科学身份认同源自心理学的“身份认同”概念,指一个人具有科学能力,能像科学家一样工作,认可自己也被他人认可是一名“科学人”。目前存在四种科学身份认同概念框架:单维度的“认可”框架、二维度的“自我—社会”框架、三维度的“认可—能力—表现”框架和四维度的“认可—能力—表现—兴趣”框架。科学身份认同作为青少年科学素质发展的本体性指征,是科学素质的本体性识别与表达方式,也是科学素质的一种评估方法。在科学身份认同视角下提升青少年科学素质的实践路径可以概括为三个步骤:首先,青少年在科学学习中“制定”科学身份认同标准,感知科学素质本体意识;其次,青少年在社会互动中“输入”科学身份认同,激活科学素质本体意识;最后,青少年在科学实践中“比较”科学身份认同,确认并“输出”科学素质本体意识。

科学身份认同  /  科学素质  /  身份认同  /  本体性  /  科技职业意愿

Science identity plays a critical role in fostering adolescents’scientific literacy and cultivating national scientific talent. Science identity,derived from the psychological concept of“identity,”refers to an individual’s possession of scientific capabilities,ability to work like a scientist,self-recognition as a“science person,”and acknowledgment by others as such. Science identity is conceptualized through four frameworks:the single-dimensional“recognition”framework,the two-dimensional“self-social”framework,the three-dimensional“recognition-competence-performance”framework,and the four-dimensional“recognition-competence-performance-interest”framework. As an ontological marker of adolescents’scientific literacy development,science identity functions as both a means of identifying and expressing scientific literacy ontologically and a framework for evaluating it. The practical pathway to enhancing adolescents’scientific literacy through the lens of science identity can be summarized in three steps. First,adolescents establish science identity standards during scientific learning to cultivate an ontological awareness of scientific literacy. Second,they“input”science identity through social interactions,thereby activating this ontological awareness. Third,they compare their science identity during scientific practice to validate this awareness,ultimately“outputting”a subjective understanding of scientific literacy.

science identity  /  scientific literacy  /  identity  /  ontology  /  science and technology career aspirations
黄璐, 裴新宁. 科学身份认同:青少年科学素质的本体性指征. 科普研究, 2024 , 19 (5) : 55 -63 . DOI: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.05.006
