Article(id=1243226200106189057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7511/jslx20240814002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723564800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-14, revisedDate=1731427200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774337824130, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1761580800000, pubDateStr=2025-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774337824130, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774337824130, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774337824130, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243226190786441246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, year='2025', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='699', pageEnd='888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774337821909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774338282025, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243228120724128564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243228120724128565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=871, endPage=876, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243226200705974534, articleId=1243226200106189057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, language=EN, title=Research on 2D mesh quality optimization method based on Bubble, columnId=1243226196507471936, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, columnName=Research Notes, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In computational fluid dynamics, mesh quality greatly affects the accuracy and computational efficiency of numerical simulation results. The Bubble does not require the consideration of intersection judgments and has a relatively simple data structure, which has significant advantages in mesh generation efficiency and quality. The process of improving the mesh quality by moving nodes based on the traditional Bubble is optimized in this article, and we define it as the Bubble-Opt method. In this method, a bubble radius selection method combined with neural networks is used to generate the initial bubbles, and an improved bubble dynamic movement technique is used to adjust the bubbles to the appropriate position. The Delaunay method is used to connect the center of bubbles to form the final optimized mesh. Then, the optimization effects of different bubble radius selection methods and Bubble-Opt methods are compared under different process parameters. Taking the flow around a 2D cylinder as an example, the geometric quality and transition ratio of the mesh before and after optimization are tested. For this example, there is a set of optimal parameters and a radius selection method that achieve the best mesh quality optimization effect. The average transition ratio can be improved by about 17.37%, the average mesh quality can be improved by about 13.60%, and the minimum transition ratio and minimum mesh quality can be significantly improved. Finally, under the radius selection method and process parameters, taking two-dimensional cylindrical flow and NACA0012 airfoil flow as examples, the numerical simulation results are compared with experimental data from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives, indicating a significant improvement in the overall grid quality.

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在计算流体力学中,网格质量极大影响着数值模拟结果精度及运算效率。气泡堆积法无需考虑相交判断且数据结构较为简单,在网格生成效率和质量上具有明显优势。本文在传统气泡堆积法的基础上,优化了通过移动节点提升网格质量的过程,并将其定义为Bubble-Opt方法。其中,采用了与神经网络结合的气泡半径选取方法生成初始气泡,利用改进的气泡动态移动技术将气泡调整至合适位置,进而通过Delaunay方法连接气泡中心形成最终优化网格。然后,将不同气泡半径选取方法以及不同过程参数下Bubble-Opt方法的优化效果进行对比。以二维圆柱绕流为例,测试了优化前后网格几何质量和过渡比。对于该算例,存在一组最优参数和最佳半径选取方法,使得网格质量优化效果最佳,平均过渡比可提高约17.37%,平均网格质量可提高约13.60%,并且可显著提高最低过渡比以及最低网格质量。最后,在该半径选取方法和过程参数下,以二维圆柱绕流和NACA0012翼型流动为例,分别从定性和定量的角度将数值模拟结果与试验数据对比,可见整体网格质量显著提高。

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王娜娜*(1980-),女,硕士,副教授(E-mail:).

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王娜娜*(1980-),女,硕士,副教授(E-mail:).

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王娜娜*(1980-),女,硕士,副教授(E-mail:).

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figureFileSmall=DGNNSvG+Ca0p8fLWV0oChA==, figureFileBig=2Cf6dxZfQc1798W1Bly4tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243226218301080125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226200106189057, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Comparison of average velocity cloud map results from two numerical simulations, figureFileSmall=fY7Tc8DjcSEV7RIBOk15Ng==, figureFileBig=s1uto2b248wnKGVgG5e7ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243226218653401666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226200106189057, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2个算例数值模拟平均速度云图结果对比, figureFileSmall=fY7Tc8DjcSEV7RIBOk15Ng==, figureFileBig=s1uto2b248wnKGVgG5e7ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243226219018306122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226200106189057, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Grid optimization effect statistics table

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ρ k k1 n Trmin Travg Qmin Qavg t/s
0.0890.7530.1260.861
0.20.50.210.4410.8830.6770.9780.007
0.20.50.220.4280.8840.6960.9780.014
0.20.50.230.3750.8840.6530.9780.017
0.20.50.250.3100.8820.6470.9760.029
0.10.50.220.3270.8830.6630.9760.013
0.30.50.220.4360.8830.7000.9780.013
0.50.50.220.4130.8820.6480.9780.013
0.30.30.220.4130.8820.6480.9780.017
0.30.60.220.4330.8840.7030.9780.018
0.30.70.220.4300.8840.6980.9780.015
0.30.60.120.3490.8820.5800.9780.016
0.30.60.320.3440.8840.6700.9770.012
), ArticleFig(id=1243226219311907410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226200106189057, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

