Article(id=1241073599264649703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, issueId=1241073595049374121, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.03.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711900800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773824604097, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773824604097, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773824604097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773824604097, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241073595049374121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, year='2024', volume='19', issue='3', pageStart='5', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773824603091, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773824865437, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241074695450193954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, issueId=1241073595049374121, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241074695450193955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, issueId=1241073595049374121, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=48, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241073599562445294, articleId=1241073599264649703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, language=EN, title=A Comparative Study on International Primary Science Reading Materials and Its Insights:Taking Top Reading Materials from the United States,Canada,the United Kingdom,Australia and Singapore as Examples, columnId=1240340986669363636, journalTitle=Studies on Science Popularization, columnName=Science Education, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As an important carrier of science reading and science learning,science reading materials are significant in stimulating students' interest in science and improving their scientific literacy. We synthesize the“scientific literacy perspective”and the“reading comprehension perspective”,take 10 sets of primary science reading materials from the United States,Canada,the United Kingdom,Australia and Singapore,and analyze the content arrangement,reading design as well as organization strategies of them. The study aims to provide guidelines for the design and development of science reading materials for primary students in China. Findings suggest that international primary science reading materials typically covers regular science themes aligned with mainstream international science education standards,and lays an emphasis on the nature of science as well as its connection to society and individuals. These materials are designed to progressively advance reading content based on leveled reading standards,offering guidance on scientific vocabulary acquisition and reading strategies. They employ questions to guide the reading process and provide a wealth of supplementary resources to support scientific inquiry and practice. Drawing upon these findings,the study offers specific recommendations for the design and development of future primary science reading materials in China from three aspects. In terms of the content arrangement,comprehensive consideration should be given to core ideas,the nature of science,and the connection between science and society and individuals. With regard to the reading design,it is necessary to establish reading levels for science reading in China and arrange reading progression accordingly. Regarding the organization strategies,it is suggested that metacognitive strategies and rich supporting resources should be considered.

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科学阅读材料作为科学阅读和科学学习的重要载体,对于激发学生科学兴趣和提升学生科学素养具有重要意义。综合科学阅读研究的科学素养视角和阅读理解视角,本研究以美国、加拿大、英国、澳大利亚、新加坡出版的10套小学科学阅读材料为分析对象,对其内容编排、阅读设计和组织策略进行分析。研究发现,国际小学科学阅读材料内容覆盖国际主流科学课标中的常规科学主题,重视科学本质及科学同社会与个人的关联;在基于分级阅读标准合理安排内容进阶的同时,提供科学词汇学习和阅读策略指导;借助问题设计引导阅读过程,提供丰富的配套资源支持科学探究和实践。基于此,本研究从三个方面针对我国小学科学阅读材料的设计和开发提出具体建议:在内容编排上,综合考虑科学观念、科学本质以及科学同社会与个人的关联;在阅读设计上,建立科学阅读分级标准,合理安排阅读进阶;在组织策略上,借助元认知策略,提供丰富的配套资源。

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郑永和为通讯作者,E-mail:
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陶丹,北京师范大学科学教育研究院讲师,研究方向:学习科学视角的科学教育等,E-mail:

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陶丹,北京师范大学科学教育研究院讲师,研究方向:学习科学视角的科学教育等,E-mail:

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陶丹,北京师范大学科学教育研究院讲师,研究方向:学习科学视角的科学教育等,E-mail:

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序号科学阅读材料名称国家出版商年份分级标准
1Science:A Closer Look
《科学启蒙》
美国McGraw-Hill
(麦格劳—希尔)
2011自定义
2Inspire Science
《启发科学》
美国McGraw-Hill
(麦格劳—希尔)
2020自定义
3National Geographic Learning
Reading Explorer
《美国国家地理学习阅读探
险者》
美国Cengage Learning, Inc.
(圣智学习出版公司)
2020CEFR
4National Geographic Kids
《美国国家地理儿童版》
美国National Geographic Partners
(美国国家地理合股企业)
持续CCSS/ Lexile/AR
5Science A-Z
《科学A-Z》
美国Learning A-Z
(学习A-Z公司)
持续Lexile
6Science Readers
《科学读本》
加拿大Teacher Created Materials
(美国TCM出版社)
2015Lexile/GRL/DRA/PM
7Cambridge Primary Science
《剑桥初级科学》
英国Cambridge University Press
(剑桥大学出版社)
2021自定义
8DKfindout!