Lu Huang, Xinning Pei. Science Identity:An Ontological Indicator of Adolescents’Scientific Literacy[J]. Studies on Science Popularization, 2024 , 19 (5) : 55 -63 . DOI: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.05.006
党的二十大报告首次作出教育、科技、人才“三位一体”的战略部署[1],以全面提高人才自主培养质量,着力造就拔尖创新人才。青少年是科技人才和拔尖创新人才培养的关键,在基础教育阶段开展青少年科技人才和拔尖创新人才培养是落实教育、科技、人才“三位一体”战略部署的有效途径。在人才培养过程中,除了注重知识与技能的教授,关注非认知因素的发展也至关重要,它们共同促进青少年的全面成长和未来发展。在非认知因素中,科学身份认同(science identity)作为心理层面个体对科学学习的自我概念,对青少年科技人才和拔尖人才培养具有重要意义,它不仅是预测青少年参与科学工作、坚持科学事业的最重要指标[2-4],还是解释和预测青少年科学兴趣、科学学习动机、科学学习参与、科学自我效能感、科学归属感和科学学业表现的重要因素[5-9]。鉴于科学身份认同的重要性,2020年国际青少年评估项目(Programme for International Student Assessment,PISA)科学项目团队在《PISA 2025 评估和分析框架》中增加了科学身份认同维度,未来将从知识、能力和科学身份认同三个维度测评青少年的科学素质[10-11]。这一举措充分体现了国际科学教育研究界对科学身份认同的重视。
国际科学教育研究界围绕科学身份认同的概念框架[12-14]、影响因素[15-17]、培养策略[18]等方面展开了积极探索,相关研究呈迅猛增长态势,已成为科学教育研究领域的重要组成部分。尽管如此,当前科学身份认同研究仍存在一些不足。一是对科学身份认同的理论内涵尚未形成一致认识,不同学者基于各自理论视角对其界定、构成要素与测量方式莫衷一是,亟待系统梳理相关理论,厘清概念内涵。二是对科学身份认同与科学素质关系的探讨不够深入,当前研究多聚焦于其对学生科学兴趣、职业选择等的影响,忽视了其与科学思维、科学能力、科学精神等其他科学素质要素的关系,难以全面认识其在科学教育中的重要价值。三是现有培养策略与实践路径缺乏系统性和可操作性,虽已有研究提出相关教学方法和活动设计,但鲜有研究从课程、教学、评价等多维度构建系统性培养体系,难以有效指导一线教学实践。此外,国内科学身份认同研究的匮乏加剧了上述问题[19],阻碍了该研究领域在我国科学教育中被深入理解与应用。
基于上述对国内外科学身份认同研究现状的分析,本文针对当前我国科学教育课程改革背景,讨论以下三个问题:科学身份认同的概念内涵究竟是什么?科学身份认同与科学素质之间存在怎样的关系?如何从科学身份认同视角提升青少年科学素质,有哪些具体的培养路径与策略?通过对上述问题的系统探讨,本文旨在推动完善科学身份认同研究,为教育、科技、人才“三位一体”背景下的青少年科技人才培养提供参考和实践思路。
科学身份认同源自心理学中的“身份认同”(identity)概念。身份认同指个体对自己是谁以及如何定义自己的自我概念[20],是心理学、社会学、人类学和经济学等多个领域的重要研究议题。近20年来,教育学者开始关注身份认同这一概念,并视其为教育的基础问题[21]。他们主张从社会文化语境中挖掘身份认同与学习之间的关联,认为学习不仅从认识论角度改变了学习者的知识,还从本体论角度重塑了学习者的身份[22]。研究者提出,识别青少年的身份是一种更为动态的分析方法,是理解学校和社会的一个重要分析工具[23]
随着教育界日益认识到身份认同的重要性,科学教育研究者也日益关注这一议题,并围绕其展开了持续而热忱的探索。然而,科学身份认同的主观性、丰富性、发展性和交叉性等特点为研究带来了极大挑战[24],导致学术界对其概念界定尚未达成共识。尽管如此,不同学者的观点为我们提供了宝贵的洞见。南希·W.布里克豪斯(Nancy W.Brickhouse)和珍妮弗·T.波特(Jennifer T.Potter)认为,科学身份认同是指一个人具有自己是未来科学家的自我概念[25]。海蒂·B.卡洛恩(Heidi B. Carlone)和安吉拉·约翰逊(Angela Johnson)则强调,科学身份认同是指个人具备科学能力,能像科学家一样工作,认可自己也被他人认可是一名“科学人”[13]。约翰·弗雷泽(John Fraser)和帕特里克·沃德(Patricia Ward)进一步指出,科学身份认同指个体将自己视为科学学习者,了解科学,使用科学,愿意为科学事业贡献力量[26]。综合这些定义,我们可以发现,科学身份认同的核心是个体对“我是科学人(science person)吗”这一本体性问题的理解和追问。这一追问不仅涉及个体对自我科学能力的认知和定位,还包括个体对科学的情感、态度和价值观,以及个体在科学领域中的角色和定位。