网格优化效果统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ k k1 n Trmin Travg Qmin Qavg t/s
0.0890.7530.1260.861
0.20.50.210.4410.8830.6770.9780.007
0.20.50.220.4280.8840.6960.9780.014
0.20.50.230.3750.8840.6530.9780.017
0.20.50.250.3100.8820.6470.9760.029
0.10.50.220.3270.8830.6630.9760.013
0.30.50.220.4360.8830.7000.9780.013
0.50.50.220.4130.8820.6480.9780.013
0.30.30.220.4130.8820.6480.9780.017
0.30.60.220.4330.8840.7030.9780.018
0.30.70.220.4300.8840.6980.9780.015
0.30.60.120.3490.8820.5800.9780.016
0.30.60.320.3440.8840.6700.9770.012
), ArticleFig(id=1243226219584537174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226200106189057, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of numerical simulation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法网格量 T C′d C′l St
原始267580.85262.07470.16250.51250.1019
优化265890.51301.40170.00900.33340.1694
参考476000.51901.36100.00910.33200.1669
), ArticleFig(id=1243226219915887197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226200106189057, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

数值模拟结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法网格量 T C′d C′l St
原始267580.85262.07470.16250.51250.1019
优化265890.51301.40170.00900.33340.1694
参考476000.51901.36100.00910.33200.1669
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基于Bubble的二维网格质量优化方法研究
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王娜娜 1 , 韩升 2 , 田野 3
计算力学学报 | 研究简报 2025,42(5): 871-876
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计算力学学报 | 研究简报 2025, 42(5): 871-876
基于Bubble的二维网格质量优化方法研究
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王娜娜1 , 韩升2, 田野3
作者信息
  • 1.山西警察学院 网络安全保卫系,太原 030401
  • 2.北京交通大学 计算机科学与技术学院,北京 100044
  • 3.太原师范学院 计算机科学与技术学院,晋中 030619
  • 王娜娜*(1980-),女,硕士,副教授(E-mail:).

Research on 2D mesh quality optimization method based on Bubble
Nana WANG1 , Sheng HAN2, Ye TIAN3
Affiliations
  • 1.Network Security Department, Shanxi Police College, Taiyuan 030401, China
  • 2.College of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
  • 3.School of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619, China
出版时间: 2025-10-28 doi: 10.7511/jslx20240814002
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在计算流体力学中,网格质量极大影响着数值模拟结果精度及运算效率。气泡堆积法无需考虑相交判断且数据结构较为简单,在网格生成效率和质量上具有明显优势。本文在传统气泡堆积法的基础上,优化了通过移动节点提升网格质量的过程,并将其定义为Bubble-Opt方法。其中,采用了与神经网络结合的气泡半径选取方法生成初始气泡,利用改进的气泡动态移动技术将气泡调整至合适位置,进而通过Delaunay方法连接气泡中心形成最终优化网格。然后,将不同气泡半径选取方法以及不同过程参数下Bubble-Opt方法的优化效果进行对比。以二维圆柱绕流为例,测试了优化前后网格几何质量和过渡比。对于该算例,存在一组最优参数和最佳半径选取方法,使得网格质量优化效果最佳,平均过渡比可提高约17.37%,平均网格质量可提高约13.60%,并且可显著提高最低过渡比以及最低网格质量。最后,在该半径选取方法和过程参数下,以二维圆柱绕流和NACA0012翼型流动为例,分别从定性和定量的角度将数值模拟结果与试验数据对比,可见整体网格质量显著提高。

气泡堆积法  /  网格优化  /  机器学习  /  计算流体力学

In computational fluid dynamics, mesh quality greatly affects the accuracy and computational efficiency of numerical simulation results. The Bubble does not require the consideration of intersection judgments and has a relatively simple data structure, which has significant advantages in mesh generation efficiency and quality. The process of improving the mesh quality by moving nodes based on the traditional Bubble is optimized in this article, and we define it as the Bubble-Opt method. In this method, a bubble radius selection method combined with neural networks is used to generate the initial bubbles, and an improved bubble dynamic movement technique is used to adjust the bubbles to the appropriate position. The Delaunay method is used to connect the center of bubbles to form the final optimized mesh. Then, the optimization effects of different bubble radius selection methods and Bubble-Opt methods are compared under different process parameters. Taking the flow around a 2D cylinder as an example, the geometric quality and transition ratio of the mesh before and after optimization are tested. For this example, there is a set of optimal parameters and a radius selection method that achieve the best mesh quality optimization effect. The average transition ratio can be improved by about 17.37%, the average mesh quality can be improved by about 13.60%, and the minimum transition ratio and minimum mesh quality can be significantly improved. Finally, under the radius selection method and process parameters, taking two-dimensional cylindrical flow and NACA0012 airfoil flow as examples, the numerical simulation results are compared with experimental data from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives, indicating a significant improvement in the overall grid quality.

