Article(id=1241073598312534686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, issueId=1241073595049374121, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.03.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716566400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773824603869, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773824603869, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773824603869, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773824603869, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241073595049374121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, year='2024', volume='19', issue='3', pageStart='5', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773824603091, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773824865437, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241074695450193954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, issueId=1241073595049374121, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241074695450193955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, issueId=1241073595049374121, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=58, endPage=68, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241073598547415721, articleId=1241073598312534686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, language=EN, title=International Science Teacher PD Programs:Content,Models,and Insights, columnId=1240340986669363636, journalTitle=Studies on Science Popularization, columnName=Science Education, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Strengthening the training of science teachers is a higher requirement for science education put forward by the Party and the state in the new era,and it is also an inevitable choice to promote the high-quality development of science education. An analysis of 56 SSCI articles reporting on in-service science teacher professional development programs reveals that the content of international science teacher professional development focuses on themes such as integrative and cutting-edge science content knowledge,science inquiry including multiple models and variations,diverse perspectives on pedagogical content knowledge,and enhancing science teaching with information technology. Six typical professional development modes have been distilled from the analysis:experience-practice-reflection,demonstration-imitation,embedded learning based on course materials,individualized guidance through lesson study,real participation in scientific practice,and co-teaching. Based on the findings of existing research,this study offers insights for in-service science teacher training in China: integrating science content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge,paying attention to the practical application of science teachers,and conducting follow-up evaluations of training programs.

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加强科学教师培训是新时代党和国家对科学教育提出的更高要求,也是推进科学教育高质量发展的必然选择。本研究通过对56篇研究在职科学教师培训项目的SSCI文章进行分析,发现国际科学教师培训的内容聚焦综合性与前沿性的科学知识、包含多种模型与变式的科学探究、不同角度切入的学科教学知识、数字化背景下增强科学教学的信息技术等主题;凝练出体验—实践—反思、示范—模仿、基于课程材料的嵌入式学习、以课例为核心的个性化指导、真实参与科学实践、协同教学6种典型的培训模式;基于研究发现的规律,得出我国科学教师培训的3点启示,将科学知识学习与教学法相结合、关注科学教师的实践转化、开展对培训项目的追踪性评价。

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李秀菊为通讯作者,E-mail:
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孙慧芳,北京教育学院讲师,研究方向:科学教育、科学教师培训,E-mail:

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孙慧芳,北京教育学院讲师,研究方向:科学教育、科学教师培训,E-mail:

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孙慧芳,北京教育学院讲师,研究方向:科学教育、科学教师培训,E-mail:

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国际科学教师培训的内容、模式与启示
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孙慧芳 1 , 李秀菊 2
科普研究 | 科学教育 2024,19(3): 58-68
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科普研究 | 科学教育 2024, 19(3): 58-68
国际科学教师培训的内容、模式与启示
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孙慧芳1 , 李秀菊2
作者信息
  • 1北京教育学院,北京 100044
  • 2中国科普研究所,北京 100081
  • 孙慧芳,北京教育学院讲师,研究方向:科学教育、科学教师培训,E-mail:

通讯作者:

李秀菊为通讯作者,E-mail:
International Science Teacher PD Programs:Content,Models,and Insights
Huifang Sun1 , Xiuju Li2
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Institue of Education,Beijing 100044
  • 2China Research Institue for Science Popularization,Beijing 100081
doi: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.03.007
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加强科学教师培训是新时代党和国家对科学教育提出的更高要求,也是推进科学教育高质量发展的必然选择。本研究通过对56篇研究在职科学教师培训项目的SSCI文章进行分析,发现国际科学教师培训的内容聚焦综合性与前沿性的科学知识、包含多种模型与变式的科学探究、不同角度切入的学科教学知识、数字化背景下增强科学教学的信息技术等主题;凝练出体验—实践—反思、示范—模仿、基于课程材料的嵌入式学习、以课例为核心的个性化指导、真实参与科学实践、协同教学6种典型的培训模式;基于研究发现的规律,得出我国科学教师培训的3点启示,将科学知识学习与教学法相结合、关注科学教师的实践转化、开展对培训项目的追踪性评价。

科学教师  /  科学知识  /  科学探究  /  学科教学知识  /  培训模式  /  培训效果

Strengthening the training of science teachers is a higher requirement for science education put forward by the Party and the state in the new era,and it is also an inevitable choice to promote the high-quality development of science education. An analysis of 56 SSCI articles reporting on in-service science teacher professional development programs reveals that the content of international science teacher professional development focuses on themes such as integrative and cutting-edge science content knowledge,science inquiry including multiple models and variations,diverse perspectives on pedagogical content knowledge,and enhancing science teaching with information technology. Six typical professional development modes have been distilled from the analysis:experience-practice-reflection,demonstration-imitation,embedded learning based on course materials,individualized guidance through lesson study,real participation in scientific practice,and co-teaching. Based on the findings of existing research,this study offers insights for in-service science teacher training in China: integrating science content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge,paying attention to the practical application of science teachers,and conducting follow-up evaluations of training programs.

