Article(id=1210201337866883738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201336646333244, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.09.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1630425600000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-01, revisedDate=1634054400000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766464083401, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1663603200000, pubDateStr=2022-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766464083401, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766464083401, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766464083401, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210201336646333244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='115', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766464083110, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563169207, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616933930635542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201336646333244, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616933930635543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201336646333244, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=28, endPage=34, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210201338114347678, articleId=1210201337866883738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on Electric Strength of Meta-aramid Paper Improved by Coating Poly(m-phthaloyl-m-phenylenediamine) Slurry, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The surface of meta-aramid paper was coated with poly(m-phthaloyl-m-phenylenediamine) (PMIA) slurry with different solid contents, and the coated meta-aramid paper was dried. The morphology, mechanical properties, dielectric properties, and electric strength of the modified meta-aramid paper were characterized by cold field emission scanning electron microscope, universal testing machine, broadband dielectric impedance spectrometer, and electric strength testing instrument. The results show that the PMIA slurry can change the structure of aramid paper and decrease the internal void of aramid paper. When the solid content of PMIA slurry is 10%, the transverse and longitudinal tensile strength of meta-aramid paper increases to 51.3 MPa and 94.4 MPa, respectively, the dielectric constant of meta-aramid paper is 2.07, and the electric strength of meta-aramid paper increases to 29.83 kV/mm. The mechanical properties and electric strength of the meta-aramid paper coated with PMIA slurry are better than those of original aramid paper. After treated at 180℃, the mechanical properties and electric strength of the modified meta-aramid paper are still better than those of original meta aramid paper, which can meet the applications of aramid paper in higher electric field environment and further broaden the applications field of aramid paper.

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采用不同固含量的聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(PMIA)浆液对间位芳纶纸进行表面涂覆,然后对涂覆PMIA浆液后的间位芳纶纸进行烘干处理。采用冷场发射扫描电子显微镜、万能试验机、宽频介电阻抗谱仪和电气强度测试仪表征改性间位芳纶纸的形貌、力学性能、介电性能和电气强度。结果表明:PMIA浆液能够改变间位芳纶纸的结构,并减小间位芳纶纸内部孔洞。当表面涂覆的PMIA浆液的固含量为10%时,间位芳纶纸的横向和纵向抗张强度分别提升至51.3 MPa和94.4 MPa。此外,涂覆固含量为10%的PMIA浆液的间位芳纶纸介电常数为2.07,电气强度提升至29.83 kV/mm。表面涂覆PMIA浆液后的间位芳纶纸力学性能和电气强度优于原始芳纶纸,并且在180℃下处理后,改性间位芳纶纸的力学性能和电气强度仍优于原始间位芳纶纸,能够满足芳纶纸在更高电场强环境中的应用,进一步拓宽了芳纶纸的应用领域。

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顾思琦(1997-),女(汉族),江苏南通人,硕士生,研究方向为芳纶及其复合材料;

胡祖明(1962-),男(汉族),上海人,教授,研究方向为芳纶及其复合材料。

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涂覆聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺浆液提高间位芳纶纸电气强度的研究
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顾思琦 1, 2 , 胡祖明 1, 2 , 于俊荣 1, 2 , 王彦 1 , 诸静 1
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022,55(9): 28-34
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022, 55(9): 28-34
涂覆聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺浆液提高间位芳纶纸电气强度的研究
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顾思琦1, 2, 胡祖明1, 2, 于俊荣1, 2, 王彦1, 诸静1
作者信息
  • 1东华大学,材料科学与工程学院,上海 201620
  • 2东华大学,纤维材料改性重点实验室,上海 201620
  • 顾思琦(1997-),女(汉族),江苏南通人,硕士生,研究方向为芳纶及其复合材料;

