Article(id=1243226196868182086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7511/jslx20240531001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717084800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-31, revisedDate=1722096000000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774337823358, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1761580800000, pubDateStr=2025-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774337823358, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774337823358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774337823358, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243226190786441246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, year='2025', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='699', pageEnd='888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774337821909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774338282025, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243228120724128564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243228120724128565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=859, endPage=864, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243226197744791628, articleId=1243226196868182086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, language=EN, title=SPH simulation of non-isothermal complex flow with fluid impacting obstacles, columnId=1243226196507471936, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, columnName=Research Notes, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The non-isothermal complex flow caused by fluid impacting obstacles is very important to the industrial processes such as nuclear energy utilization. Through coupling various numerical techniques such as the density diffusive term, artificial viscous term, particle shifting technique, a stable and accurate non-isothermal smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) scheme is established, and accurate simulation of non-isothermal complex flow caused by fluid impacting obstacles is realized. Based on the simulation for the non-isothermal flow past a heated cylinder, the non-isothermal dam break past single/multiple obstacles, it is demonstrated that: (1) the developed non-isothermal SPH scheme can not only compute a smooth pressure field and avoid the spurious oscillation of numerical solutions, but also predict accurately the temperature field and the key physical quantities; (2) this SPH scheme can also accurately show the interaction between the heat conduction process and the complex free-surface evolution, and has the capability to simulate non-isothermal complex flows past multiple obstacles.

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流体冲击障碍物的非等温复杂流动在核能利用等工业过程中十分重要。本文耦合密度耗散项、人工粘性项、粒子位移修正等多种数值技术,建立起一种稳定和准确的非等温SPH格式,实现流体冲击障碍物非等温复杂流动的精确模拟。通过非等温圆柱绕流、绕单/多障碍物非等温溃坝的模拟,表明本文建立的SPH格式不仅能计算出光滑的压力场,避免数值解的虚假振荡,还能给出准确的温度场分布和关键物理量;且能准确预测热传导过程和自由液面复杂演化的相互作用,具有模拟绕多障碍物非等温复杂流动的能力。

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张林*(1982-),男,博士,副研究员(E-mail:).

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张林*(1982-),男,博士,副研究员(E-mail:).

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流体冲击障碍物的非等温复杂流动SPH模拟
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于海洋 1, 2 , 张林 1 , 周媛 3
计算力学学报 | 研究简报 2025,42(5): 859-864
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计算力学学报 | 研究简报 2025, 42(5): 859-864
流体冲击障碍物的非等温复杂流动SPH模拟
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于海洋1, 2, 张林1 , 周媛3
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院过程工程研究所 介科学与工程全国重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 2.中国科学院大学 化学工程学院,北京 100049
  • 3.中国石油石油化工研究院 工艺工程研究所,北京 102206
  • 张林*(1982-),男,博士,副研究员(E-mail:).

SPH simulation of non-isothermal complex flow with fluid impacting obstacles
Hai-yang YU1, 2, Lin ZHANG1 , Yuan ZHOU3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Mesoscience and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2.School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3.Process Engineering Department, Petrochina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2025-10-28 doi: 10.7511/jslx20240531001
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流体冲击障碍物的非等温复杂流动在核能利用等工业过程中十分重要。本文耦合密度耗散项、人工粘性项、粒子位移修正等多种数值技术,建立起一种稳定和准确的非等温SPH格式,实现流体冲击障碍物非等温复杂流动的精确模拟。通过非等温圆柱绕流、绕单/多障碍物非等温溃坝的模拟,表明本文建立的SPH格式不仅能计算出光滑的压力场,避免数值解的虚假振荡,还能给出准确的温度场分布和关键物理量;且能准确预测热传导过程和自由液面复杂演化的相互作用,具有模拟绕多障碍物非等温复杂流动的能力。

SPH  /  非等温流动  /  撞击流  /  自由面  /  粒子位移修正

The non-isothermal complex flow caused by fluid impacting obstacles is very important to the industrial processes such as nuclear energy utilization. Through coupling various numerical techniques such as the density diffusive term, artificial viscous term, particle shifting technique, a stable and accurate non-isothermal smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) scheme is established, and accurate simulation of non-isothermal complex flow caused by fluid impacting obstacles is realized. Based on the simulation for the non-isothermal flow past a heated cylinder, the non-isothermal dam break past single/multiple obstacles, it is demonstrated that: (1) the developed non-isothermal SPH scheme can not only compute a smooth pressure field and avoid the spurious oscillation of numerical solutions, but also predict accurately the temperature field and the key physical quantities; (2) this SPH scheme can also accurately show the interaction between the heat conduction process and the complex free-surface evolution, and has the capability to simulate non-isothermal complex flows past multiple obstacles.