science teachers  /  science content knowledge  /  science inquiry  /  pedagogical content knowledge  /  professional development model  /  professional development effect
孙慧芳, 李秀菊. 国际科学教师培训的内容、模式与启示. 科普研究, 2024 , 19 (3) : 58 -68 . DOI: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.03.007
Huifang Sun, Xiuju Li. International Science Teacher PD Programs:Content,Models,and Insights[J]. Studies on Science Popularization, 2024 , 19 (3) : 58 -68 . DOI: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.03.007
教师是立教之本、兴教之源。中小学科学教师是落实“双减”政策、实施科学教育的主体。2023年2月,习近平总书记在中共中央政治局第三次集体学习时强调,“要在教育‘双减’中做好科学教育加法”[1]。做好科学教育加法需要抓住科学教师这一“关键少数”因素,直面新时代党和国家对科学教育提出的更高要求。教师培训对于提高教师专业素养、教学实践的有效性[2]以及提升学生成绩至关重要。因此,加强科学教师培训是推进科学教育高质量发展的必然选择。但当前我国的教师培训存在内容以理论知识为主、内容更新不及时、培训形式单一、培训学习效果不佳等问题[3]。国际上,如美国、英国等国家非常重视科学教师培训,开展了系统化、多样化的培训项目,取得了良好的效果[4-5]。对国外科学教师培训进行研究,系统总结国外科学教师培训的经验,或可为我国科学教师培训的困境提供解决思路。国内外学者已围绕科学教师培训项目的内容、模式开展了丰富的研究。然而这些研究或是以某个项目为研究对象,对其培训课程、模式、策略进行个案分析,或是几个项目的比较分析,鲜有研究对国外整体的科学教师培训项目状况进行系统总结。因此,本研究拟基于针对国际科学教师培训项目的代表性研究成果,运用文献分析法,梳理总结这些项目聚焦的内容主题,并基于对课程模块架构的深入诠释,凝练典型的培训模式,从而为我国科学教师培训提供有益借鉴。
本研究首先以“science professional development” “science teacher training”为关键词,对ERIC数据库在2000年至2023年时间范围内的论文进行检索,从全球范围内选取了4种SSCI英文期刊,即《科学教学研究杂志》(Journal of Research in Science Teaching)、《国际科学教育杂志》(International Journal of Science Education)、《科学教育研究》(Research in Science Education)、《科学教育》(Science Education,共得到168篇文章。之后,本研究剔除了评论以及综述类文章,针对职前教师和直接研究学生的文章,以及关注多元群体(如母语非英语、少数族裔、特殊教育)科学学习的文章,最终以56篇研究在职科学教师培训项目的文章为样本,样本具有较好的代表性。