Bubble  /  mesh optimization  /  machine learning  /  computational fluid dynamics
王娜娜, 韩升, 田野. 基于Bubble的二维网格质量优化方法研究. 计算力学学报, 2025 , 42 (5) : 871 -876 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240814002
Nana WANG, Sheng HAN, Ye TIAN. Research on 2D mesh quality optimization method based on Bubble[J]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2025 , 42 (5) : 871 -876 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240814002
计算流体力学CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)是随着计算机的发展而产生的一门介于数学、流体力学和计算机之间的交叉学科[1]。主要是通过计算机和数值方法来求解流体力学的控制方程,对流体力学问题进行模拟和分析。网格生成作为CFD数值计算的第一步,生成网格的质量直接影响了CFD数值模拟的结果,一般而言,网格质量越高,CFD数值模拟结果越精确,更加真实地反映流场。
网格质量主要包括考虑网格角度等的几何质量和网格之间的过渡比。通常而言,希望网格几何质量最低不低于0.3,过渡比最高不高于1.2[2]。现有的网格生成方法[3-10]主要包括阵面推进法、Delaunay方法、四叉树/八叉树方法以及气泡堆积法(Bubble)。Bubble是由Shimada等[11]针对有限元分析方法提出的,相较于其他方法,Bubble无需考虑大量的相交判断且网格节点数据结构较为简单,因此,很多学者在此基础上进行了改进和优化研究。
武利龙等[12]将气泡堆积法中的气泡数量进行控制,对于过密和过疏的气泡群进行气泡的删除和添加,使得所有气泡集合与计算域匹配,用改进后的气泡堆积法对算例实现了局部加密。王奇胜等[13]提出了一种基于气泡吸附的气泡堆积法,将传统的二维气泡生成改为曲面气泡吸附,将气泡堆积法的应用领域从二维网格生成拓展到三维曲面网格生成。Nie等[14]利用Parallel架构,对气泡移动时的大量计算进行并行优化,提高移动时的计算效率,进一步减少了网格生成时间。张伟伟等[15]将气泡堆积法的数据结构进行改进,在应用中采用桶搜索的排序方式,提高气泡生成效率。同时调整了动态模拟方程,整个过程中不进行点的删除和增加,通过r-type的方法实现气泡的移动。
随着机器学习及人工智能的发展,近年来一些学者将神经网络的类型进行扩充并进行深入研究[16],主要通过数据驱动来达到分类和拟合的目的,并广泛应用于各个领域。起初的神经网络主要以全连接神经网络(ANN)为主,主要处理一些简单的分类和拟合问题,通过BP算法进行误差反向传播优化网络使精确度更高,损失(Loss)更低。在此基础上又利用MapReduce方法优化了BP算法,加快神经网络收敛速度以及跳出局部最小值,形成了一种集成的BP算法。后期网络类型逐渐发展了卷积神经网络(CNN)和循环神经网络(RNN),而RNN以LSTM为代表,用于解决时序问题。目前代表性的新兴算法是注意力机制和图算法,但是几乎没有Bubble结合神经网络的相关研究。
目前将Bubble应用到网格优化的研究仍存在一些问题,主要表现在以下几个方面,首先是无法建立通用的应用方法,只考虑使用Bubble生成网格,并没有考虑到使用一部分的Bubble用于网格优化。其次,在应用过程中对Bubble的参数意义尚未探明,是否存在最优参数目前尚不明确。最后,如何将Bubble与神经网络结合提高网格优化质量目前尚未研究。
本文在传统Bubble基础上,对过程中的参数以及半径选取办法进行了调整,并尝试将神经网络与半径选取办法结合,对于同一个背景网格进行不同参数和半径选取办法的网格优化并对比效果,最后应用于具体算例进行实际计算。
在利用气泡堆积法进行网格生成中,首先需要对计算域采用Delaunay方法进行初始气泡填充,然后进行气泡的移动直至整个系统受力平衡。其关键在于利用气泡的动态移动对网格进行优化,本文将此思路进行改进并应用。