    胡祖明(1962-),男(汉族),上海人,教授,研究方向为芳纶及其复合材料。

Study on Electric Strength of Meta-aramid Paper Improved by Coating Poly(m-phthaloyl-m-phenylenediamine) Slurry
Siqi GU1, 2, Zuming HU1, 2, Junrong YU1, 2, Yan WANG1, Jing ZHU1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
出版时间: 2022-09-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.09.005
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采用不同固含量的聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(PMIA)浆液对间位芳纶纸进行表面涂覆,然后对涂覆PMIA浆液后的间位芳纶纸进行烘干处理。采用冷场发射扫描电子显微镜、万能试验机、宽频介电阻抗谱仪和电气强度测试仪表征改性间位芳纶纸的形貌、力学性能、介电性能和电气强度。结果表明:PMIA浆液能够改变间位芳纶纸的结构,并减小间位芳纶纸内部孔洞。当表面涂覆的PMIA浆液的固含量为10%时,间位芳纶纸的横向和纵向抗张强度分别提升至51.3 MPa和94.4 MPa。此外,涂覆固含量为10%的PMIA浆液的间位芳纶纸介电常数为2.07,电气强度提升至29.83 kV/mm。表面涂覆PMIA浆液后的间位芳纶纸力学性能和电气强度优于原始芳纶纸,并且在180℃下处理后,改性间位芳纶纸的力学性能和电气强度仍优于原始间位芳纶纸,能够满足芳纶纸在更高电场强环境中的应用,进一步拓宽了芳纶纸的应用领域。

间位芳纶纸  /  聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺  /  表面涂层  /  电气强度

The surface of meta-aramid paper was coated with poly(m-phthaloyl-m-phenylenediamine) (PMIA) slurry with different solid contents, and the coated meta-aramid paper was dried. The morphology, mechanical properties, dielectric properties, and electric strength of the modified meta-aramid paper were characterized by cold field emission scanning electron microscope, universal testing machine, broadband dielectric impedance spectrometer, and electric strength testing instrument. The results show that the PMIA slurry can change the structure of aramid paper and decrease the internal void of aramid paper. When the solid content of PMIA slurry is 10%, the transverse and longitudinal tensile strength of meta-aramid paper increases to 51.3 MPa and 94.4 MPa, respectively, the dielectric constant of meta-aramid paper is 2.07, and the electric strength of meta-aramid paper increases to 29.83 kV/mm. The mechanical properties and electric strength of the meta-aramid paper coated with PMIA slurry are better than those of original aramid paper. After treated at 180℃, the mechanical properties and electric strength of the modified meta-aramid paper are still better than those of original meta aramid paper, which can meet the applications of aramid paper in higher electric field environment and further broaden the applications field of aramid paper.