研究显示,教师的科学知识(Science Content Knowledge)是教师层面对学生科学学习成绩最大的预测因子[6]。学科知识不足将无法帮助学生掌握和推理更具挑战性的科学内容,因此,很多国际科学教师培训项目都致力于改善教师的科学知识,从而提高学生的科学学习成就。当前的国际培训特别重视综合性、前沿性的科学知识。综合性体现在内容主题是跨学科的或者涵盖多个内容领域的,前沿性指将科学技术发展的最新成果纳入教师培训中。
一方面,水科学、气候变化、工程设计、环境科学、癌症研究等跨学科主题都是教师培训课程的重要内容[7]。例如,夏威夷的学者基于当地的海洋和岛屿环境,以水科学为培训主题,帮助教师将学生的学校学习与日常生活联系起来。同时,水科学本身是跨学科的,适合不同年级和学科领域的教师,从物理角度研究密度、风、波浪、潮汐和海底地形对全球海洋环流的影响;从化学角度了解水分子及其独特的化学性质,这些性质对物理和生物领域具有重要意义;从生物视角探索水生生物多样性,重点关注生物体的结构、功能和进化联系;从生态学角度,运用物理、化学和生物学原理研究水环境[8]
除跨学科培训主题外,综合性还表现为科学知识涵盖多个内容领域,如生命科学(生命周期、遗传特征与后天习得特征、适应性、食物网等)、地球科学(天气和大气、地球循环、土壤特征、自然资源、地表变化、太阳系等)、物质科学(物质的性质、混合物和溶液、沸点和熔点、能量和光、电和声音、力和运动等)等领域[9-10],这些内容与当地的课程标准紧密相关。
另一方面,科学技术的进步和发展是日新月异的,中小学科学课程在改革和修订中也会不断纳入新的科技成果。而很多在职科学教师,特别是教龄比较长的教师对这些新的科技成果并不熟悉,因为他们自己在上学的时候还没有这些新知识和新技术,更不用说作为学校课程进行学习。因此,需要更新科学教师的知识以满足当前科学教学的需要。克隆人、转基因、设计婴儿等新兴生物技术被媒体广泛关注,高中生物学和生物技术课程明确要求教师和学生讨论新兴生物技术应用所引发的社会和伦理问题[11],但一线教师对于如何在忙碌的教学中做到这一点感到困难。苏格兰的生物教师参加了爱丁堡大学组织的暑期学校,课程包含以下两大模块:(1)更新生物技术、遗传学及其相关新技术的科学知识;(2)对这些技术的社会、伦理和道德问题的认识[12]。纳米技术是结合化学、生物学、物理学、材料科学、医学和工程学等方面的跨学科领域[13],影响了很多现代与传统产业,但在高中教授纳米技术对于很多教师来说极具挑战。因此,纳米技术也是重要主题之一[14]
科学探究是科学教育中最核心的话题,得到了全球范围内科学教育研究者的高度关注。教师培训往往伴随着国家的科学课程教学改革,很多国家的科学课程标准中都强调学生要以探究的方式学科学。有些国家和地区的教师对探究缺乏理解,而有些是教师对于探究存在误区(比如以食谱式的方式强调技能发展)。因此,提升教师对科学探究的理解[15],以及开展科学探究教学的能力[16]是国际科学教师培训的目标和方向。
当前教师培训中最为广泛使用的模型是5E学习环,其包括参与(Engage)、探索(Explore)、解释(Explain)、迁移(Elaborate)和评价(Evaluate)5个环节[17],较好地平衡了教师指导与学生探索的关系,要求学生积极参与观察、形成假设、测试想法、得出结论和推论[18]。与我国所强调的跨学科学习较为一致,国际范围内的科学教育也强调将科学学习与阅读进行整合,特别是针对母语非英语的学生。有培训项目开发了整合阅读的5E学习环,具体包括:(1)参与活动(5~10分钟),视觉呈现或教师演示科学概念,帮助学生集中注意力,并建立过去和当前学习之间的联系;(2)探索活动(10~20分钟),学生通过小组合作操作科学材料或探索环境来学习科学概念;(3)解释活动(15~30分钟),通过直接教授科学词汇、学生与同伴阅读说明性文本以及与解释科学概念的科学软件(通过动画和模拟)互动来更深入地理解科学概念;(4)评价活动(10~20分钟),学生在科学日记中展示他们对科学概念的理解;(5)扩展活动,如果时间允许,学生通过额外的活动进一步应用他们的理解。每天的课程都以总结问题来复习与目标相关的科学概念[19]
