Article(id=1243226201347703061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7511/jslx20240509001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715184000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-09, revisedDate=1718035200000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774337824427, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1761580800000, pubDateStr=2025-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774337824427, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774337824427, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774337824427, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243226190786441246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, year='2025', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='699', pageEnd='888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774337821909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774338282025, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243228120724128564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243228120724128565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=786, endPage=794, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243226202719240491, articleId=1243226201347703061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, language=EN, title=A weak-form meshfree method for two-dimensional acoustic wave propagation in multi-fluids, columnId=1243226193193971746, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Research on acoustic propagation in multiple fluids has important application values in naval architecture and ocean engineering, such as sound propagation in pipelines filled with water and air, and the detection of buried objects. There are two difficulties in solving such problems with the use of the classical finite element method: one is the serious numerical dispersion error in the finite element solutions under medium and high wave numbers; the other is the need to use refined mesh grids to discretize the fluids near the coupling interface. These difficulties lead to a large computational cost for the finite element method, and the manual intervention to generate refined grids. Compared with the finite element method, the weak-form meshfree method does not require traditional grids, and the dispersion error effect in its solution is much weaker, ensuring good computational accuracy and efficiency. However, the meshfree shape functions are usually discontinuous in the problem domain, resulting in the inability of the continuity condition of the acoustic particle velocity to be naturally satisfied on the interface. Therefore, this paper uses the penalty function method to reconstruct the continuity condition of the acoustic particle velocity on the interface, and proposes a Galerkin weak form suitable for meshfree methods for sound propagation in multiple fluids. Numerical analysis shows that the meshfree solutions is consistent with the reference solutions, and the computational accuracy and efficiency of the meshfree method can be higher than the finite element solutions.

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多流体域声传播研究在船海工程中具有重要的应用价值,如气液共存的管道声传播分析、海底掩埋物探测等。经典有限元法求解此类问题时存在两个难点。一是中高波数下解存在严重的数值色散误差;二是耦合界面附近必须使用精细网格。这些难点导致有限元法的计算量较庞大,需人工干预以生成高质量网格。与有限元法相比,弱形式无网格法无需传统意义上的网格划分,其解的色散误差效应更弱,保证了良好的计算精度及效率,但径向基无网格形函数具有不连续性质,导致质点振速连续条件无法在界面上自然满足。因此,本文提出了多流体域声传播计算的无网格伽辽金弱形式,运用罚函数法重构了界面上的质点振速连续条件。数值分析表明,无网格解与参考解相符,且计算精度及效率优于有限元解。

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游翔宇*(1992-),男,博士,讲师(E-mail:).

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游翔宇*(1992-),男,博士,讲师(E-mail:).

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多流体域声传播计算的弱形式无网格方法
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游翔宇 1, 2 , 印建成 1 , 姚宇 1, 2 , 李威 3
计算力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,42(5): 786-794
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计算力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 42(5): 786-794
多流体域声传播计算的弱形式无网格方法
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游翔宇1, 2 , 印建成1, 姚宇1, 2, 李威3
作者信息
  • 1.长沙理工大学 水利与海洋工程学院,长沙 410114
  • 2.水沙科学与水灾害防治湖南省重点实验室,长沙 410114
  • 3.华中科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,武汉 430074
  • 游翔宇*(1992-),男,博士,讲师(E-mail:).