meta-aramid paper  /  poly(m-phthaloyl-m-phenylenediamine)  /  surface coating  /  electric strength
顾思琦, 胡祖明, 于俊荣, 王彦, 诸静. 涂覆聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺浆液提高间位芳纶纸电气强度的研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (9) : 28 -34 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.09.005
Siqi GU, Zuming HU, Junrong YU, Yan WANG, Jing ZHU. Study on Electric Strength of Meta-aramid Paper Improved by Coating Poly(m-phthaloyl-m-phenylenediamine) Slurry[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (9) : 28 -34 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.09.005
高性能绝缘纸凭借绝缘、阻燃、隔热以及耐化学腐蚀等优良特性,已广泛应用于航天航空、国防军工以及电子电器等领域[1]。根据原料的不同,高性能纤维纸主要包括芳纶纤维纸、聚酰亚胺纤维纸、碳纤维纸以及玻璃纤维纸等[2]。其中,芳纶纤维纸由于具有优异的电绝缘性能、耐热性能、阻燃性能以及化学稳定性等[3],已成功应用于轨道交通、航空航天等领域中。但需要指出的是,在生产芳纶纸的过程中,由于芳纶短切纤维和芳纶浆粕需要经过抄造和热压,制备的芳纶纸内部孔隙率较高(40%~60%)。而空气的电气强度约为3.0 kV/mm,在电场作用下易发生击穿[4-7]。因此,芳纶纸中较高的孔隙率限制了芳纶纸电气强度的提升,进而影响电气设备的性能和使用寿命[8-9]
目前,提高芳纶纸电气强度的方式包括将芳纶纸浸渍在矿物油、硅油中或者将具有高电气强度的填料填充在芳纶纸中,以降低芳纶纸内部的孔隙率,提升芳纶纸的结构致密性。I FOFANA等[10]研究发现,将芳纶纤维浸渍在酯类液体和矿物油的混合绝缘液体中,芳纶纤维的电气强度得到明显改善,这是因为混合液体填充到芳纶纸内部提升了芳纶纸的电气强度。ZHAO Y等[11]制备了掺杂纳米纤维素纤维和云母的复合芳纶纸并测试其电气性能,结果表明复合芳纶纸的电气强度从10.37 kV/mm提高至14.87 kV/mm,这是因为掺杂的纳米纤维素纤维减少了芳纶纸的内部缺陷;此外,云母进一步限制了电子在芳纶纸内部的传播,阻碍了电子树的生成,提升了芳纶纸的电气强度。吴珍等[12]将芳纶纸浸渍于聚酰亚胺浆液中,发现浸渍芳纶纸的抗张强度、撕裂度和耐破指数等得到明显改善。
基于上述研究背景,本研究采用聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(PMIA)浆液涂覆间位芳纶纸,然后对涂覆后的间位芳纶纸进行烘干处理,分析涂覆PMIA前后芳纶纸内部结构、力学性能、介电性能和电气强度的变化,以期在提高间位芳纶纸电气强度的同时保持其优异的力学性能和介电性能,拓宽间位芳纶纸在高温高电场等极端环境中的应用。
间位芳纶纸(定量为39.8 g/m2)、间位芳纶浆液(固含量为18.5%),超美斯新材料股份有限公司;溶剂:N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc),分析纯,上海凌峰化学试剂有限公司。
将适量DMAc加入到PMIA浆液中,在40℃下搅拌4 h,得到固含量分别为6%、8%、10%的PMIA溶液。
用可调节刮膜器将不同固含量的PMIA浆液涂覆于间位芳纶纸正反两面,在100℃下干燥18 h,随后转移到真空烘箱中继续干燥12 h,以尽量除去溶液中的DMAc,得到改性间位芳纶纸。其中,采用固含量为6%、8%、10%的PMIA浆液改性的间位芳纶纸分别记为6%改性间位芳纶纸、8%改性间位芳纶纸、10%改性间位芳纶纸。
采用日本Rigaku公司生产的D/max-2550PC型X射线衍射仪对间位芳纶纸进行XRD测试。
将间位芳纶纸裁剪成尺寸为15 mm×60 mm的纸条,然后采用美国MTS公司C44.104 型微机控制电子万能试验机测试其力学性能,拉伸速度为20 mm/s。
采用德国Novocontrol公司生产的Concept 40型宽频介电阻抗谱仪对间位芳纶纸进行介电常数、介质损耗因数以及电导率测试。
采用美国PolyK Technology 公司生产的PK-CPE1601型介电强度测试仪测试间位芳纶纸的电气强度,测试时间位芳纶纸应尽量保持平整。
采用日本Hitachi公司生产的S-4800型冷场发射扫描电子显微镜观察间位芳纶纸的表面形貌。