《DK发现》
英国DK Children
(DK儿童)
持续Lexile
9Australian Curriculum Science
《澳大利亚科学课程》
澳大利亚RIC Publications
(RIC出版社)
2023自定义
10My Pals Are Here! Science
《我的朋友在这里!科学》
新加坡Marshall Cavendish Education
(名创教育出版集团)
2019自定义
), ArticleFig(id=1241077719459484354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652312894775300, articleId=1241073599264649703, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究分析的小学科学阅读材料信息一览表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号科学阅读材料名称国家出版商年份分级标准
1Science:A Closer Look
《科学启蒙》
美国McGraw-Hill
(麦格劳—希尔)
2011自定义
2Inspire Science
《启发科学》
美国McGraw-Hill
(麦格劳—希尔)
2020自定义
3National Geographic Learning
Reading Explorer
《美国国家地理学习阅读探
险者》
美国Cengage Learning, Inc.
(圣智学习出版公司)
2020CEFR
4National Geographic Kids
《美国国家地理儿童版》
美国National Geographic Partners
(美国国家地理合股企业)
持续CCSS/ Lexile/AR
5Science A-Z
《科学A-Z》
美国Learning A-Z
(学习A-Z公司)
持续Lexile
6Science Readers
《科学读本》
加拿大Teacher Created Materials
(美国TCM出版社)
2015Lexile/GRL/DRA/PM
7Cambridge Primary Science
《剑桥初级科学》
英国Cambridge University Press
(剑桥大学出版社)
2021自定义
8DKfindout!
《DK发现》
英国DK Children
(DK儿童)
持续Lexile
9Australian Curriculum Science
《澳大利亚科学课程》
澳大利亚RIC Publications
(RIC出版社)
2023自定义
10My Pals Are Here! Science
《我的朋友在这里!科学》
新加坡Marshall Cavendish Education
(名创教育出版集团)
2019自定义
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国际小学科学阅读材料的比较研究与启示——以美、加、英、澳、新五国为例
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陶丹 , 陶扬 , 王佳宁 , 郑永和
科普研究 | 科学教育 2024,19(3): 48-57
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科普研究 | 科学教育 2024, 19(3): 48-57
国际小学科学阅读材料的比较研究与启示——以美、加、英、澳、新五国为例
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陶丹 , 陶扬, 王佳宁, 郑永和
作者信息
  • 北京师范大学科学教育研究院,北京 100088
  • 陶丹,北京师范大学科学教育研究院讲师,研究方向:学习科学视角的科学教育等,E-mail:

通讯作者:

郑永和为通讯作者,E-mail:
A Comparative Study on International Primary Science Reading Materials and Its Insights:Taking Top Reading Materials from the United States,Canada,the United Kingdom,Australia and Singapore as Examples
Dan Tao , Yang Tao, Jianing Wang, Yonghe Zheng
Affiliations
  • Research Institute of Science Education,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100088
doi: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.03.006
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科学阅读材料作为科学阅读和科学学习的重要载体,对于激发学生科学兴趣和提升学生科学素养具有重要意义。综合科学阅读研究的科学素养视角和阅读理解视角,本研究以美国、加拿大、英国、澳大利亚、新加坡出版的10套小学科学阅读材料为分析对象,对其内容编排、阅读设计和组织策略进行分析。研究发现,国际小学科学阅读材料内容覆盖国际主流科学课标中的常规科学主题,重视科学本质及科学同社会与个人的关联;在基于分级阅读标准合理安排内容进阶的同时,提供科学词汇学习和阅读策略指导;借助问题设计引导阅读过程,提供丰富的配套资源支持科学探究和实践。基于此,本研究从三个方面针对我国小学科学阅读材料的设计和开发提出具体建议:在内容编排上,综合考虑科学观念、科学本质以及科学同社会与个人的关联;在阅读设计上,建立科学阅读分级标准,合理安排阅读进阶;在组织策略上,借助元认知策略,提供丰富的配套资源。

科学阅读  /  科学阅读材料  /  小学科学教育  /  国际比较

As an important carrier of science reading and science learning,science reading materials are significant in stimulating students' interest in science and improving their scientific literacy. We synthesize the“scientific literacy perspective”and the“reading comprehension perspective”,take 10 sets of primary science reading materials from the United States,Canada,the United Kingdom,Australia and Singapore,and analyze the content arrangement,reading design as well as organization strategies of them. The study aims to provide guidelines for the design and development of science reading materials for primary students in China. Findings suggest that international primary science reading materials typically covers regular science themes aligned with mainstream international science education standards,and lays an emphasis on the nature of science as well as its connection to society and individuals. These materials are designed to progressively advance reading content based on leveled reading standards,offering guidance on scientific vocabulary acquisition and reading strategies. They employ questions to guide the reading process and provide a wealth of supplementary resources to support scientific inquiry and practice. Drawing upon these findings,the study offers specific recommendations for the design and development of future primary science reading materials in China from three aspects. In terms of the content arrangement,comprehensive consideration should be given to core ideas,the nature of science,and the connection between science and society and individuals. With regard to the reading design,it is necessary to establish reading levels for science reading in China and arrange reading progression accordingly. Regarding the organization strategies,it is suggested that metacognitive strategies and rich supporting resources should be considered.

