Article(id=1243226196725575749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7511/jslx20240606002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717603200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-06, revisedDate=1722787200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774337823325, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1761580800000, pubDateStr=2025-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774337823325, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774337823325, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774337823325, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243226190786441246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, year='2025', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='699', pageEnd='888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774337821909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774338282025, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243228120724128564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243228120724128565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=751, endPage=757, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243226198898225244, articleId=1243226196725575749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, language=EN, title=Optimization design of vibration reduction for piezoelectric intelligent structures based on multiple control coefficients, columnId=1243226193193971746, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Piezoelectric materials have advantages such as rapid actuation, ease of preparation, and low energy consumption. Using piezoelectric materials for vibration control can improve structural performance. Studies have shown that the distribution of piezoelectric materials can significantly impact control effectiveness. Many researchers use topology optimization techniques to optimize the layout of piezoelectric materials or control voltages. In the topology optimization of piezoelectric intelligent structures, introducing various control coefficients as design variables can achieve a larger design space and further enhance control efficiency. This paper studies the optimal distribution of control coefficients for piezoelectric layers under harmonic excitation based on the Discrete Material Optimization (DMO) method. Using a negative velocity feedback control strategy for active control, dynamic compliance is selected as the objective function to effectively measure the structural vibration level. The design variables are the negative velocity feedback control coefficients for each pair of piezoelectric sensors and actuators. Sensitivity analysis is conducted using the adjoint variable method. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to verify the correctness of the proposed method.

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压电材料具有作动迅速、易于制备和能耗低等优点,使用压电材料对结构进行振动控制能够改善结构性能,研究发现,压电材料的分布能够显著影响控制效果,许多学者使用拓扑优化技术对压电材料或控制电压的布局进行优化。在压电智能结构拓扑优化中,引入多种控制系数作为设计变量,能够获得更大设计空间,进一步提升控制效率。本文基于离散材料优化方法DMO(Discrete Material Optimization)研究了简谐激励作用下压电层控制系数最优分布问题。使用速度负反馈控制策略进行主动控制,选取能够有效衡量结构振动程度的动柔度作为目标函数,设计变量为每对压电传感器和压电致动器的速度负反馈控制系数,使用伴随变量法进行灵敏度分析,最后给出了两个数值算例来验证所提方法的正确性。

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张晓鹏*(1985-),男,博士,副教授(E-mail:).

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张晓鹏*(1985-),男,博士,副教授(E-mail:).

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Material parameters

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材料压电陶瓷
弹性模量/GPa6171
泊松比0.350.35
压电常数e31/C•m-2-9.3
压电常数e32/C•m-2-9.3
), ArticleFig(id=1243226252258160663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226196725575749, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料参数

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材料压电陶瓷
弹性模量/GPa6171
泊松比0.350.35
压电常数e31/C•m-2-9.3
压电常数e32/C•m-2-9.3
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基于多控制系数的压电智能结构减振优化设计
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锁刘佳 1 , 杨燊 2 , 王泽 2 , 张晓鹏 2 , 王大志 1
计算力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,42(5): 751-757
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计算力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 42(5): 751-757
基于多控制系数的压电智能结构减振优化设计
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锁刘佳1, 杨燊2, 王泽2, 张晓鹏2 , 王大志1
作者信息
  • 1.大连理工大学 机械工程学院,大连 116024
  • 2.大连理工大学 力学与航空航天学院,大连 116024
  • 张晓鹏*(1985-),男,博士,副教授(E-mail:).