SPH  /  non-isothermal flow  /  impacting flow  /  free surface  /  particle shifting technique
于海洋, 张林, 周媛. 流体冲击障碍物的非等温复杂流动SPH模拟. 计算力学学报, 2025 , 42 (5) : 859 -864 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240531001
Hai-yang YU, Lin ZHANG, Yuan ZHOU. SPH simulation of non-isothermal complex flow with fluid impacting obstacles[J]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2025 , 42 (5) : 859 -864 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240531001
核能利用、冶金铸造中广泛存在着障碍物绕流引发的非等温复杂自由表面流。开展流体冲击障碍物非等温复杂流动的模拟研究,有助于理解上述工业过程,实现安全生产和操作优化。
流体绕障碍物流动时会出现自由液面的翻卷、破碎、融合以及液体飞溅等现象,基于网格的数值方法在模拟上述问题时面临着巨大的挑战。光滑粒子动力学SPH(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics)[1,2]是一种基于拉格朗日描述的无网格方法,在模拟涉及自由液面复杂演化问题时有着巨大优势。Zheng等[3]基于SPH方法准确刻画了多液滴撞击液面时的强非线性现象;Ding等[4]基于SPH方法实现了返回舱入水载荷的模拟分析。然而,目前将SPH方法用于非等温复杂流动问题的研究还相对较少。Cleary[5]基于SPH方法研究了热传导和自然对流问题。Zhang等[6]开展了水平环中自然对流的SPH模拟。Jiang等[7]利用SPH方法模拟了不同形状腔体内非等温非牛顿黏性流体的充模过程。
鉴于流体冲击障碍物非等温复杂流动在核能利用、冶金铸造中的重要性,本文耦合多种数值修正技术,建立一套稳定和准确的SPH格式,实现其精确模拟。
Lagrange描述下的非等温流体流动方程为
其中ug为流体的速度和重力加速度,ρpT分别为流体的密度、压力和温度,μkcp是流体粘度、导热系数和比热容。
将不可压流体视为弱可压流体,引入状态方程
可实现式(1~3)的封闭,其中ρ0p0c0分别为流体的初始密度、背景压力和人工声速。为保证流体的弱可压性,一般要求c0大于流场最大预估速度10倍以上。
基于SPH近似理论[9],将函数、梯度以及Laplace算子的粒子近似[10]代入式(1~3),则有
其中W为Wendland C2核函数。
标准的SPH离散常出现压力场和数值解的虚假振荡等问题,需采用一些数值技术来处理。
为解决弱可压SPH方法易出现的压力场振荡现象,文献[1112]提出在连续方程中添加密度耗散项。添加密度耗散项后的连续方程SPH离散格式为
其中
为重整化后的密度梯度。
自由液面处液体的翻卷破碎也会导致SPH方法的数值不稳定性,为此求解动量方程时在自由液面附近添加人工粘性项来解决上述问题。本文采用Monaghan等[13]提出的人工粘性项
其中,
Fs为自由面邻近区域。
粒子分布越均匀,SPH方法的模拟精度越高,数值格式越稳定。为此,可人为地使粒子偏离流线一个微小的距离来改进粒子分布的均匀性,此即粒子位移修正技术PST(Particle Shifting Technique)。本文采用的PST技术如下[14]
式中R=0.2,n=4,Δx为初始粒子间距,CFL为Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy常数。
本文采用固定虚粒子边界法[15]处理固壁边界。模拟中固定虚粒子的位置保持不变,其所需的物理量由内部流体粒子插值得出。