science reading  /  science reading materials  /  primary science education  /  international comparison
陶丹, 陶扬, 王佳宁, 郑永和. 国际小学科学阅读材料的比较研究与启示——以美、加、英、澳、新五国为例. 科普研究, 2024 , 19 (3) : 48 -57 . DOI: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.03.006
Dan Tao, Yang Tao, Jianing Wang, Yonghe Zheng. A Comparative Study on International Primary Science Reading Materials and Its Insights:Taking Top Reading Materials from the United States,Canada,the United Kingdom,Australia and Singapore as Examples[J]. Studies on Science Popularization, 2024 , 19 (3) : 48 -57 . DOI: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.03.006
科学阅读是个体从科学的多种可视化表征形式(如文字、符号、图表等)中进行意义建构的过程[1-2]。在科学学习和教学中,学生的科学阅读能力直接影响其科学成就[3]。同时,研究者综述K-12阶段促进学生科学学习相关实证研究中的有效策略发现,科学阅读教学是决定学生科学学习成就的关键因素之一[4]。具体而言,科学阅读有助于活跃学生思维、激发学生科学兴趣,帮助学生建构深层次的概念性知识,也有利于发展学生的科学本质观[5-6]。由此可见,科学阅读的重要性不容小觑。
科学阅读材料是科学阅读和科学学习的重要载体。教育部发布的《中小学生阅读指导目录(2020年版)》中涵盖人文社科、文学、自然科学和艺术四类推荐书目。其中推荐的60本自然科学类图书主要包括以下三类:以科学知识传播为主的传统知识类科普读物、以科学史和科学哲学等为内容的元科学著作以及一流科学家叙述原创理论的科学原典著作。在推荐给小学生的22本自然科学图书中,90%以上均为传统知识类科普读物[6]。鉴于公众对于科学阅读在小学生科学学习中的重要性缺乏认识,以及对科学阅读类图书存在种种认识误区(如内容要全面、形式要活泼等)[2],我国目前出版的小学科学阅读类图书相对比较匮乏,中小学的科学阅读材料一般默认为科学教科书和知识类科普读物[7-8]
不同于普通阅读材料,科学阅读材料对文本结构和证据基础有更高的要求,更注重真实性、科学性和逻辑性。这些特征对科学阅读材料的设计和开发提出了更高的要求。虽然我国目前已有数量庞大的知识性科普读物,但这些读物普遍存在内容宽泛、观点阐述深度不足、与日常和社会生活联系不紧密、缺乏科学工具意识等缺点,不利于学生科学概念理解的形成、科学思维的培育以及科学本质观的发展[2][5]。为了设计和开发匹配低龄段学生认知发展需求且能促进学生科学素质提升的高质量科学阅读材料,梳理国际小学科学阅读材料的先进经验和做法具有重要意义。为此,本研究将筛选国际上具有代表性的多套小学科学阅读材料进行深入分析,重点考查国际小学科学阅读材料的共性特征,以便为我国小学科学阅读材料的设计和开发提供借鉴和参考。
科学阅读材料主要分四类,即原始科学文献(Primary Scientific Literature,PSL)、新闻报道类材料(Journalistic Reported Versions,JRV)、原始科学改编文献(Adapted Primary Literature,APL)和科学教科书[9]。四类科学阅读材料在编制者、目标人群、内容特点和功能定位等方面各具特色,构成了科学教育与传播的多元渠道,满足不同类型读者的需求。