A weak-form meshfree method for two-dimensional acoustic wave propagation in multi-fluids
Xiangyu YOU1, 2 , Jiancheng YIN1, Yu YAO1, 2, Wei LI3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province, Changsha 410114, China
  • 3.School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2025-10-28 doi: 10.7511/jslx20240509001
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多流体域声传播研究在船海工程中具有重要的应用价值,如气液共存的管道声传播分析、海底掩埋物探测等。经典有限元法求解此类问题时存在两个难点。一是中高波数下解存在严重的数值色散误差;二是耦合界面附近必须使用精细网格。这些难点导致有限元法的计算量较庞大,需人工干预以生成高质量网格。与有限元法相比,弱形式无网格法无需传统意义上的网格划分,其解的色散误差效应更弱,保证了良好的计算精度及效率,但径向基无网格形函数具有不连续性质,导致质点振速连续条件无法在界面上自然满足。因此,本文提出了多流体域声传播计算的无网格伽辽金弱形式,运用罚函数法重构了界面上的质点振速连续条件。数值分析表明,无网格解与参考解相符,且计算精度及效率优于有限元解。

多流体域声传播  /  有限元法  /  弱形式无网格法  /  罚函数法  /  计算声学

Research on acoustic propagation in multiple fluids has important application values in naval architecture and ocean engineering, such as sound propagation in pipelines filled with water and air, and the detection of buried objects. There are two difficulties in solving such problems with the use of the classical finite element method: one is the serious numerical dispersion error in the finite element solutions under medium and high wave numbers; the other is the need to use refined mesh grids to discretize the fluids near the coupling interface. These difficulties lead to a large computational cost for the finite element method, and the manual intervention to generate refined grids. Compared with the finite element method, the weak-form meshfree method does not require traditional grids, and the dispersion error effect in its solution is much weaker, ensuring good computational accuracy and efficiency. However, the meshfree shape functions are usually discontinuous in the problem domain, resulting in the inability of the continuity condition of the acoustic particle velocity to be naturally satisfied on the interface. Therefore, this paper uses the penalty function method to reconstruct the continuity condition of the acoustic particle velocity on the interface, and proposes a Galerkin weak form suitable for meshfree methods for sound propagation in multiple fluids. Numerical analysis shows that the meshfree solutions is consistent with the reference solutions, and the computational accuracy and efficiency of the meshfree method can be higher than the finite element solutions.