针对食谱式探究的问题,有培训者开发了强调流动性与多向指导的TSI(Teaching Science as Inquiry)模型。TSI模型的5个探究阶段是启动(Initiation)、发明(Invention)、调查(Investigation)、解释(Interpretation)、指导(Instruction)。启动阶段激发兴趣或聚焦探究问题;发明阶段需要解决问题和收集信息,例如创建一个可测试的假设或解决程序步骤中的故障;在参与调查阶段,学生通过测试或分析数据来收集新知识;在解释阶段,学生通过内部和外部的反思来提取信息;而指导存在于每个阶段,包括教师与学生、学生与学生以及学生与教师之间的交流。TSI模型是非线性的,强调教师和学生在整个探究过程中在各个阶段之间来回移动,具有流动性和多向性的特点[8]。以启动为例,教师可以在课堂开始时,使用启发导入,也可以在整节课中不断使用提问策略来重复启发和吸引学生思考。这与现实中科学家的做法非常相似,TSI模型能够帮助教师指导学生以真实的方式学习和从事科学。
学科教学知识(Pedagogical Content Knowledge,PCK)是区分教师与学科专家的关键,发展科学教师的PCK是教师培训的重要目标。关于PCK的结构内涵有很多理论,马格努森(S. Magnusson)提出了有关科学教学领域的PCK构成,认为科学教学领域的PCK 包含以下5 个组成成分[20]:(1)科学教学定位,指符合特定年级水平的科学教学目标相关的知识和观点;(2)科学课程知识,指教师必须理解学生在前几年已经学到什么、接下来希望学生学习什么,以及教师教授与某个科学领域特定主题相关的材料或方案的知识[21-22];(3)学生科学学习的知识,即学习特定科学知识的先前必备知识或技能以及典型的学生前概念、迷思概念和思维方式等有关学生困难的知识[23];(4)科学评价的知识,包括指向科学素质的评价目标与内容,以及针对具体教学主题的合适的评价方法[24];(5)教学策略的相关知识,包括特定学科的教学策略[25]以及特定主题的教学策略[26]。PCK的不同维度之间是相互作用、相互关联的,一个维度的提升会促进教师整体PCK的发展。国际科学教师培训项目往往从一个角度切入来发展科学教师的PCK,例如聚焦于教学策略的科学内容故事线、学生对特定科学内容的思考等。
连贯的科学内容故事线(A Coherent Science Content Storyline)指的是将科学课或科学单元中的科学概念(Science Ideas)进行排序并相互联系,帮助学生构建一个对他们有意义的连贯“故事”。具体而言,有效的科学内容故事线的策略包括“将科学内容观点与活动联系起来”和“将活动与主要学习目标联系起来”,强调在活动前、活动中和活动后将观点与活动联系起来,以及将活动与整体学习目标联系起来。“将内容观点与其他科学观点联系起来”强调了科学内容故事线在各课之间联系的重要性;“为学生提供使用与学习目标相匹配的内容表征的机会”是指使用类比、隐喻和直观表征(如图表、图解、图形、概念图、模型[27]和角色扮演)来表达主要概念,使科学概念对学生来说更加具体和真实。