PSL主要由科学家撰写,一般采用规范的结构,包括摘要、引言、方法、结果和讨论部分[10]。PSL以论证性内容为主,通过实验和数据支持得出结论,展示科学研究基于证据论证的严谨性,主要服务于科学共同体的研究成果交流[11]。JRV通常是由科学记者、科普工作者撰写,结构较为灵活[12]。JRV以叙述性和解释性内容为主,此类型的材料倾向于以确定性的方式呈现科学知识,主要提供事实而很少涉及支持结论的证据[11],旨在向公众传播科学信息[12]。APL由科学教育工作者和科学家共同撰写,一般采用规范的结构。APL面向学生,旨在将科学家之间的专业交流转化为学生能够理解的形式,展示科学研究中的不确定性,同时保持科学研究的真实性和实证性[13]。科学教科书通常由科学教育研究者和工作者等共同编写,主要用于正式科学教育场景中的科学教学。教科书以解释性内容为主,反映学科的知识体系,以确定性的方式呈现科学事实,很少涉及支持结论的证据[14-16]。科学教科书呈现系统化、结构化的科学学科知识[14],同时考虑学生的认知水平和科学教育发展科学核心素养的目标,主要服务于校内科学学习和教学。
长期以来,科学教科书是中小学学生科学阅读材料的主要来源[7]。随着越来越多的科普工作者和科学家对中小学科学教育的关注,JRV和APL也成为学生科学学习过程中阅读材料的有力补充。
中小学生科学阅读研究主要呈现出科学素养(Scientific Literacy)和阅读理解(Reading Comprehension)两种研究视角[17]。阅读科学材料对于学生的科学素养提升具有重要意义[18]。培育学生的科学素养是中小学科学教育的核心目标。科学素养不仅包括掌握科学共同体生产的科学知识和了解知识生产过程,还包括对这些科学知识的应用,以及个体对于在社会生活中遇到的相关问题的关注。此外,提升个体的科学素养也意味着发展个体的批判性知识、情感态度和思维能力,让所有个体都有机会更充分地参与有关社会性科学议题的讨论[19]。在我国2022年版的义务教育科学课标中,科学素养体现为“科学观念、科学思维、探究实践和态度责任”四个方面[20]。阅读作为一种主动的意义建构过程,广泛应用于学校各学科的教学活动中,有助于激发学生的学习兴趣和促进学生概念性理解的形成。通过阅读各种科学材料,学生习得科学知识、理解科学探究过程和方法、掌握科学思维、形成关于科学本质的合理认识[21-22]。阅读科学材料不仅需要对信息进行解码,还包括使用相关信息进行明智决策和解决问题。近年来,部分研究者开始重视在科学阅读材料中融入科学史和科学本质等内容来支持学生理解科学的认识论基础[19][23]。我国也有不少学者就科学教科书中科学本质的体现和表征进行国际比较[24-25],发现我国教科书通常以边栏或者拓展学习内容的形式呈现科学本质,而美国教科书则将科学本质作为主要教学内容的一部分。
不同于科学素养视角,阅读理解视角更关注学生理解科学文本时所涉及的认知过程,即学生如何理解和处理科学阅读材料中呈现的信息[17]。科学阅读材料通常包含密度较高的科学术语、专业符号、图表、公式和复杂的句子结构,使用逻辑严密的推理过程来解释和论证复杂的过程和现象[22][26]。相对其他阅读文本,科学阅读文本材料对阅读者的语言和词汇能力、阅读技巧和批判性思维提出了更高要求。过去30余年,研究者就阅读理解的认知过程形成了两种不同的阅读观点:简单阅读观[27]和完整阅读观[28]。简单阅读观强调阅读过程中解码和语言理解的重要性和必要性,重点关注读者、文本和阅读任务三要素之间的关系。在简单阅读观的基础上,完整阅读观更关注阅读过程中的交互意义建构;强调阅读材料学科特性的同时,综合考虑读者的认知、元认知特点以及不同学科问题的复杂性,以促进读者的学科素养为最终目标。
科学文本的复杂程度直接影响学生的阅读理解过程,教师应当对阅读文本和材料中呈现的词汇、句式和段落特征进行复杂度评估,挑选合适的阅读材料以促进学生深层次阅读理解的发生[29]。为了更好地匹配科学阅读材料与读者的词汇和阅读能力水平,开发者一方面开始引入不同的阅读分级标准来组织面向不同年龄段和年级的科学阅读材料,另一方面也在科学阅读材料中纳入科学词汇学习和阅读策略的训练。目前,主流的阅读分级标准主要包括蓝思阅读框架(Lexile Framework for Reading,Lexile)[30]、发展性阅读评估(Development Reading Assessment,DRA)[31]、阅读指导等级(Guided Reading Levels,GRL)[32]和加速阅读者(Accelerated Reader,AR)[33]四种。