acoustic propagation in multi-fluids  /  finite element method  /  weak-form meshfree method  /  penalty function method  /  computational acoustics
游翔宇, 印建成, 姚宇, 李威. 多流体域声传播计算的弱形式无网格方法. 计算力学学报, 2025 , 42 (5) : 786 -794 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240509001
Xiangyu YOU, Jiancheng YIN, Yu YAO, Wei LI. A weak-form meshfree method for two-dimensional acoustic wave propagation in multi-fluids[J]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2025 , 42 (5) : 786 -794 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240509001
多流体域声传播问题在船海工程中普遍存在,如气液共存的管道声传播[1]、海底界面附近的声传播[2-5]等。基于局部的单元形函数,有限元法通过在多流体域耦合界面处布置节点和单元边,可自然满足界面上的声压与质点振速连续条件。然而有限元法在中高频计算时存在严重的数值色散误差问题,导致需庞大的自由度数来获取可靠结果,计算效率不佳。因此,学者们提出了一系列改进有限元法[6-8],但未完全解决该问题。此外,由于界面附近的声压梯度变化剧烈,使用有限元法时还需对界面网格进行人工加密和修整,以保证数值解的精度,导致离散复杂模型时前处理工作比较繁冗。
作为有限元法的演进者,弱形式无网格方法在网格划分和计算精度方面有着较大的优势。与有限元法相比,其无需传统意义上的网格划分,对畸形节点分布的适应度高,可用较少的节点数获取高精度解。作为一种弱形式无网格方法,径向点插值法RPIM(Radial point interpolation method)已应用于内场声传播分析,展现了比经典有限元法更高的计算精度和效率[9]。之后,国内学者运用不同类型的弱形式无网格方法分析管道(或消声器)声场[10,11]和水下声场[12,13]等,但主要研究单流体域声传播问题,未考虑更复杂的多流体域声传播问题。
有别于有限元形函数,径向基无网格形函数是非局部的,致使形函数在问题域内呈不连续性。这种不连续性会导致声质点振速连续条件在多介质耦合界面上无法自然满足,因而需额外的技术手段施加该连续条件。针对固体力学,为了解决多介质耦合问题,学者们运用了拉格朗日乘子法代入连续条件[14],或者构造了特殊形函数以增强原有形函数[15]。然而上述手段会引入额外的自由度,或增加无网格形函数构造的复杂度,不利于降低计算成本,但为本文提供了重要的参考价值。到目前为止,多流体域声传播计算的无网格弱形式构造不甚明确,限制了方法的应用范围。因此,本文运用罚函数法重构了界面上的质点振速连续条件,提出适用于无网格法的多流体域声传播计算伽辽金弱形式。最终的数值结果表明,无网格解与有限元参考解相符,表明提出的弱形式是可靠的,且使用相同节点数时无网格解的计算精度优于有限元解。
图1所示,考虑声波在两个流体域间传播(Ω=Ω1Ω2)。虽然这里只给出存在两种介质的情况,但本文推导同样适用于更多介质的情况。考虑频域下的声学控制方程[16]
式中ρ1ρ2分别为流体介质1和2的密度(密度为常数),k1k2分别为流体域1和2中的波数。图1的迪利克雷边界为声压边界条件,纽曼边界条件为质点法向振速条件,其中n为边界法向单位矢量,ω为圆频率。
质点振速与声压梯度之间关系为
式中v为质点振速。
为了实现两种流体介质的耦合,在耦合界面上声压和质点振速连续条件必须满足
有限元法和弱形式无网格方法都建立在控制方程伽辽金弱形式的基础上。将式(1)乘上加权函数w,并进行分部积分,可得到相应的弱形式
式中nN1nN2分别为流体域1和2的纽曼边界上的外法向单位矢量,nF1nF2分别为流体域1和2的耦合界面上的外法向单位矢量,且nF1+nF2=0。易知,通过在耦合界面上布置流体域1和2之间的共享节点,可实现声压传递,即声压连续条件(即式(3))可得到满足。
假设有限元形函数为N,径向基形函数为Φ,对式(5)的质点振速连续条件进行单独分析。首先考虑有限元离散,由于有限元形函数基于单元而构造(如图2所示),界面上相同位置的节点形函数值在单元1和2中相等,可得
式中p1p2分别为流体域1和2中相关节点上的声压值。由式(6)为零可知,在有限元模型中质点振速连续条件可自然满足。
考虑无网格离散(如图3所示),无网格形函数基于积分点支撑域内的节点而构造,在问题域内不连续,因而界面上相同位置的节点形函数值在背景网格1和2中不相等,可得
式中Φ1Φ2分别为流体域1和2在界面上的节点形函数,在相同节点处并不相等。因此在无网格模型中,质点振速连续条件无法自然满足。此外,流体域1中插值节点的选取不能跨越界面去选择流体域2中的节点,反之亦然。上述规则称为多介质问题中插值节点选取的非侵入规则[15]