学生对特定科学内容的思考(Student Thinking About Specific Science Content)是教师进行教学设计、实施和反思的重要依据,因此需要关注学生的思维,特别是了解学生对科学现象的常见思维方式[28]。揭示、支持、挑战学生思考的策略包括:(1)引出学生的概念和预测;(2)提出探查性、挑战性问题[29];(3)让学生参与对数据和观察结果的解释和推理;(4)让学生通过各种方式在情境中使用和应用新概念;(5)让学生通过总结工作“建立连接”[30]。在了解学生思维和想法的基础上,教师需要进行回应,推动学生的思维发展。了解学生思维的方法包括提问[31]、观察和分析学生作品[32]或记录单[33]等。
随着科技的发展与普及,平板电脑等数字设备逐渐成为教育体系的一部分。科学教育也不例外,越来越多的学校和教师在科学课上使用科技手段,如运动传感器、温度探针等。科学课程中技术的普及有助于进行探究式学习,技术为动态可视化、数据收集[34]、概念建模和探索虚拟环境提供了新的机会,使用技术进行探究式学习可以促进学生对科学内容的理解。
那些对技术辅助探究学习感兴趣的科学教师往往缺乏独立开发课程的时间和资源。有研究团队创建了专门用于技术增强型科学教学的免费开源在线课程门户[35],包含大量基于探究的科学课程,其中使用最为广泛的是WISE学习环境(Web Based Inquiry Science Environment)。在科学教学中,有些主题无法直接进行探究(如板块构造),教师、技术人员、研究人员和学科专家共同设计的WISE探究项目,能够促进学生对特定主题领域相关内容的学习。技术增强的在线平台一方面能够将难以直接动手操作的实验通过计算机模拟实现可视化,有利于学生建构科学概念;另一方面,平台通过嵌入式的形成性评价,可以获取学生学习数据[36],帮助教师掌握学生想法,进而助其调整教学计划和教学策略。
体验—实践—反思是最为常见的教师培训模式,包含以下3个环节:(1)亲身体验:教师以学生身份体验科学探究[16][23][26][37]、科学建模[27]、工程实践[38]等活动。(2)教学实践:教师根据课程中学到的内容对学生进行教学,这种教学实践使教师能够立即运用他们新学到的内容,并在低风险的安全环境中尝试。(3)教学反思:在教学实践环节,在有些项目中培训者会进行观察,与授课教师进行合作反思和讨论;有些项目则以在线互动平台为媒介,教师分享自己在教学中的困惑、错失的机会以及成功的策略,同组的教师或培训者能够同步看到并回应。已有研究证明该模式对教师的信念和实践有积极影响[39]
以气候变化项目为例,一年一度的气候学院是联邦政府所资助研究项目的重要组成部分,旨在推动美国中大西洋地区全面实施气候变化教育。气候学院的设计由气候科学家、学习科学家、教师教育者、实践者和政策相关者共同参与,旨在为参与教师创造切身体验,加深他们对气候变化内容的理解,同时提供实施气候教育所需的教学支持和资源。培训包含以下3个部分:(1)为期一周的集中暑期工作坊;(2)四次针对疑难气候变化概念的在线研讨会;(3)两次面对面的后续研讨会。
在为期一周的集中暑期工作坊中,教师可以直接接触数据、进行实验,并参与基于探究的户外活动,展示气候对当地环境的影响。在夏季研讨会的每天早晨,主办方都会设置一个互动演示,让教师参与其中。这些在早餐期间进行的“晨间挑战”活动,旨在激发教师们在剩余时间里就内容知识发展和基于证据的教学实践进行深入讨论。在上午和下午的其他活动中,教师们会参加户外考察,探索当地的微气候,动手模拟气候变化对洋流的影响等。为了促进学习与实践之间更紧密的联系,参会教师会单独或以小组形式设计一个具体的教学计划,该计划基于他们所教的年级、科学课程以及各自的课堂需求进行。在整个学习过程中,教师有充足的时间和机会来设计和反思自己的教学方案,并与同行分享,获得反馈意见。在自己的课堂中实践之后,教师参加了“现场故事”集体分享活动,反思自己的收获和需要的帮助[40]。通过支持性的专业学习环境,培训帮助教师完成并持续开展实践转化。