本研究选择美国、加拿大、英国、澳大利亚和新加坡出版的10套具有代表性的小学科学阅读材料进行分析和比较。研究对象的选择综合考虑三方面的因素:其一,各国科学教育研究在国际范围内的综合水平;其二,各国中小学生科学学习成就的国际表现;其三,各国知名度较高的教育和科普类出版商及其发行的小学科学阅读材料的受欢迎程度。
首先,从国际科学教育研究的综合水平来看,过去25年美国、加拿大、英国、澳大利亚等国家在国际科学教育研究的三大核心期刊(Science Education,Journal of Research in Science TeachingInternational Journal of Research in Science Education)的贡献排名一直位居前列[34]。其次,从各国学生近期的TIMSS(the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study)和PISA(Programme for International Student Assessment)测试中的科学学习成就来看,新加坡有相对稳定的突出表现[35-36]。最后,本研究在挑选这五个国家的代表性小学科学阅读材料时,也综合考量上述5个国家教育类图书出版商的知名度,及其发行的科学阅读材料在各大平台的销量、读者评分以及在国内各大社交平台上的受欢迎程度等。最终选定了来自美国、加拿大、英国、澳大利亚和新加坡出版的10套国际小学科学阅读材料作为研究对象(见表1)。
基于科学素养视角和阅读理解视角,考虑科学阅读材料的组织和呈现方式对学生科学学习过程重要的支持作用,本研究构建了围绕内容编排、阅读设计、组织策略三个核心维度的分析框架(见图1)。
其中,内容编排维度基于科学素养视角,聚焦所选阅读材料覆盖的科学主题和深度、对学生科学本质认识的支持及对学生理解科学与周围世界关系的考虑。阅读设计维度基于阅读理解视角,分析所选阅读材料的进阶依据以及阅读策略等。最后,科学阅读材料的设计也需要考虑学生科学学习的核心原则与策略。因此,组织策略维度基于学生的科学学习视角,重点分析所选阅读材料体现的学习策略和配套支持的学习资源。
研究发现,各国的科学阅读材料普遍覆盖常规科学主题,即物质科学、生命科学以及地球与空间科学。这些主题及下属的具体内容基本与以美国《下一代科学课程标准》(Next Generation Science Standards, NGSS)为代表的国际科学课程标准一致,较好地体现了国际小学科学阅读材料对学生课堂科学学习目标的关照。
例如,美国麦克劳—希尔出版公司出版的经典科学读物《科学启蒙》主要包括生命科学、地球和空间科学、物质科学三大主题,反映了美国NGSS的核心科学主题。同时,《澳大利亚科学课程》主要包括生物科学、物理科学、地球与空间科学、化学科学四大主题,与澳大利亚课程评估与报告管理局(Australian Curriculum,Assessment and Reporting Authority,ACARA)制定的《澳大利亚科学课程:学前到10年级》(Australian Curriculum for Science F-10[37]标准中的主题和内容要求基本一致。
除了覆盖常规科学学科内容,各国的科学阅读材料对科学方法、科学技能和科学规范也非常关注,尤其重视以不同的方式建立学生与科学学术共同体之间的连接,帮助学生形成对科学本质的合理认识。
以《科学启蒙》各册丛书中“做一名科学家(Be a Scientist)”单元为例,该部分包含科学方法、科学技能、聚焦技能和安全提示四个版块。在具体“科学方法”版块的内容组织中,从学生感兴趣的简单话题入手(例如,你是否对蜗牛有一些好奇的问题?你可以怎样解决这些问题?),在不同的探究阶段给学生提供指引性问题,并关联科学家在不同阶段会采取的行动,指导学生像科学家一样思考和实践。在“安全提示”版块,针对学生在前期探究活动中使用到的器材提供安全提醒,为学生提供规范的科学探究过程指导,增强学生的科学实验安全意识。