为了使质点振速连续条件能在无网格模型中得到满足,本文提出运用罚函数法将该条件强制代入式(5),替代原有质点振速连续条件,可得到调整后的弱形式
式中δ()为变分算子,α为罚系数。基于式(8),代入无网格形函数进行离散后,质点振速连续条件能在耦合界面上得到强制满足。
式(8)可简化为
式中K为系统刚度矩阵,Kα为与罚函数法相关的附加刚度矩阵,M为系统质量矩阵,F表示纽曼边界条件。
相比于拉格朗日乘子法和构造特殊形函数法等处理手段,使用罚函数法的优势在于无需引入额外的自由度,在计算成本上具有优势,但罚系数的值需要合理选取,依赖于数值试验和个人经验。罚系数值不能过大,以避免出现数值不稳定现象;罚系数值也不能太小,以保证连续条件能有效施加。参见文献[17],本文罚系数取为α=1e6×max(Kij),max(Kij)为系统刚度矩阵中最大的元素。
无网格法的最大优势即是可避免前处理中繁冗的网格划分过程,但使用弱形式无网格法并不是不需要网格[17]。由于使用了控制方程的积分弱形式,弱形式无网格法需使用一套背景积分网格对式(8)进行数值积分,如图4所示的虚线围成的网格。图4中,h为节点平均距离,不同颜色的方框表示不同积分点的支撑域,支撑域中的节点用于插值生成形函数,rinf为支撑域的尺度。背景积分网格与有限元网格的最大区别是节点无须与网格顶点绑定,选取插值节点也不受网格边线的限制。因此,弱形式无网格法具有极大的灵活性,其计算精度不易受畸形网格或节点分布的影响。
图4所示(叉形符号表示积分点),传统插值节点选取方案是依据背景网格积分点的支撑域来选取多套插值节点(圆形符号表示节点),每个积分点处的插值节点不同,导致假定声压函数在背景网格内不连续,易产生数值积分误差。因此,本文在弱形式无网格法的应用中,提出了一种新型的插值节点选取方案[18]。该方案基于背景网格中心点的支撑域来选取一套插值节点,单个背景网格中所有积分点处使用的插值节点相同。这保证了假定声压函数在背景网格内的连续性,降低了积分误差,提高了计算精度,并且简化了插值节点选取过程。
本文选用径向基形函数作为插值形函数。之前推导得到的弱形式同样适用于其他类型的无网格形函数,如最小二乘形函数、再生核形函数等。假设参考点处的假定声压函数可表示为
式中m为参考点支撑域内的节点数量,Rix)=[r2+(αch2]q为径向基形函数,其中为参考点到第i个节点的距离,αc=2和q=1.03为可调节的参数[16]Px)=[1  x  y]T为补充的线性多项式基函数,以满足分片测试;aibi为对应基函数的待定系数。
将支撑域内的所有节点参数代入式(10),可得
式中
为了保证解的唯一性,须额外增加一个约束条件,其表达式为
联立式(10,11,14),可得
式中Φx)为径向基形函数,Mx)为多项式基形函数,不参与系统矩阵构成。从式(10,15)可知,本文使用的径向基形函数可产出任意阶的连续导数,因此可在中高频下获取更光滑的波动数值解。这是径向点插值法求解声学问题的一大优势,是其高精度的来源。
图5所示,假设管道内部分充空气、部分充水,其最左边有初始声压p0=1 Pa,其余边为刚性壁面。管最右端布置了吸收声波的完美匹配层PML(Perfectly matched layer),用于吸收外传声波。此处使用的PML厚度为5 m,吸收函数为二次多项式函数,节点层数至少为7层,以保证在考虑频段内具备合适的声吸收效果[19]。空气的密度和声速分别为ρ1=1.225 kg/m3c1=340 m/s,水的密度和声速分别为ρ2=1000 kg/m3c2=1500 m/s。将问题域离散为15435个均匀分布的节点,平均节点间距h=0.1 m,分别运用双线性FEM和RPIM无网格法计算管道内的声传播。为了验证RPIM计算结果的准确性,使用商业软件COMSOL的结果作为参考解(使用拉格朗日二次单元,5993481个均匀分布的节点)。
当计算频率为100 Hz,250 Hz和400 Hz时,分析管道内的声传播,将管道纵向中心线上的声压实部绘制于图6。可知RPIM声压解在不同流体域的耦合界面处(即x=0 m)是连续的,表明弱形式(8)产出的数值结果能满足声压连续条件。此外,随着计算频率的增高,双线性FEM解在幅值和相位上逐渐偏离了参考解,而RPIM解相对保持了与参考解的一致性。这表明在较高计算频率下,RPIM拥有更高的计算精度。
运用RPIM获取不同流体介质在耦合界面中点处(0,1.7)的质点振速。从图7可知,在不同流体域的耦合界面处,RPIM质点振速解是连续的,表明弱形式(8)产出的数值结果能满足质点振速连续条件,符合声传播的物理规律,验证了相关公式推导的正确性。
接下来分析RPIM和双线性FEM在声学计算中的收敛性质,选用全局L1误差算子对声压数值解的误差进行评判。如图8所示,横坐标为使用的节点数,纵坐标为声压数值解与参考解之间的相对误差。可知在使用相同节点数时,RPIM的数值误差小于FEM,表明RPIM拥有更佳的误差控制能力。并且随着节点数的增加,RPIM的数值误差逐渐减少,收敛于参考解。
最后分析RPIM和FEM在声学计算中的计算效率。如图9所示,横轴为运用直接求解器求解线性系统方程组消耗的CPU计算时间(重复计算50次后取平均值),纵轴为声压数值解与参考解之间的相对误差,所用的多组节点数与上述收敛性质对比中的多组节点数相同。可知RPIM的计算效率曲线位于FEM的计算效率曲线之下,表明当计算时间相同时,RPIM可求出相对误差更低的数值解,其计算效率相对FEM更高。