示范—模仿是人类社会传递并接受经验和技能的教学模式,也是培训活动中最为常用的模式之一[41]。该模式以认知学徒制为指导,强调在现实任务的情境中学习,提供支架帮助学习者执行任务,并逐渐增加任务难度[42]
基于视频分析的科学教师学习(The Science Teachers Learning from Lesson Analysis,STeLLA)项目是一项基于视频的实践分析类培训项目。该项目的核心是教师基于课堂录像分析科学内容、科学教学和科学学习之间的互动,教师在 STeLLA 项目负责人的协助下,以小组(5~10 人)形式开展学习。STeLLA 教师亲自讲授4~6节课,并对教学进行分析。课程是由项目研究人员设计的,这些教案将成为教师培训的课程材料,为教师初步使用所教策略提供示范和支架。之后,学习小组的一半成员先授课,并进行录像(第一轮),整个研究小组共同分析录像、评估学生作品和前测,并修改课程计划供另一半教师在第二轮使用(第二轮教师重复这一过程)。在下一阶段,每个学习小组转到一个新的内容主题领域(如从电转到食物网),研究人员的支架和结构化作用有所减弱,但仍然存在。在该阶段,项目组没有向教师提供教案,教师们既在小组内也在自己的课堂上,就第二个教学内容进行备课,且研究人员的指导较少。随着时间的推移,支架和指导逐步撤去[30]。可以发现,教师首先从示范者的视频案例中学习,然后他们在自己的课堂上制作视频案例,并从自己和学习小组内其他教师的视频案例中学习。
再比如,参加了包含教师研讨会、博物馆学习和课堂科学内容与教学方法等课程的培训后,科学教师对教学内容进行反思、行动并修改规定的科学课程,并就研讨会中学到的科学本质增加了为期两天的“什么是科学”主题教学。教师们还增加了探索能量和气候变化的实地考察以及博物馆学习等额外教学内容[43]。教师所做的改变几乎都是对自己所参加培训的“复制”,模仿培训者的活动改变自身教学。
很多时候,科学教师培训是为了落实国家的科学教育改革政策而开展的。在改革的背景下,不同的研究团队开发了很多新的课程材料,而对于科学教师的培训往往嵌入到支持他们使用课程材料的过程中[22][44]。因此,我们把这样的培训模式称之为基于课程材料的嵌入式学习,该模式与我国的教材培训较为类似。
例如,戴蒙德(Brandon S. Diamond)等学者开发了一套完整的五年级科学课程,与当地州的科学内容标准保持一致,课程材料包括学生用书、教师指导手册、科学用品以及在线补充材料。所有使用该课程的五年级科学教师都参与了为期5天的工作坊:前3天在暑期,主要内容是当年12月到次年5月将要教授的课程;第4天在次年1月中旬,聚焦于1月到4月中旬要教授的课程内容;最后一天在次年5月的年终工作坊,主要反馈一年的使用情况并为下一学年做计划。除集中的工作坊外,该培训项目还包括学校现场支持,即研究团队为使用课程材料的教师或学校管理人员提供帮助。现场支持频率为每4~6周一次,全学年共计4~6次。现场支持的内容包含制定课程、共同授课、关于额外材料(例如家庭学习、实验室管理、补充评估材料)的建议、提供物资以及现场指导,现场指导包括进一步解释科学内容和指导实施探究活动[6],这些都有助于教师科学素质的提升。
以课例为核心的个性化指导是指科学教师通过实践学习,即通过教学进行学习。没有正式的培训课程,培训者(科学教师教育者)与教师参与一系列学校活动,包括备课、上课、教学反思等[45],教师接受一对一的个性化指导。科学教师和培训者在实践共同体中共同合作[46],科学教师在安全且富有支持性的氛围中分享他们的实践知识和经验,提出自己的困惑,培训者为教师提供支架性支持和指导建议[47]。指导包括以下步骤:(1)教师向培训者发送课时计划;(2)培训者在课前给出评论和建议;(3)培训者观察教师的授课;(4)教师和培训者讨论需要关注的教学要点;(5)教师和培训者共同制定下一节课的目标。关注的教学要点可能包括提问、如何鼓励和组织讨论、形成性评价任务等[48]