为深入理解科学身份认同的内涵,研究者们从不同学科视角剖析其结构,提出了多种概念框架。通过文献梳理,可将这些框架归纳为四类:单维度的“认可”框架、二维度的“自我—社会”框架、三维度的“认可—能力—表现”框架和四维度的“认可—能力—表现—兴趣”框架。
最初,受生物决定主义的“自我”(ego)概念影响,研究者们基于埃里克·H.埃里克森(Erik H. Erikson)提出的青少年“同一性”(identity)概念[27],从自我意识层面提出了科学身份认同的“认可”(recognition)单维度概念框架。该框架强调,科学身份认同不仅包括个体对自身作为“科学人”的认可,还包括重要他人的认可[28]。这一单维度框架强调了“认可”在科学身份认同中的核心作用,但也存在一定的局限性,它简化了“身份认同”这一复杂概念,将其从社会文化背景中剥离,忽视了社会文化背景对个体生活经验的影响[29]
在社会文化研究的影响下,研究者意识到身份认同不仅是心理学视角下个体自我意识的发展,更是社会学和哲学视角下个体与世界相互联系的方式。劳拉·L.克雷顿(Lara·L. Creighton)提出了“自我—社会”二维度概念框架,包括科学自我(scienece self)和社会实践(social practice)[12]。这一概念框架强调了科学身份认同的“实践性”,为我们理解该概念提供了新的视角。
随着社会文化研究的深入及其向科学教育研究的渗透,研究者进一步认识到身份认同是一个社会意义建构的过程,是其社会身份的表达。卡洛恩和约翰逊提出了“认可—能力—表现”三维度概念框架,包括认可(recognition)、能力(competence)和表现(performance)[13]。这一概念框架认为青少年有能力展示有意义的知识和对科学内容的理解,还能向他人展示他在科学实践方面的表现。此外,青少年认可自己是一个“科学人”,也被他人认可是“科学人”。珍妮弗·A.舍恩(Jennifer A. Schon)对此框架进行了深入阐述,她认为“能力”是指青少年有能力胜任科学工作,“表现”是指青少年像科学家一样工作,而“认可”则是指青少年自我认同为“科学人”,并被社会公认为“科学人”[17]
在三维框架的基础上,扎哈拉·哈扎里(Zahra Hazari)等人提出了一个更为完善的科学身份认同概念框架,即“认可—能力—表现—兴趣”四维度概念框架[14]。他们认为,青少年对科学的兴趣是其科学身份认同的重要组成部分,科学兴趣越浓厚,科学身份认同就越稳定。这一观点最初存在争议,一些早期研究者认为,科学兴趣是科学身份认同发展的主要驱动力,而非其子维度[30]。然而,随着讨论的深入,越来越多的研究者开始赞同哈扎里的观点,并采用四维度框架来分析青少年的科学身份认同[31-32]。这一框架扩展了科学身份认同的内涵,为深入理解青少年科学身份认同提供了新视角。
通过对科学身份认同的概念来源、定义和框架的梳理与分析,本研究认为科学身份认同是一个内涵丰富的多维概念。首先,从心理与社会实践层面来看,科学身份认同不仅是青少年心理层面上“我是科学人”的自我概念,更是他们在社会实践层面对科学学习意义的建构过程。这种双重性质反映了个体内在认知与外在环境互动的复杂性。其次,就角色期望与素质要求而言,科学身份认同对学习者这一角色提出了高层次的素质要求。只有当青少年在认可、能力、表现和兴趣这四个维度都表现突出时,才可被视为具有高水平科学身份认同的人[13]
此外,科学身份认同与科学素质紧密相连。一方面,科学身份认同是科学素质的本质要求,反映了科学素质的深层内涵。另一方面,它也可以作为评估科学学习的重要视角,体现学生在科学领域的发展水平。值得注意的是,科学身份认同是一种动态协商的结果,在个体与社会互动中不断生成和调整。这种动态性强调了科学身份认同的可塑性和发展性,反映了个体在不同社会情境中的适应和成长。同时,我们不能忽视实践体验在科学身份认同形成过程中的关键作用。科学身份认同的形成离不开学生在科学实践活动中的切身体验,丰富且有意义的科学实践是培养青少年科学身份认同的沃土。
综上所述,我们认为科学身份认同是青少年对科学学习的本体性认知过程,体现了他们在科学学科归属感和学习身份(learning identity)方面的显著发展。这一概念为全面理解青少年科学素质发展提供了新视角,强调了青少年在科学学习过程中的主体地位,以及其认知、情感、社会性等多维度的整体发展。这一视角突破了传统的知识与技能导向,深化了我们对科学素质内涵的认识,为培养全面发展的科学人才提供了重要启示。