图10所示,充水管道内存在许多圆形气泡,其最左边有初始声压p0=1 Pa,其余边假设为刚性壁面,管最右端布置了吸收声波的完美匹配层。此处使用的PML厚度为0.1 m,吸收函数为二次多项式函数,节点层数至少为7层,以保证在考虑频段内具备合适的声吸收效果[19]。空气的密度和声速分别为ρ1=1.2 2 5 kg/m3c1=340 m/s,水的密度和声速分别为ρ2=1000 kg/m3c2=1500 m/s。将问题域离散为9215个节点,平均节点间距为h=0.005 m,分别运用FEM和RPIM计算管道内的声传播。为了验证RPIM方法的计算结果,使用98287个节点离散问题域,并将此套节点的FEM解作为参考解。
当计算频率为21500 Hz和39500 Hz时,将FEM和RPIM计算得到的声压云图绘制于图11图12上方位置,在下方位置绘制管道纵向中心线上的声压实部,并与参考解对比。可知随着计算频率的增高(21500 Hz和39500 Hz),FEM解在幅值和相位上都偏离了参考解。作为对比,在各个计算频率下,RPIM解总体上与参考解相符,表明当使用相同节点分布时,在较高的计算频率下,RPIM解的精度远高于FEM解的精度。因此,相对于FEM,RPIM对计算频率变化的敏感度更低。
图13所示,考虑平面波照射下部分掩埋于海底的刚性圆柱壳声散射。整个问题域的尺寸为50 m×50 m,海水和泥沙各占一半的区域,外部围绕着完美匹配层,圆柱壳直径为2 m,埋深为1 m。此处使用的PML厚度为2.5 m,吸收函数为二次多项式函数,节点层数至少为7层,以保证在考虑频段内具备合适的声吸收效果[19]。本文使用了流体介质假设来模拟海底泥沙,并通过声波衰减系数模拟泥沙对声波的衰减效应。通常来说,泥沙中的剪切波速(横波)远小于压缩波速(纵波),其性质类似于流体介质,所以该假设在很多情况下是合理的[5]。水的密度和声速分别为ρ1=1000 kg/m3c1=1500 m/s,泥沙的密度和声速分别为ρ2=1800 kg/m3c2=1600 m/s,泥沙对声波的衰减系数为α=0.5 dB/λ[5,16]。将问题域离散为80192个节点,平均节点间距h=0.195 m,分别运用FEM和RPIM计算平面波照射下刚性壳的声散射。
当入射单位平面波的掠射角为60°时,计算图13所示区域内的声压分布,并将总声压场减去入射背景声压场以得到海底界面和掩埋物造成的混叠声压场。由图14图15可知,当计算频率为500 Hz时,FEM解与RPIM解总体相符;但当计算频率提高至800 Hz,FEM解表现出明显的数值色散现象,其根源在于数值波速大于真实波速,导致计算波数小于真实波数。由于泥沙对声波的衰减程度应随频率增加而增大,因此泥沙区域中的声穿透距离应该随频率的增高而逐渐减小。然而由图可知,上述规律对FEM解不成立,800 Hz时泥沙区域中的FEM声压解反而穿透至更深的位置,出现了反常的物理现象,这表明实际计算中的计算波数小于真实波数,符合之前对FEM解数值色散现象的解释。
本文运用罚函数法重构了多流体耦合所需的质点振速连续条件,提出了适用于弱形式无网格方法的二维多流体域声传播计算伽辽金弱形式,拓展了无网格方法在多介质耦合声传播计算中的应用范围。基于提出的弱形式,使用径向点插值无网格方法(RPIM)计算了一些声学算例。数值结果表明,RPIM解与参考解相符,验证了提出弱形式的可靠性。此外,当使用相同自由度时,RPIM解的精度更高,表明RPIM可在计算内存和存储消耗上优于FEM,且RPIM的计算效率可优于FEM。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52171336)
  • 湖南省教育厅科学研究项目(23C0135)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2025JJ60055)
  • 海洋工程全国重点实验室(上海交通大学开放基金(2461)
  • 长沙市自然科学基金(kq2402005)
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2025年第42卷第5期
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doi: 10.7511/jslx20240509001
  • 接收时间:2024-05-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-09
  • 修回日期:2024-06-11
基金
国家自然科学基金(52171336)
湖南省教育厅科学研究项目(23C0135)
湖南省自然科学基金(2025JJ60055)
海洋工程全国重点实验室(上海交通大学开放基金(2461)
长沙市自然科学基金(kq2402005)
作者信息
    1.长沙理工大学 水利与海洋工程学院,长沙 410114
    2.水沙科学与水灾害防治湖南省重点实验室,长沙 410114
    3.华中科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,武汉 430074
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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