此外,各国的科学阅读材料通过科学家的故事以及科学与现实世界的关联来促进学生对科学本质的理解,帮助学生认识到科学是认识世界的一种方式。例如,《美国国家地理儿童版》系列科学阅读材料通过爱因斯坦(Albert Einstein[38]和爱迪生(Thomas Edison[39]等科学家传记类型阅读材料,详细描述了科学家的生平、成就和对科学的贡献。这些传记不仅展示了科学家的个人故事,还突出科学家的努力对科学发展的重大影响。澳大利亚科学课明确呈现了“科学是人类的共同努力”这一观点,以及“科学本质和科学发展”“科学的应用和影响”两部分内容。例如,关于“植物适应环境”这一内容,五年级“生物科学(Biological Sciences)”版块的“植物怎样适应环境(How Have Plants Adapted to Their Environment?)”单元介绍了人类从狩猎者转变为定居者,需要种植作物维持生计。这部分内容呈现了人类通过不断地试验和探索,找到了适应当地环境的最佳作物种植方法。随着时间的推移,作物种植方法被不断改良。这段阅读材料呈现了科学作为一种人类的共同努力被建设的过程,不仅推动了知识的积累和技术的进步,还在很大程度上影响了人类社会的发展和变迁。
国际小学科学阅读材料普遍关注科学在现实生活中的实际应用,帮助学生建立科学与现实世界的关联,认识到科学的重要性。《科学读本》专门设置“知识就是力量(Knowledge is Power)”版块,呈现科学知识在现实生活中的应用,激发学生的科学学习兴趣。例如,三年级“电磁(Electromagnetism)”相关内容的阅读材料中描述了电磁起重机如何工作、新型磁悬浮列车和NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration)的电磁发射系统等,展示科学知识的实际应用和对日常生活的影响。通过阅读这些材料,学生可以了解特定科学发现的产生过程,以及如何使用它们来解决现实问题。
此外,国际小学科学阅读材料还注重学生对于科学职业的理解和认识,鼓励学生从事科学相关领域的职业。《剑桥初级科学》设置了“科学工作(Science at Work)”栏目,介绍科学领域不同的职业。比如,在第一阶段第一个主题单元“我们的身体(Our body)”学习身体部位相关的内容,聚焦验光师这一职业,重点介绍了验光师如何通过视力检测帮助人们改善视力。通过与内容主题相关的职业介绍,学生不仅可以了解到科学知识在职业领域中的实践与应用,还能增强对现实世界的理解和提前规划未来的职业发展。为了鼓励更多学生从事科学、技术、工程和数学(Science, Technology,Engineering and Mathematics,STEM)领域的职业,《启发科学》将不同主题的阅读内容与各种STEM职业联系起来。通过这些内容设置,学生在阅读过程中可以了解不同STEM职业所需要的科学知识,有助于为未来的职业选择和终身学习做好规划。
国际小学科学阅读材料在适应学生认知水平方面特色鲜明,主要体现在以下两个方面:一是阅读内容设计基于特定的分级标准,合理安排进阶;二是同一级别内的材料设计充分考虑学生的个性化需求。国际科学阅读材料的分级设计不仅体现在基于不同的年级组织进阶,还体现在提供不同分级标准体系下的等级说明供用户参考(见表1)。例如,《DK发现》采用Lexile,《科学读本》在采用Lexile的同时,提供了GRL、DRA和PM三个分级体系下对应的级别。《美国国家地理学习阅读探险者》则采用了欧洲共同语言参考标准体系。《科学启蒙》和《启发科学》都采用了自主设置的四级进阶:接近级(Approaching Level)、普通级(On-Level)、超越级(Beyond-Level)和英语语言学习者级(English Language Learner,ELL)。此外,英国、澳大利亚和新加坡的其它科学阅读材料基本都参考了其国家课标中不同年级的学习内容要求。
除了基于不同的阅读分级标准规划阅读内容,部分科学阅读材料在同一年级的内容设计中也考虑了学生的个性化需求。以《启发科学》为例,教师指导用书针对不同阅读水平(接近级、普通级、超越级)的学生提供了不同的教学指导建议。此外,针对探究活动的组织,将同一探究内容依据探究过程的开放程度设计了结构化探究、引导式探究和开放式探究3种类型的探究活动以供参考,支持教师根据学生个性化的需求灵活调整教学安排。