Optimization design of vibration reduction for piezoelectric intelligent structures based on multiple control coefficients
Liujia SUO1, Shen YANG2, Ze WANG2, Xiaopeng ZHANG2 , Dazhi WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  • 2.School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
出版时间: 2025-10-28 doi: 10.7511/jslx20240606002
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压电材料具有作动迅速、易于制备和能耗低等优点,使用压电材料对结构进行振动控制能够改善结构性能,研究发现,压电材料的分布能够显著影响控制效果,许多学者使用拓扑优化技术对压电材料或控制电压的布局进行优化。在压电智能结构拓扑优化中,引入多种控制系数作为设计变量,能够获得更大设计空间,进一步提升控制效率。本文基于离散材料优化方法DMO(Discrete Material Optimization)研究了简谐激励作用下压电层控制系数最优分布问题。使用速度负反馈控制策略进行主动控制,选取能够有效衡量结构振动程度的动柔度作为目标函数,设计变量为每对压电传感器和压电致动器的速度负反馈控制系数,使用伴随变量法进行灵敏度分析,最后给出了两个数值算例来验证所提方法的正确性。

压电智能结构  /  主动控制  /  离散材料优化  /  材料布局

Piezoelectric materials have advantages such as rapid actuation, ease of preparation, and low energy consumption. Using piezoelectric materials for vibration control can improve structural performance. Studies have shown that the distribution of piezoelectric materials can significantly impact control effectiveness. Many researchers use topology optimization techniques to optimize the layout of piezoelectric materials or control voltages. In the topology optimization of piezoelectric intelligent structures, introducing various control coefficients as design variables can achieve a larger design space and further enhance control efficiency. This paper studies the optimal distribution of control coefficients for piezoelectric layers under harmonic excitation based on the Discrete Material Optimization (DMO) method. Using a negative velocity feedback control strategy for active control, dynamic compliance is selected as the objective function to effectively measure the structural vibration level. The design variables are the negative velocity feedback control coefficients for each pair of piezoelectric sensors and actuators. Sensitivity analysis is conducted using the adjoint variable method. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to verify the correctness of the proposed method.