采用德国Netzsch公司生产的TG 209 F1型热重分析仪对间位芳纶纸进行热重分析。
不同固含量PMIA浆液改性前后间位芳纶纸的表面形貌如图1所示。从图1(a)可以清晰看到未改性间位芳纶纸表面的短切纤维以及间位芳纶浆粕,这是由于间位芳纶纤维表面活性基团较少,芳纶纸表面和内部结构疏松。从图1(b)(d)可以看到,在涂覆不同固含量的PMIA浆液之后,间位芳纶纸表面的短切纤维和浆粕得到了很好的覆盖,但在PMIA浆液固含量为6%时仍可看到明显的孔洞。从图1(e)(g)可以看出,放大30 000倍后,经固含量为8%的PMIA浆液涂覆的间位芳纶纸表面也有明显孔洞,而经固含量为10%的PMIA浆液涂覆的间位芳纶纸表面基本未发现孔洞,说明PMIA固含量达到10%时,浆液才能很好地填充间位芳纶纸中的孔洞。图1(h)(i)是未改性间位芳纶纸和经固含量为10%的PMIA浆液涂覆的间位芳纶纸的断面图。从图1(h)可以看出,未改性间位芳纶纸的内部结构非常稀松;而在涂覆PMIA浆液后,间位芳纶纸的断面结构紧密,如图1(i)所示,表明PMIA浆液能够有效填充芳纶纤维纸的内部孔洞,从而达到调整其内部结构的目的。
为了研究PMIA浆液对间位芳纶纸结构的影响,采用XRD表征其结构,结果如图2所示。从图2可以看到,未改性间位芳纶纸在2θ为17.3°、23.5°和27.1°处出现特征峰,分别对应PMIA晶面中的(110)、(200)和(211)晶。在涂覆PMIA浆液后,改性间位芳纶纸的XRD谱图中出现了更强的衍射峰,表明改性后的间位芳纶纸结晶度有所提高,这可能是由于PMIA浆液中溶剂DMAc部分溶胀和溶解了芳纶纸中的浆粕和短切纤维,分子链间的相互作用下降,使PMIA分子链具有形成晶体结构的能力。此外,溶液中溶剂诱导氢键也有利于提升结晶度[13]
不同固含量PMIA浆液改性前后间位芳纶纸的抗张强度和弹性模量如图3所示。从图3可以看出,间位芳纶纸的力学性能具有明显的各向异性,这是由间位芳纶纸制备过程中芳纶短切纤维定向排列引起的。从图3(a)可以看到,涂覆PMIA浆液的间位芳纶纸力学性能均得到提升。未改性间位芳纶纸的横向和纵向抗张强度分别只有31.3 MPa和75.5 MPa,而涂覆固含量为10%的PMIA浆液的间位芳纶纸,其横向和纵向抗张强度分别提升至51.3 MPa和94.4 MPa,较未改性间位芳纶纸提升了63.8%和25.0%。这主要归因于间位芳纶纤维的表面惰性以及纤维间的界面相互作用非常弱,使间位芳纶纸存在许多孔洞,力学性能较差。而涂覆PMIA浆液后,PMIA浆液渗透进间位芳纶纸的孔洞中,且浆液中的DMAc会导致芳纶短切纤维部分溶胀和溶解,使得芳纶纤维界面间的相互作用提高[14]。从图3(b)可以看到,涂覆PMIA浆液的间位芳纶纸弹性模量相较于未涂覆PMIA浆液的间位芳纶纸有所增大,表明涂覆PMIA浆液的间位芳纶纸不易发生变形且刚性较大,这是因为此时纸张的断裂不再是简单的宏观尺度上纸中的纤维滑移或是纤维拔出[15]。总之,在间位芳纶纸上涂覆一层PMIA浆液后由于纸张结构的调整,其力学性能得到提高。
采用宽频介电阻抗谱仪分析了改性前后间位芳纶纸的介电性能变化,结果如图4所示。从图4可以看出,间位芳纶纸表面涂覆PMIA浆液后,其介电常数相对于未涂覆PMIA浆液的间位芳纶纸有所提高。当频率在100 Hz时,未涂覆PMIA浆液的间位芳纶纸以及涂覆固含量为6%、8%和10%的PMIA浆液的间位芳纶纸介电常数分别为1.75、1.80、1.95和2.07,表明随着PMIA浆液中固含量的增加,改性间位芳纶纸的介电常数逐渐增大。这是因为空气的介电常数为1,而涂覆的PMIA浆液减小了间位芳纶纸内部的孔隙率,所以改性间位芳纶纸的介电常数增大。此外,随着PMIA浆液中固含量的增加,间位芳纶纸中的酰胺基团也随之增多,由于酰胺键的偶极矩较大,同样会增大间位芳纶纸的介电常数。但需要指出的是,虽然改性间位芳纶纸的介电常数有所增大,但依然保持在较低范围。
不同用含量PMIA浆液改性前后间位芳纶纸的介质损耗因数测试结果如图5所示。从图5可以发现,随着PMIA浆液中固含量的增加,间位芳纶纸的介质损耗因数也随之提高,且频率在102~104 Hz范围内涂覆固含量为8%和10%的PMIA浆液的间位芳纶纸介质损耗因数上升明显。在该频率范围内,介质损耗因数上升的原因为界面极化损耗,由于PMIA合成过程中加入了少量的CaCl2,改性间位芳纶纸内部PMIA浆液与芳纶短切纤维的界面极化损耗以及无机粒子与PMIA的界面极化损耗增大,导致改性间位芳纶纸的介质损耗因数随PMIA浆液中固含量的增加而上升。而随着电场频率的提高,改性间位芳纶纸内部的极性基团无法跟上外界电场频率的变化,进而引起介质损耗因数降低[16]。需要指出的是,介质损耗因数越大,在使用过程中间位芳纶纸内部会将越多的电能转变成热能,导致间位芳纶纸内部温度升高,进而影响电气设备的性能。但可以看到虽然涂覆固含量为8%和10%的PMIA浆液的间位芳纶纸介质损耗因数有所上升,但在测试频率范围内仍低于0.04,满足电气设备的应用要求[17]