首先采用某商用软件生成的背景网格作为初始网格,选取合适的半径生成初始气泡,以二维圆柱绕流问题为背景,背景网格以及按某种半径定义生成的初始气泡如图1所示,气泡之间可以重叠也可以有一定的间隙。
初始气泡生成后,为了简化运动过程并保证系统的移动始终在区域内,固定中心处于边界上的气泡,仅移动内部的气泡中心。初始气泡设定为一定质量的可压缩小球,其相互作用力为超过一定距离则相互吸引,低于一定距离则相互排斥,其定义为
其中k为相互作用力强度因子,值越大,则相互作用力越强。ω为两气泡现距离l与理想间隔l0之间的比值,比值为0和1.5时,相互作用力数值最大,比值为1时,代表两气泡已达到理想间隔,相互作用力为0。若设定空间任意一点的气泡半径均可通过气泡半径函数表示,那么气泡i和气泡j之间的理想间隔可表示为
在周围气泡的选取中,本文仅考虑以邻接点为圆心的气泡(即邻接气泡)影响。设邻接气泡的合外力为F,则更新后的坐标与原坐标之间的关系可表示为
其中Δt的选取与气泡半径成正比,Δt=k1dxy);加速度axay则为加速度a的水平和竖直分量
其中m为小球的类质量,ρ类似于三维空间的密度,r为气泡半径。
对于每一个单元,若通过现有方法达到整体系统的受力平衡,在网格质量方面,系统达到气泡堆积法的极限,但同时在生成耗时以及计算机负载方面,极大地损失计算量。对于高密度网格,遍历单元并进行移动,并逐一判断是否到达受力平衡十分费时。因此本文设置了总移动次数n,用于平衡计算量和网格质量优化效果。
最后将每个内部气泡移动设定的次数,并实时更新坐标,形成新的网格节点分布,再通过Delaunay方法,将移动后的网格节点三角化,形成最终的非结构三角形网格。
在改进后的气泡堆积网格优化方法(以下简称Bubble-Opt)中,仍有些定义和参数选取无法直接给出,其中包括气泡半径函数dxy)、相互作用力强度因子k、总移动次数n、间隔时间Δt与气泡半径的比值k1以及加速度a定义中的类密度ρ
本文考虑三种不同的半径选取方法,分别为Laplace半径选取、直接定义半径选取和神经网络预测选取。
应用Laplace思路进行半径选取,主要考虑单个气泡中心周围的网格节点。设周围的各节点与气泡中心的距离为si,将所有的si进行如式(5)的加权平均得到半径r
对每个气泡均采用此方法进行半径选取。
对于一些较为简单的外形,可采用直接定义法,操作较为简单。以二维圆柱绕流的网格生成为例,二维圆柱的圆心为原点,若需要实现一些指定区域加密效果,可采用不同的半径选取定义。该方法较依赖于网格划分人员的经验,若需要较好的优化效果,须定义合适的气泡半径函数。
神经网络对于非线性函数的拟合效果较好,因此本文考虑使用全连接神经网络拟合气泡半径选取函数。气泡半径一定程度上可反映出网格尺度,因此将背景网格尺度Sp作为训练样本,由于阵元是线段,将阵元中点坐标作为神经网络输入,对应阵元的网格尺度作为神经网络输出。
使用MATLAB中的神经网络工具箱对神经网络进行搭建,该神经网络具有2个输入神经元,5个隐藏神经元以及1个输出神经元。激活函数选取tansig,损失函数为MSE。搭建后对神经网络采用BP算法进行训练,训练样本为二维圆柱绕流背景网格尺度,训练效果如图2所示。结果显示,经过16次,损失函数值下降到0.00017左右,训练达到收敛。
选择同样的二维圆柱绕流背景网格进行半径选取,其中直接定义法的气泡半径函数定义为
结果表明,采用神经网络预测半径是一种较优的半径选取方法。因此在后续的研究中,均采用神经网络预测半径作为初始气泡的半径选取方法。
参数的选择会影响单个气泡的移动距离,距离若过大,则气泡可能运动至计算域外,距离若过小,则整体的优化效果不显著。对比网格为某商用软件生成二维圆柱绕流问题的背景网格,对比效果以及参数选择列入表1
其中选取了不同的相互作用力强度因子k、总移动次数n、间隔时间与气泡半径的比值k1以及加速度a定义中的类密度。表中QminQavgTrminTrmax分别代表最小质量、平均质量、最小过渡比、最大过渡比,t为优化时间。对于总移动次数n,分别测试了1~5之间的情况,并不会随着次数的增多而提高网格质量。其他参数相同的前提下,在总次数为2时,Qmin局部最优,在之后的测试中均选择总次数为2。对比不同的类密度,等于0.3时,Qmin局部最优。同样的方法最终可以确定最优的参数组合为总次数为2,ρ=0.3,k=0.6,k1=0.2时,优化效果最好。在这种参数下,网格优化效果对比如图3所示。