事实上,科学身份认同的内涵与科学素质有着紧密的联系。科学素质是指了解必要的科学技术知识及其对社会与个人的影响,懂得基本的科学方法,认识科学本质,树立科学思想,崇尚科学精神,并具备一定的运用它们处理实际问题、参与公共事务的能力[33]。这一定义清晰地表明,科学素质不仅包括知识、技能、方法等认知因素,还涵盖精神、思想、情感和态度等非认知因素,其与科学身份认同在概念构成上具有高度的一致性。科学身份认同反映了青少年从主体意识层面对自己进行的社会结构性划分,即通过“我是科学人”的自我认识,从本体层面积极地感知和定义自己具备科学素质。这种自我认知和定位过程与科学素质的形成和发展密切相关。因此,本文提出以下观点:青少年科学身份认同的构建过程本质上就是科学素质的养成过程。换言之,科学身份认同可以被视为青少年科学素质发展的本体性指征。这一指征主要体现在两个方面:一是作为科学素质的本体性识别和表达方式,二是作为一种科学素质评估方法。
科学身份认同的建构实质上是科学素质的本体性识别与表达方式。美国科学院科学教育委员会提出了科学学习目标和实践框架,包括六个方面:发展科学兴趣、理解科学知识、从事科学推理、反思科学、参与科学实践、科学身份认同[34]。科学身份认同作为该框架的最高目标,是青少年长期参与各种科学活动的结果,也是其他五个方面的凝结,体现了青少年更为完整的科学素质。青少年在参与科学实践的过程中获得学习经验,像科学家一样思考和工作,相信自己具有科学能力,愿意从事科学事业。当青少年具有较强的科学身份认同感时,他们会更有信心学习科学知识和技能,积极参与到科学学习中。正如情境学习理论的提出者之一艾蒂安·温格(Etienne Wenger)所说,“学习改变了我们是谁,改变了我们能做什么,这是一种身份认同的体验”[22]。马丁·帕克(Martin Packer)认为“学习就是从事一种新的实践,改变自己在社会中的位置,当孩子们学会阅读、做算术或者理解进化论时,他们就变成了参加新的社会活动的人,通过学习可以改变身份和自我”[35]。因此,青少年的科学身份认同可以被理解为这样一个过程:在科学学习实践中习得科学实践经验,发展科学“能力”和“表现”,进而在与他人和环境的社会互动中感知到自我意义,从社会结构中“识别”(identify)到了科学“身份”,寻求到了科学归属感,最终“表达”为一名有科学素质的人。
如果将青少年科学素质培养视为一个社会化过程,那么科学身份认同可以作为科学素质评估的视角和方法[23]。科学身份认同如同科学成绩一样,是科学学习的结果变量[36],可以评估青少年的科学学习行为和结果。同时,科学身份认同是一种青少年自我评估的方法,评估科学是否值得他们付出时间和精力,科学工作者是否是他们未来职业。在科学身份认同的概念框架中,“认可”维度用以评估青少年是否被自己和他人认可像一名科学家,“能力”维度用以评估青少年是否具有科学家的知识和能力,“表现”维度用以评估青少年是否像科学家一样参与科学实践。相比传统的纸笔测验只能测评青少年对基本知识、基本概念和实验操作的掌握情况,科学身份认同评估更为全面,可以评估其对基本科学知识和概念的掌握情况,还可以评估其作业、实验报告等学习任务的完成情况,以及其科学实验操作、提出问题、定义问题、数据分析、解释数据、合作交流等科学探究能力等。更重要的是,科学身份认同可以评估青少年科技职业意愿、科学兴趣、科学学习参与、科学自我效能感等纸笔测验无法测量的非认知因素。总之,科学身份认同作为一种科学学习评估视角和方法,可以较为全面地反映青少年的科学学习表现和科学素质。
当前,我国正处于科学教育课程改革的关键时期。《义务教育科学课程标准(2022年版)》《关于加强新时代中小学科学教育工作的意见》《基础教育课程教学改革深化行动方案》等方案或文件强调深化中小学科学教育改革,发展学生科学素质,培育具备科学家潜质、愿意献身科学研究事业的青少年群体[37-39]。在此背景下,如何从科学身份认同视角提升青少年科学素质,成为科学教育领域的一个重要实践课题。彼得·J.伯克(Peter J. Burke)的身份控制理论为我们理解身份认同的形成机制,提出科学身份认同视角下青少年科学素质的提升路径提供了理论框架。该理论将身份认同描述为一个控制循环系统,是环境“输入”与内部标准匹配的过程。具体而言,主体从社会环境中“输入”身份信息,感知自我意义,并将“输入”的身份信息与主体已有的身份认同标准进行匹配,感知两者之间的差异,通过比较结果后做出有意义的行为,最终作为对外部环境的“输出”[40]