(1)壁面压力插值公式为
其中a为壁面加速度。在插值出pi后,通过状态方程可得固定虚粒子的密度。
(2)壁面速度、温度插值公式为
其中f表示温度和速度,ij分别为壁面粒子和其支持域内的流体粒子。
首先通过非等温圆柱绕流问题的模拟,检验本文非等温SPH格式的有效性和精度;随后将其用于含单/多障碍物的非等温流动研究,探讨其在涉及自由面的非等温复杂流动中的模拟能力。
图1为非等温圆柱绕流示意图,其中圆柱直径为D,两侧壁面到圆柱距离为5D并设置为自由滑移边界,圆柱表面设置为无滑移边界;流体入口位于圆柱上游6D处,来流速度为u=Reμ/ρD;流体出口位于圆柱下游12D处,采用自由流出边界,即∂u/∂n=0;流体的来流温度为Tin=300 K,圆柱表面设定为恒温边界,Tw=330 K,两侧壁面为绝热边界,即∂T/∂n=0,这里n为相应壁面的外法向。
本文模拟工况为Re=100,Pr=0.71。图2给出t=7.4 s时的压力、温度和流线分布。由于Re>40以后,附着涡会脱落,圆柱下游流场不再是定常的。从图2可以看出,圆柱后缘上下两侧有涡周期性地轮流脱落,并能观测到涡流产生的负压区;同时由于圆柱相较于来流具有较高的温度,导致环绕其的流体温度升高,并随着涡的脱落以之字形向下游发展。
文献[1617]报道Re=100时的阻力系数Cd约在1.36左右,本文计算的值为1.33。究其原因,本文受限于计算能力采用了较小的粒子分辨率。图3给出本文模拟的圆柱表面上的局部努塞尔数分布,其与文献结果[1819]分布一致。上述结果表明本文给出的非等温SPH格式能稳定、准确地实现非等温流动问题的模拟。
绕单圆柱非等温流动问题如图4所示,其中容器长Lcx=3.0 m,高Lcy=2.0 m;初始时刻在容器左下角处有一长Lwx=1.0 m,高Lwy=0.6 m的水体,由隔板隔开并处于静止状态,其温度为300 K;同时容器中有一直径为D0=0.2 m的圆柱,其圆心为r0=(1.5 m,0.2 m)。容器左右壁面和底部壁面处为绝热边界,速度均设置为无滑移边界;自由液面处温度和速度边界条件为∂T/∂n=0,∂u/∂n=0;圆柱表面处温度取T=1000 K,速度为无滑移边界条件。模拟中令Pr=0.0015。
图5给出初始时刻水体高度为Lwy=0.6 m的模拟结果,其中无量纲时间t*=tg/Lwy0.5。移除隔板后,初始时刻处于静止状态的水体在重力的作用下开始崩塌,形成的低矮波头从圆柱下方穿过,后续较高的液面将与圆柱底部接触并受到加热;当与圆柱迎流面发生碰撞的自由液面高度高于圆柱圆心位置时,碰撞的流体沿圆柱上表面爬行后,以一定仰角飞溅(t*=2.43);此时热传导现象主要发生在自由液面附近,热流随自由液面的波动而波动。随着流动的进一步发展,飞溅的流体在重力的作用下下降,导致高温圆柱由流体包裹,并在圆柱右侧出现因热传导效应导致的高温区,以及类似于非等温圆柱绕流的涡街现象(t*=4.04);同时,流体已流到右壁处且沿壁面上爬。在重力的作用下,右壁上爬流体向下翻转,翻转后的波头十分复杂;同时由于圆柱障碍物的阻挡,靠近圆柱左侧的自由液面将和圆柱高度持平,而靠近圆柱右侧的自由液面在圆心偏下位置(t*=5.82)。之后,右壁翻转的波头将与自由液面发生碰撞并反弹(t*=6.79),此时整个自由液面由右向左运动,且圆柱右侧的自由液面运动速度大于圆柱左侧的自由液面运动速度。由于右侧自由液面向左的运动速度较大,在与圆柱右表面发生碰撞时,水体将由圆柱割裂形成近似水平的缺口;缺口上部自由液面流体经过高温圆柱右表面的热传导后,温度较高,而缺口下部自由液面由于向左运动,没有高温圆柱的热传导作用发生,因此温度较低(t*=8.90)。随着流动不断演化,流体流动趋于平缓,热传导导致的高温流体主要存在于高温圆柱附近(t*=47.63)。
图6给出Lwy=0.6 m时绕单圆柱非等温流动在t*=2.43和t*=47.63时刻的压力分布。可以看出,t*=2.43时整个压力分布较为光滑,并在圆柱表面出现因流体撞击而导致的高压区,同时还能观察到压力反射波的存在;当时间足够长即t*=47.63时,压力分布基本与静压类似,此时圆柱表面不存在高压区,且压力反射波也消失。