大部分国际科学阅读材料都提供了专门的科学词汇、术语学习版块和阅读技能与策略版块,同时配备对应的练习版块,帮助学生习得相关词汇和掌握相应的阅读策略,有助于他们更好地理解阅读内容。例如,《美国国家地理儿童版》针对含有特定科学术语的内容,以小栏目形式提供词汇解释,同时也在文末提供整本书所涉及的科学词汇解释表,方便学生检索科学词汇。《科学读本》和《我的朋友在这里!科学》分别在阅读材料中设置了“科学词汇(Science Words)”和“科学术语汇编(Science Glossary)”清单。此外,部分阅读材料还会为读者提供有关科学词汇掌握情况的练习。例如,《启发科学》设置了“语言建构活动(Language Building Activity)”版块,帮助学生针对特定阅读内容中涉及的科学词汇进行练习。
同时,科学阅读也需要掌握特定的科学阅读技巧和策略,阅读策略的使用有助于读者更有效地理解和评估阅读材料。例如,《美国国家地理学习阅读探险者》设置了专门的栏目来呈现阅读相应材料应当使用的阅读技巧。国际科学阅读材料往往采用逐步引入的方式来教授阅读策略,首先介绍具体的阅读策略,然后提供相应的阅读材料,最后设置对应的练习或问题。例如,在《启发科学》中,学生在阅读特定的材料时需要完成配套的阅读理解习题,通过习题训练的方式巩固信息型文本的阅读技巧和策略。《美国国家地理学习阅读探险者》则按照阅读技巧、阅读内容、阅读训练的顺序依次呈现相应版块,以便读者在理解阅读技巧的前提下开展科学阅读,自我评估阅读效果和调整阅读策略。
国际小学科学阅读材料通常设置丰富的真实问题来引导阅读过程,在激活学生的前概念知识和激发学生阅读兴趣的同时,帮助学生自我评估阅读效果。研究表明,设置合理的问题能够有效地引导学生的科学阅读[23]。从问题类型上看,主要包括:(1)情境导入型问题,这类问题通常出现在阅读材料的导入部分,引导学生开展科学阅读;(2)评估阅读效果型问题,主要用于帮助阅读者在阅读中和阅读后进行自我评估;(3)关联现实生活型应用问题,此类问题旨在帮助学生将科学知识与现实生活联系起来,用于真实情境中的问题解决。
例如,《科学启蒙》《启发科学》《我的朋友在这里!科学》等科学阅读材料,在呈现具体阅读内容前,通常会设置一系列与阅读内容相关的问题来作为阅读的引导,帮助学生在阅读前明确学习目标和重点。此外,《美国国家地理儿童版》通过边栏呈现与阅读内容相关的问题,让学生在阅读过程中自我评估阅读效果。《我的朋友在这里!科学》设置了“让我们来发现(Let’s Find Out)”栏目,通过核心问题的探究设计帮助学生构建单元内容的学习框架;同时围绕不同学习内容设置对应的问题列表,供教师和学生检查学习进度。在每单元的具体内容呈现中,设置了“探究(Explore)”栏目,引导学生阅读和学习相关内容。同样,《剑桥初级科学》材料设置了“基于问题的学习(Problem-Based Learning)”栏目,向学生提供所学主题与现实世界的联系。
国际小学科学阅读材料普遍关注科学探究和科学实践,但各国侧重点不同。美国和加拿大等国的科学阅读材料强调科学实践(Science Practices),而英国和澳大利亚等国的科学阅读材料更关注科学探究(Science Inquiry)。此外,在支持教师教学和学生开展科学实践和科学探究活动方面,这些科学阅读材料普遍提供了丰富的配套资源。这些资源不仅包括传统的教师教学指导用书、学生练习题和拓展阅读资源,还有许多视频、音频、动画和在线科学学习网站等多媒体资源。
例如,《科学读本》设置“像科学家一样思考(Think Like a Scientist)”版块,设计结构化的科学探究任务,通过让学生参与科学实践来培养学生的科学思维和探究能力。而《剑桥初级科学》则设置了特色栏目“让我们探究(Let’s Explore)”,通过设置相应的探究活动,帮助学生通过科学探究过程来理解探究主题。《澳大利亚科学课程》将科学探究分为提问和预测(Questioning and Predicting)、计划和执行(Planning and Conducting)、处理(Processing)、建模和分析(Modelling and Analyzing)、评估(Evaluating)和交流(Communicating)六个环节。