基于这一理论,我们认为,科学身份认同的建构也遵循身份控制理论的控制循环过程。青少年在本体层面感知、激活、确认和“输出”科学素质,可以通过促进他们从主体意识层面进行社会结构性划分,获得积极的自我感知和定义,建立“我是科学人”的自我认识,从而在科学实践中提升科学素质。具体的实践路径可以概括为以下三个步骤:首先,青少年在科学学习中“制定”科学身份认同标准,感知科学素质本体意识;其次,青少年在社会互动中“输入”科学身份认同,激活科学素质本体意识;最后,青少年在科学实践中“比较”科学身份认同,确认科学素质本体意识,并“输出”科学素质主体意识。这三个步骤构成了一个循环过程,通过不断地反馈和调整,青少年可以逐步建立和强化自己的科学身份认同,从而提升科学素质。
人们常常对科学家和科技工作存在刻板印象,认为科学家一般是男性、年长者,无趣且严肃,与自己相距甚远;科学事业难度大,需要付出大量时间和精力,自己很难胜任。这些刻板印象阻碍了青少年,尤其是女性青少年发展科学身份认同。本文认为,培养青少年科学身份认同首先要在青少年脑海中“制定”正确的科学身份标准,使他们了解什么样的人是具有科学素质的人。在科学学习中,可以通过向青少年“输入”正确的科学文化、经典的科学故事和伟大的科学家形象来“制定”科学身份标准,从而让青少年从自我层面感知科学素质,为“输入”科学身份认同归属感奠定基础。
在学校的科学课程学习中,可以通过文字材料、视频资源、网络资源等多种途径向青少年传递正确的科学文化,包括学术自由、求真务实、诚实守信的价值观念,以及形式逻辑和辩证逻辑的科学思维方式。此外,还应介绍科学活动的程序和规范,让青少年对科学产生正确的认识[41]。例如,教师可以引用居里夫人和爱因斯坦的生平故事来激发学生的兴趣,通过达尔文和牛顿的科研案例来培养学生的科学思维,以及通过霍金和钱学森的科普著作来塑造学生的科学精神。这些案例不仅展示了科学家们的研究方法和成就,还传递了他们对科学的执着追求和探索精神,让青少年了解到科学家不仅仅是他们印象中被描绘的平面人物,还是有感情、有理想、有力量的立体人物,从而感悟科学家精神,改变对科学家的刻板印象,并对其产生崇拜之情,帮助青少年想象自己成为未来的科学家,将“科学家”视为他们自我概念的一部分[42]
除了学校科学课程学习,非正式学习环境下的科学学习也可以通过多种途径向青少年传递正确的科学文化。例如,科技馆、博物馆等场馆可以通过展览、讲座等形式介绍不同时期、不同领域的科学家,讲述他们的科研故事和人生经历;科普网站、应用程序等新媒体平台可以通过视频、动画、游戏等形式传播科学知识和科学方法,展现科学家的工作和生活。通过这些方式,青少年能够在非正式学习环境下的科学学习中建立正确的科学身份认同标准,激发其对科学的兴趣和归属感,从而有效提升其科学身份认同和科学素质。
有些青少年虽然喜欢科学,并且在科学学习中表现出色,但其科学身份认同却较低,不认为自己是科学学习者或未来的科技从业人员。这背后的原因是“身份差异显著性”,即在这些青少年的自我结构中存在多种“身份”,而科学这一“身份”不够显著。那么,如何激活青少年的本体意识,让他们找到科学归属感,使科学身份显著呢?身份认同理论指出,身份认同不仅仅是一个心理层面的自我认知过程,还包括在具体情境下与环境、资源和他人的互动过程[43]。身份的识别需要他人的参与,一个人无法单独成为特定类型的人[44]。可见,科学身份认同的发展离不开社会交往中人际关系的影响。通过良好的社会互动,青少年可以获得重要他人的认可,进而影响自我评价,最终实现自我认可并激活本体意识。
在科学学习中,青少年通过与同学、老师和家长的交流互动,在一次次的对话和参与科学实践的挑战中,感受到来自他人的鼓励和认可,不断地在各种社会关系中协商自己的身份,逐步“输入”科学归属感,使“科学身份”显著[45]。例如,学生通过相互讨论、交流想法,获得同伴的认可和支持,增强科学学习的自信心。在科学竞赛、科技节等活动中,学生通过展示自己的科研成果,获得评委、观众的肯定和赞赏,提升科学身份认同。在家庭环境中,父母通过表达对孩子科学学习的重视和期望,给予孩子情感支持和资源支持,帮助孩子建立科学归属感。遗憾的是,在我们日常教学实践中,青少年之间缺乏有效的社会性互动,其原因主要有两方面:一方面,青少年缺乏社会性互动的意识和技巧,尤其是低年段的青少年,几乎不会主动进行互评和反射性评价(reflected appraisal);另一方面,教师在教学过程中较少提供青少年参与社会性互动的机会,使得青少年的自我概念发展处于一种任意状态。为了增强青少年的社会性互动,教师可以在课堂教学中设计更多的小组合作学习活动,鼓励学生完成他人评价和反射性评价[46]。例如,在探究活动中,教师可以要求学生对其他组的实验方案、实验过程、实验结果等进行点评,并提出改进建议;在项目学习中,教师可以指导学生撰写反思日志,记录自己在项目中的收获和感悟,并与其他组成员分享。此外,教师还可以利用网络平台搭建学习共同体,引导学生在线上进行交流互动,拓展社会性互动的时空界限。通过这些方法,青少年能够更好地认识自我,调节自我认知,激活科学素质本体意识,从而提升科学身份认同,促进科学素质的发展。