本节开展绕多障碍物非等温流动的研究,障碍物分别为圆-圆柱和圆-方柱,中心位于(1.5 m,0.2 m)和(1.9 m,0.2 m)处,直径或边长均为D=0.2 m,初始水深取Lwy=0.6 m。
图7给出绕圆-圆柱的非等温流动模拟结果。在自由液面接触到圆柱2之前,流体的运动和传热过程与绕单圆柱的相似(t*=2.43),并在圆柱1上表面出现以一定仰角飞溅的流体。t*=4.04时飞溅的流体在重力的作用下下降,由于圆柱2的阻挡,其将充满圆柱1和圆柱2之间的空隙;同时,从圆柱底部流过的液体已运动到右壁并上爬。t*=5.82时圆柱1和圆柱2都由流体包围,由于其对流体的阻挡作用,除右壁翻转的波头外,此处液体高度最高;另一方面,由于高温圆柱对水体的热传导作用,两圆柱之间的液体温度较高,且高温液体主要在圆柱2附近区域,并从圆柱下方流过。t*=6.79时右壁翻转的波头已撞击在自由液面上,由于圆柱2的阻挡以及自由液面向左流动的速度较大,导致出现较大仰角的飞溅液体;同时相较于圆柱1,高温流体主要在圆柱2附近。
图8给出绕圆-方柱的非等温流动模拟结果,其流动与传热过程与图7有明显不同。t*=2.43时,圆柱1上表面出现以一定仰角飞溅的流体,同时在方柱左壁出现液体爬升现象,但液体上爬高度较小,温度较高。t*=4.04时,由于方柱相较圆柱具有更强的阻挡作用,流体在充满二者空隙时伴随着复杂的涡结构;沿方柱左壁上爬的液体大部分向左翻转撞击在自由液面上,并出现微小的反弹现象,剩余小部分在重力的作用下撞击在方柱上壁,受到加热后以一定俯角下冲,撞击在穿过圆-方柱下部空隙而来的自由液面上。t*=5.82时,圆柱受流体包围,方柱背风面存在空腔;经圆柱加热的流体主要朝方柱的左下角区域流动;同时容器左壁上爬翻转的流体波头较为规整。t*=6.79时,方柱背风面的空腔变小,此时经圆柱加热的流体主要经方柱下壁处流过;容器右壁翻转的波头已撞击在自由液面上并反弹,这些向左上角反弹的流体还将撞击在从方柱上壁以一定俯角俯冲的流体上;同时发现方柱背风面附近区域的流体温度相对较高。
针对流体冲击障碍物的非等温复杂流动,本文耦合多种数值修正技术,建立了一种稳定和精确的SPH格式。所得结论如下。
(1)本文建立的SPH格式不仅能计算出光滑的压力场,避免数值解振荡,还能给出准确的温度场。
(2)能准确预测热传导过程和自由液面复杂演化的相互作用,并抑制自由液面的粒子飞溅现象。
(3)具有模拟绕多障碍物非等温复杂流动的能力。
  • 化工冶金低碳变革技术及示范(XDA0390502)
  • 介科学与工程国家重点实验室(MESO-24-A04; MESO-23-A01)
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2025年第42卷第5期
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doi: 10.7511/jslx20240531001
  • 接收时间:2024-05-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-31
  • 修回日期:2024-07-28
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化工冶金低碳变革技术及示范(XDA0390502)
介科学与工程国家重点实验室(MESO-24-A04; MESO-23-A01)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院过程工程研究所 介科学与工程全国重点实验室,北京 100190
    2.中国科学院大学 化学工程学院,北京 100049
    3.中国石油石油化工研究院 工艺工程研究所,北京 102206
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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