基于课例研究的一对一指导能够从教师的实际需求出发,具有很强的针对性;同时也为教师和培训者提供了批判性对话的空间,能够更好地发挥教师主动性。该模式常常以学校为单位开展,即培训者与学校建立合作关系。以课例为核心的个性化指导培训效果最好,但相对而言成本较高,培训能够覆盖的教师群体有限。
有一类教师培训项目不是开展一个高度模拟的科学探究项目,而是为科学教师提供与科学家并肩工作的机会,让他们真实参与科学实践工作[49]。因此,与科学家的共同活动和互动是自然的,而不是精心安排的。
例如,巴拿马运河项目—国际教育合作研究伙伴关系(Panama Canal Project-Partnership for International Research in Education,PCP-PIRE)旨在确保教师获得收集化石的实践经验,教师与科学家团队一起参与科学探究,通过古生物学框架了解美国国家科学教育标准,并获取与古代生物多样性、气候变化和进化相关的知识。具体活动包括史密森学会热带研究所(Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute,STRI)科学家的正式演讲或报告、巴罗科罗拉多岛热带雨林和新博物馆的有讲解参观,以及教师在科学家和实习生的协助下,在巴拿马运河的遗址现场寻找和挖掘化石。为了提供背景信息,科学家向教师分享了该地区的生态和地质历史,并解释了他们工作的重要性。在每个工作日的晚上,教师们都会与负责该项目的教育协调员会面,与科学家们一起回顾当天的活动,并探讨将实际经验转化为课堂教学的方法。教师不仅与科学家一起参与科学体验,还参与了通过辩论构建科学知识的讨论[50]
根据参与者的自我报告,这些经历对于参与教师的科学思维方式产生了深远影响。真实的沉浸式科学探究体验是必不可少的,教师通过参与科学家的讨论和实践学习,并开始吸收科学价值观。这种融入科学家思维方式的过程对于教师了解和掌握自己的实践至关重要,但此类培训需要与科学家建立合作伙伴关系,因为一些科学家可能不愿在研究过程中配合教师。
协同教学(Co-Teaching)模式是指教师与同事、合作教师(该角色类似我国的师傅)、大学指导教师共同教学来学习科学教学。当大学指导教师观察课堂时,学校鼓励他们与教师或实习教师协同教学,而不是站在教室后面观课和评价。这种参与方式使指导教师能够在同一时间和地点与教师共同体验教学和学习,实现研究与实践之间的统一。协同教学允许他人公开批评和评价自己的教学,这也是提高教学质量的最好方式,教师通过专家解决问题时的“出声思维”进行学习。每节课结束后,协同教师会向主讲教师提出意见和反思,并讨论如何改进,这种开放的沟通会激发每个人去尝试不同的方法[51]
托宾(Kenneth Tobin)等学者报告了他们培养新教师的协同教学模式,并展示了主讲教师安德里亚(Andrea)、实习教师伯特(Bert)及其指导教师肯(Ken)、研究人员迈克尔(Michael)共同教授生物学课程中单因子杂交的教学片段。在该片段中,安德里亚是主讲老师,三位协同教师(伯特、肯和迈克尔)都有不同的经验,他们坐在教室的不同位置,关注着正在进行的课程,并在适当的时候贡献自己的力量。
安德里亚:多少人有蓝色眼睛,又有多少人会有棕色眼睛呢?
基莎(Keesha):各占50%。
安德里亚:很好,把它写下来。
基莎:[写下来]
伯特:你知道它在遗传学中的另一个名称吗?你什么时候深入到研究遗传学?当想到隐性纯合时?[暂停] 实际上,我们要做的是一次杂交试验。
肯:它叫什么?