从配套资源上来说,《启发科学》为每项探究活动提供探究视频,详细展示探究活动的操作步骤,鼓励学生积极参与科学实践。《科学读本》提供音频录音等,帮助学生进行听力练习,提高阅读流畅性。此外,为支持教师有效教学,科学阅读材料通常包含详细的教学指南和学习清单,以便教师更好地组织和实施教学。例如,《剑桥初级科学》提供了用户指南,向用户说明如何使用学生用书和配套练习册。同样,《我的朋友在这里!科学》和《DK发现》系列提供配套的活动手册和教师指导说明,帮助教师更好地将探究活动整合到科学教学中。最后,也有部分科学阅读材料借助新技术增强阅读过程的互动性和趣味性。例如,《科学读本》提供交互式电子书,《DK发现》的配套网站(dkfindout.com)提供互动式学习支持,部分内容利用了增强现实功能,提供更引人入胜的学习体验。
早期的科学教育聚焦学生的概念理解,如今国内外科学课标重视科学思维、科学本质以及科学同社会与个人的关联。这些变化较好地体现在目前国际小学科学阅读材料的内容编排中。国际小学科学阅读材料一般包括生命科学、地球科学、物质科学等学科内容,开篇通常也会设置专门的章节阐述科学本质、科学与工程实践等内容。科学阅读材料的内容编制需要充分考虑科学的本体论和认识论性质,以及阅读文本所对应学科的特定思维方式[28]。我国现有的科学阅读材料基本包含相应的学科主题,但大部分科学阅读材料仅以栏目的形式呈现科学史或者科学研究方法,缺少专门的篇幅呈现科学本质。因此,本研究建议在编制我国小学科学阅读材料时,注重科学本质,通过呈现科学史、科学探究、社会性科学议题等相关内容[40],让学生了解科学、感受科学家的实践过程以及科学知识的演变过程培养学生对科学的正确认识和合理态度。
国际上已有较为成熟的分级阅读标准体系,如Lexile、DRA、AR、PM、GRL和CEFR等。分级阅读标准体系能为科学阅读材料的研发提供指导,支持研发团队为不同的读者群体设计符合其认知水平的阅读材料。美国在2010年就发布了《共同核心国家标准》(Common Core State Standards,CCSS),明确规定了K-12年级学生在各年级结束时在科学和技术学科所应达到的读写能力。目前,我国关于阅读或科学阅读的指导主要源于学科课程标准,在国家层面尚未建立明确的科学阅读等级标准或指导意见。有鉴于此,本研究建议在现有课程方案及学科课程标准的基础上,建立科学阅读分级标准,明确各年级学生所应具备的科学阅读能力水平,为科学阅读材料的研发提供指导及依据。
国际小学科学阅读材料通常设置与学生相关的真实问题来引导学生的阅读过程,在激活学生的前概念知识和激发学生阅读兴趣的同时,帮助学生自我评估阅读效果。此外,国际小学科学阅读材料同样关注科学观念和科学实践,让学生通过参与像科学家一样的科学实践形成科学核心观念的概念性认识。因此,本研究建议在设计和开发小学科学阅读材料时,不仅可以利用传统的信息文本资源和相应的配套资源(如活动手册、家长及教师的共读活动指南以及学生的阅读指导说明等),还可以开发相应的交互式电子书籍,把视频、音频、练习测验等融入科学阅读材料中,丰富学生的阅读体验。此外,小学科学阅读材料的设计和研发者可以提供与科学阅读材料配套的科学实验器材包,支持学生在阅读的同时亲身参与科学实践。
  • 北京师范大学出版集团科学阅读系列丛书(小学版)委托项目
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doi: 10.19293/j.cnki.1673-8357.2024.03.006
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北京师范大学出版集团科学阅读系列丛书(小学版)委托项目
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    北京师范大学科学教育研究院,北京 100088

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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