无论是科学身份认同的理论研究,还是实证研究,都揭示了科学身份认同与实践密切相关,体现了身份认同的实践观。身份认同的实践观基于这样一个假设:身份不是作为固定的“事物”自然存在,而是在日常实践中被创造和重塑,具有流动性[47]。这正是科学身份认同概念框架中的“表现”维度,“像科学家一样工作”帮助青少年将自己视为科学家,提高科学身份认同。那么,青少年如何在科学实践中与科学身份标准进行“比较”,并“输出”科学素质的本体意识呢?大量研究表明,当青少年从事科学实践时,他们置身于一个社会框架结构中,使用科学语言、科学表征和科学工具进行科学实践,积极参与探究过程和意义建构。通过这种方式,他们掌握科学探究的技能,理解科学探究的知识,了解科学探究的过程。这种学习过程实际上是“模拟”科学家的工作,与科学家身份进行“对比”,从而“输出”具有科学素质的本体意识。
与传统教授科学知识的方法相比,这种“像科学家一样工作”的方式更能促进青少年科学身份认同的发展。然而,现有的“实践教学”往往以教师、知识为中心的传统教学模式为主。究竟通过何种实践教学才能发展青少年的动手、动脑能力,提升青少年的社会性水平,并增强他们的科学身份认同呢?国际科学教育有许多成功经验。例如,国际上广泛开展的STEM教育,通过跨学科整合、项目式学习等方式,培养学生的科学素质和创新能力。英国推行科学实践课程,注重学生动手操作和亲身体验,提高学生的科学探究能力。日本实施“综合学习”,鼓励学生走出课堂,深入社会,开展田野调查和社区服务,增强学生的社会责任感。
这些经验对我国科学教育具有重要启示。在科学教育课程改革的指引下,我们要大力倡导和推广实践教学,将青少年置身于真实情境中,让他们从现实问题出发,吸引其注意力,引发其思考、推理、动手、实验、验证和交流,从而“像科学家一样工作”。除了学校科学课程学习,还要充分利用科技馆、自然博物馆、植物园、天文台等校外教育资源,通过参观体验、动手操作等方式,拓展学生的科学视野。要鼓励学生参加各级、各类青少年科技创新大赛、科普活动,在竞赛和交流中提升科学素质。要充分发挥信息技术的优势,利用在线课程、虚拟实验、科学游戏等新型教育形态,为学生提供个性化、多样化的科学实践机会[48]。总之,他们将体会到科学实践带来的乐趣和成就感,以及“有效失败”带来的烦恼,真实地体验科学这一“身份”的意义和价值。在潜移默化中,他们将逐渐成为具备科学素质的学习者,使得科学身份在其自我结构中显著提升。
本文立足国家发展战略和国际科学教育研究现状,针对当前我国科学教育课程改革需求,深入探讨了科学身份认同的概念内涵、其与科学素质的关系,以及如何发展青少年科学身份认同的实践策略。这不仅响应了国家战略对基础科学后备人才培养的实践诉求,还契合了素养时代课程改革对科学素质和非认知因素培养要求。然而,我国科学身份认同研究仍存在研究广度不足、深度有限、研究对象单一等问题。要推动科学身份认同研究的深入发展,关键在于转变以知识为中心的教育研究方式,更加注重学生科学态度、情感、价值观的塑造,为学生营造支持性的社会环境,提供真实学习情境中的科学实践体验。只有真正激发青少年的科学热情,帮助他们建立起对科学的认同感和归属感,才能推动他们在科学领域的持续发展,让他们最终成长为具有科学素质的创新型人才。这不仅是对青少年个人发展的关注,更是对国家科技创新能力的长远布局。
  • 国家社科基金教育学项目“大语言模型增强中学生科学探究实践的路径和机制研究”(BCA240049)
  • 国家社科基金重点项目“人工智能教育场景应用的伦理与限度研究”(ACA220027)
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2024年第19卷第5期
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doi: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.05.006
  • 接收时间:2024-02-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-02
基金
国家社科基金教育学项目“大语言模型增强中学生科学探究实践的路径和机制研究”(BCA240049)
国家社科基金重点项目“人工智能教育场景应用的伦理与限度研究”(ACA220027)
作者信息
    1杭州师范大学中国教育现代化研究院,杭州 310008
    2华东师范大学教育学部国际与比较教育研究所,上海 210006
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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