进一步,对比原有的背景网格,显著提高了最小过渡比和最小质量,优化了质量较差的单元,并使得整个网格过渡较为均衡。且对于Travg提高了约17.37%,Qavg提高了约13.60%,整体网格质量有显著提高,证明Bubble-Opt方法具有较好的优化效果。
本文选取二维圆柱绕流问题和NACA0012翼型流动问题作为测试算例,
本文将优化前后的网格分别用于流动模型的计算过程。图4为两个算例数值模拟的平均速度云图。通过观察可得,优化后的数值模拟结果平均速度云图各个区域边界更加光滑,对物理现象描述更加准确。
进一步,为了定量对比网格的优化效果,本文选取1个有实验数据的低雷诺数下的二维圆柱层流绕流算例进行数值计算,并将结果与其实验结果进行对比。得到平均阻力系数、阻力系数、斯特劳哈数和升力系数的幅值。并与文献[17]的数值模拟结果对比,计算结果列入表2
表中为平均阻力系数,C′dC′l分别为阻力系数和升力系数的幅值,T为涡脱落的周期,St为斯特劳哈数。
通过对比可知,使用优化后的网格进行模拟得到的结果明显优于使用原网格进行模拟得到的结果,证实了Bubble-Opt方法具有优化网格的效果,且使用优化后的网格进行数值模拟得到的结果是可信的。
本文为了解决二维传统方法生成网格质量较低的问题,在传统Bubble的基础上,发展出Bubble-Opt网格优化方法。该方法将原方法中气泡动态移动提高网格质量的思路应用到网格优化,通过气泡的动态移动,使得网格节点之间的距离适中,避免狭长单元产生,提高网格质量。引入了二维圆柱绕流的背景网格优化算例,调整了Bubble-Opt中不同的参数并测试了对应的网格质量。主要结论如下。
(1)Bubble-Opt可通过移动初始气泡中心至合适位置,保持节点之间具有合适的位置,避免狭长单元产生,提高网格质量。使用Bubble-Opt优化后的网格几何质量和网格之间过渡比显著提高,证实了Bubble-Opt的优化效果。
(2)存在最优参数和半径选取方法使得Bubble-Opt方法的优化效果最佳。在背景网格的基础上,最优参数和半径选取方法下的Bubble-Opt将平均过渡比提高了约17.37%,平均质量提高了约13.60%,显著提高了最小过渡比和最小网格质量。证明Bubble-Opt存在最优的网格优化效果。
(3)在定性对比中,使用Bubble-Opt优化后的网格得到的平均速度云图更加平滑。进一步,在定量对比中,使用Bubble-Opt优化后的网格得到的数值模拟结果更加精确,更接近实验结果。证明通过Bubble-Opt优化后的网格具有较强的物理意义。
在Bubble-Opt中,本文未尝试将该方法用于在指定区域加密的网格优化过程中,可考虑采用大气泡和小气泡分别移动的方法解决。同时,本文目前找到的为局部最优解,可进一步探索其全局性及通用性。在神经网络应用的过程中,本文仅将神经网络与Bubble中半径选取方法结合,能否与整个Bubble过程结合以及如何结合仍是一个值得思考的问题。
  • 山西省高等学校科技创新项目(2020L0716)
  • 山西省高等学校一般性教学改革项目(J2021844; J20231556)
  • 山西省青少年发展研究立项课题(JT2023E86)
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2025年第42卷第5期
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doi: 10.7511/jslx20240814002
  • 接收时间:2024-08-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-14
  • 修回日期:2024-11-13
基金
山西省高等学校科技创新项目(2020L0716)
山西省高等学校一般性教学改革项目(J2021844; J20231556)
山西省青少年发展研究立项课题(JT2023E86)
作者信息
    1.山西警察学院 网络安全保卫系,太原 030401
    2.北京交通大学 计算机科学与技术学院,北京 100044
    3.太原师范学院 计算机科学与技术学院,晋中 030619
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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