安德里亚:杂交试验。
伯特:杂交试验,他们已经开始确定基因型了。
肯:[指向迈克尔] 有人有问题。
在这段对话中,安德里亚和伯特都为这堂课做出了贡献。肯的问题也是一种贡献,因为很可能有其他参与者没有听到或不知道伯特在说什么。肯还作为辅助教师帮助迈克尔加入了对话,因为伯特和安德里亚都没有注意到他举手要加入对话[51]
教师的持续发展和学习是改善教学质量的核心,也是政策对教学实践产生效果的关键。我国高度重视科学教师的培养与培训工作,教育部发布了《关于实施国家优秀中小学教师培养计划的意见》《关于加强小学科学教师培养的通知》《中小学幼儿园教师培训课程指导标准(义务教育化学学科教学)》等多个政策文件。教育部及各省区市也开展了国培计划、中小学名师名校长培养计划、名师工作室等多种类型的教师培训项目。学界对有效教师培训的特征已经达成了共识,包括内容聚焦、主动学习、集体参与、足够的持续时间以及连贯性[52]。本研究通过对国际56篇教师培训项目研究论文进行分析,也发现了一些有益规律,并据此为我国教师培训提出几点启示。
科学知识与教学法都是科学教师培训内容的关键主题。提升培训项目的效果和效率是教师培训持之以恒追求的目标。国际科学教师培训的准实验研究发现,将科学知识与学科教学法相结合的实验组,其科学知识成绩超过了单纯学习科学知识的对照组[30]。这证实了教师对科学知识的学习应与教学法相结合的观点。
科学教师的学科知识和学科教学知识是预测学生学习最重要的指标,也是教师培训最为重要的目标。但是,单纯教授科学知识难以取得良好的效果,必须与教学法相结合。与教学法相结合的科学知识学习是基于课堂情境的,允许教师在课堂中重复实践。与工作(课堂教学)直接相关能够激发教师的学习动机,从而提高他们的参与度,同时学习成果也能更持久保持。
通过对国际科学教师培训典型模式的凝练,我们发现体验—实践—反思、示范—模仿、以课例为核心的个性化指导、协同教学等模式都以教师的教学实践为核心,真实参与科学实践的模式也包含“与科学家们一起回顾当天的活动,并探讨将实地经验转化为课堂教学的方法”。因此,国际科学教师培训模式都特别关注教师的实践转化。无论学习了什么主题的内容,教师都必须转化为自身的教学实践,才能真正发挥作用,对学生产生影响。
我国的教师培训项目主要包含专家讲座、参观考察、听评课等不同的形式,从学习参与的程度而言,仍然处于听人讲、看人做的学习程度,“自己做”的环节体现不够。以协同教学为例,该模式较为适合新教师以及转岗教师(由其他学科转任科学)的培训。我国的新教师培训也采取师徒制,配备骨干教师担任新教师的师傅。师徒结对多停留在师傅与徒弟之间的相互听课以及师傅对徒弟的指导上,协同教学这种“共同做”的深度交流较为少见,值得尝试。
从听讲输入、观察学习到实践输出,是一个递进和深入的过程。科学教师培训项目应当更多关注教师的实践转化,在课程中设置包含课堂实践、成果交流等实践模块,并在教师实践转化过程中提供陪伴式的专家支持和指导,通过成果交流为教师搭建展示自身教学和跟同行对话的平台,真正实现教师课堂教学行为的转变。
十年树木百年树人,教育的影响是长期的,教师培训同样也不例外。尼克(C.Nichol)等学者研究了科学教师参加培训对于学生科学成绩的影响,结果发现一年前参加培训教师所教的学生成绩显著优于刚刚完成该项目的教师所教学生。这表明,教师需要时间来实施新的教学策略[9]。因此,我们要了解教师培训项目的效果,也需要开展对培训项目的追踪性评价。
当前,我国对于教师培训项目的质量评价主要集中在参训教师的满意度调查、教师的态度变化等方面,需要有更多基于实证的方法来研究教师培训的效果,特别是教师的改变对于学生的影响,建立从教师培训到教师的知识、观念和行为改变,再到学生成绩提高的证据链条。同时,也需要更多的实证研究探索影响教师培训效果的因素,揭示在职教师从学习到实践转化的机制,为有效的教师培训提供理论依据。
  • 北京市教育科学“十四五”规划2021年度青年专项课题“家校社协同视域下中小学灾害教育系统化实施的模式构建研究”(CDCA21103)
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2024年第19卷第3期
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doi: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.03.007
  • 接收时间:2024-05-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-25
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北京市教育科学“十四五”规划2021年度青年专项课题“家校社协同视域下中小学灾害教育系统化实施的模式构建研究”(CDCA21103)
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    1北京教育学院,北京 100044
    2中国科普研究所,北京 100081

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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