图6为不同固含量PMIA浆液改性前后间位芳纶纸的电导率。从图6可以看到,不同间位芳纶纸的电导率差异随着频率的增加保持稳定,表明间位芳纶纸在涂覆PMIA浆液后,其电导率并未发生明显变化,说明改性间位芳纶纸依然具有良好的绝缘性能。这是因为PMIA具有极高的本征绝缘强度,不会对间位芳纶纸的绝缘性能造成影响。
不同固含量PMIA浆液改性前后间位芳纶纸的电气强度如图7所示。从图7可以看出,改性间位芳纶纸的电气强度随着PMIA浆液中固含量的增加而提升,当PMIA浆液的固含量为10%时,改性间位芳纶纸的电气强度最高,达到29.83 kV/mm,相较于未改性间位芳纶纸的电气强度提升了81.8%。这是因为涂覆的PMIA浆液能够改变间位芳纶纸的结构,并减少间位芳纶纸内部孔隙率。根据之前的研究,PMIA薄膜的电气强度达到80 kV/mm[17],当PMIA浆液涂覆于间位芳纶纸表面后,相当于在间位芳纶纸表面形成了PMIA薄膜,因此能够显著改善间位芳纶纸的击穿性能,满足更高电场环境中的应用要求。
图8为不同固含量PMIA浆液改性前后间位芳纶纸的TGA曲线。
图8可以看出,未涂覆PMIA浆液的间位芳纶纸热分解温度约为420℃,涂覆PMIA浆液后改性间位芳纶纸的热失重平台未发生明显变化,表明PMIA浆液不会对间位芳纶纸的热稳定性产生影响,而在150~420℃出现失重台阶可能是因为涂层中残留有溶剂。综上所述,PMIA浆液不会影响间位芳纶纸的热稳定性,满足高温环境中的应用需求。
绝缘材料的极限使用温度决定了变压器的最高使用温度,因此,绝缘材料是变压器的薄弱环节之一。目前,180级(H)变压器的极限使用温度为180℃,因此本研究将改性前后间位芳纶纸在180℃下热处理24 h后分析其力学性能和电气强度的变化。图9为改性前后间位芳纶纸热处理后的光学图片。从图9可以发现,热处理后,改性与未改性间位芳纶纸的形貌均没有出现泛黄脆化现象。
高温处理前后间位芳纶纸的力学性能测试结果如图10所示。从图10可以看出,高温处理后,涂覆固含量为10%的PMIA浆液的改性间位芳纶纸横向和纵向抗张强度分别为36.2 MPa和80.7 MPa,相较于热处理前有所下降,但其抗张强度仍旧比未改性间位芳纶纸的横向和纵向抗张强度高,表明涂覆PMIA浆液的间位芳纶纸即使在经过高温处理后依然具有较好的力学性能。
此外,还对高温处理前后间位芳纶纸的电气强度进行了测试,结果如图11所示。从图11可以看出,热处理后的间位芳纶纸相比热处理前电气强度有所下降,在PMIA浆液固含量为10%时,其电气强度为26.95 kV/mm,为未经热处理间位芳纶纸的90.34%,但值得一提的是,在高温处理后,改性间位芳纶纸的电气强度依旧高于没有热处理的未改性间位芳纶纸的电气强度(16.41 kV/mm),这一特性有助于PMIA浆液改性间位芳纶纸在耐高温变压器中得到应用。
(1)涂覆PMIA浆液后间位芳纶纸内部孔隙率减小,疏松的间位芳纶纸结构变得紧密。
(2)涂覆PMIA浆液的间位芳纶纸保持了良好的绝缘性能。虽然介电常数和介质损耗有所提高,但仍然符合电气设备的应用要求。此外,改性间位芳纶纸的抗张强度增大,使用固含量为10%的PMIA浆液处理后,间位芳纶纸的横向和纵向抗张强度分别较未改性间位芳纶纸提升了63.8%和25.0%。
(3)涂覆固含量为10%的PMIA浆液后,间位芳纶纸的电气强度从16.41 kV/mm提升至29.83kV/mm,能够满足高电场环境的应用要求。在180℃处理后,固含量为10%的改性间位芳纶纸的横向和纵向抗张强度分别为36.2 MPa和80.7 MPa,电气强度为26.95 kV/mm,均高于原间位芳纶纸。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB3700101)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.09.005
  • 接收时间:2021-09-01
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-09-01
  • 修回日期:2021-10-13
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国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB3700101)
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    1东华大学,材料科学与工程学院,上海 201620
    2东华大学,纤维材料改性重点实验室,上海 201620
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.09.005
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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