piezoelectric intelligent structure  /  active control  /  discrete material optimization  /  material layout
锁刘佳, 杨燊, 王泽, 张晓鹏, 王大志. 基于多控制系数的压电智能结构减振优化设计. 计算力学学报, 2025 , 42 (5) : 751 -757 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240606002
Liujia SUO, Shen YANG, Ze WANG, Xiaopeng ZHANG, Dazhi WANG. Optimization design of vibration reduction for piezoelectric intelligent structures based on multiple control coefficients[J]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2025 , 42 (5) : 751 -757 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240606002
在建筑工程、精密加工以及汽车等领域,利用压电智能材料对结构进行主动控制具有重要的意义。在建筑工程中,通过主动控制技术,可以减少建筑或桥梁中的振动,提高结构耐久性。在精密加工领域,需要对结构实现精准的位移控制。在汽车领域,压电材料常用于对抗声波,减少噪声。压电材料具有易于制备、响应快、重量轻等优点,是解决这类问题的理想材料,在结构振动控制[1,2]、结构健康检测[3,4]和结构形状控制[5,6]方面得到了广泛应用。由于压电材料具有重量轻、响应快、能量转换效率高等优异特性,使用压电材料对结构进行主动控制愈发引人关注。许多研究表明,压电材料和控制电压的分布对主动控制效率有显著影响[7-9]。因此,有必要对压电材料的分布进行设计。
在早期压电智能结构布局优化中,往往使用启发式算法或直接搜索法来寻求压电致动器的最佳尺寸和最佳位置。随着拓扑优化技术的发展,逐渐有学者利用拓扑优化技术进行压电智能结构布局优化。Wang等[10]提出了一种速度场水平集法,通过对具有光滑边界的压电层进行跟踪,获得了更精确的振动控制。Hu等[11]基于线性二次调节最优控制,提出了瞬态激励下的压电结构拓扑优化方法。文献[1213]验证了在压电结构振动控制中采用曲壳单元,计算精度和效率高于平面壳单元。Liu等[14]以执行器到结构的能量转换最大为目标,对压电材料的布局进行优化设计,得到优化设计后,将线性二次型调节器控制策略用于最终设计的布局,实现结构振动抑制。以上学者采用比较成熟的控制策略,对振动控制中压电材料的最优布局问题进行了研究,得到的优化布局在单通道驱动下即可实现,一定程度上限制了控制效率的提升。
离散材料优化(DMO)方法可以看作一种多材料插值模型,该方法的思想可以简述为结构每个单元在多个预定义的备选材料中选择一种材料,在经典DMO方法中,备选材料一般选为不同力学性能的材料或空材料。DMO方法是Stegmann等[15]提出并用于纤维角度优化,此后该方法引起了持续关注[16-19]。值得注意的是,针对传统DMO收敛困难的问题,Duan等[20]提在传统DMO方法的基础上,使用Heaviside函数对设计变量进行惩罚,提升了收敛率,获得了清晰的材料分布,降低了制造难度。
本文基于离散材料优化方法,引入多种速度负反馈控制系数作为设计变量,研究了在外部单一简谐激励作用下,以动柔度为目标函数的压电致动器层控制系数的最优分布。首先提出了基于速度负反馈控制的压电层合板结构振动模型,并针对非比例阻尼结构提出了有效的动力学求解方法,之后建立优化模型,求解灵敏度。最后给出了两个数值算例来验证所提方法的有效性。
本文主要研究外部单一简谐激励作用下,压电致动器层控制系数的最优分布问题。其中结构基体层上方铺设一层压电致动器,基体层下方铺设一层压电传感器。如图1所示,假设同一位置上的一对传感器和作动器是独立控制的。
压电材料的本构关系为
式中σε分别为应力向量和应变向量,D为电位移向量,C为弹性矩阵,E是外加电场矢量,eκ分别为压电系数矩阵和介电常数矩阵。
与一般动力学方程类似,压电层合板结构振动方程只是多了一项由压电材料提供的载荷项,即
式中MRn×nCRn×nKRn×n分别为结构总体质量阵、阻尼阵和刚度阵。ft)=Feiθt是外加载荷向量,其中外加载荷向量的频率为θ,幅值为Fyt)∈Rn×1分别为结构的位移、速度和加速度向量。fat)为压电致动器层提供的等效节点力向量:
式中K为压电耦合矩阵,φat)为压电致动器层提供的电压向量,其表达形式由采用的控制策略决定,本节结构的控制策略采用速度负反馈控制方法,φat)可以表示为
其中Ga为常数对角控制系数矩阵,φst)是由基体层发生机械应变而产生的传感器输出电压,一般情况下会对其进行放大:
式中Gs为增益系数对角矩阵。将式(5)代入式(4),控制电压可以表示为,将其代入式(2),并将速度项合并,可得速度负反馈控制下的振动方程
对于稳态振动问题来说,振动方程(6)可进一步简化为
其中Y=YR+iYI为简谐振动幅值,其中YR为振幅的实部,YI为振幅的虚部,θ为振动频率,F为简谐振动载荷幅值。
简要介绍DMO方法的基本思想和公式,与经典拓扑优化中单一材料的有或无的选择不同,DMO方法可以看作是一种广义的多材料插值模型,该方法允许结构每个单元从多种预先给定的备选材料中选择一种材料,使得目标函数最小。
在DMO插值公式中,每个单元的本构矩阵Ce由该单元所有备选材料的本构矩阵Ci的加权求和得到,即
式中为单元的DMO权函数,下标表示该单元第i个备选材料的权值。最理想的优化结果是权函数只取0或1,因此需要选取合适的权函数来避免优化结果出现中间值,这里直接给出本文采用的权函数的表达式,具体描述可参见文献[21]。
式中是单元第i个备选材料的密度,如果,表示该单元从所有备选材料中选择了第i个备选材料;如果,表示第i个备选材料对该单元材料属性没有贡献。p为惩罚因子,一般取为3,其使设计变量更好地推向0或1。可以看作设计变量到权函数中间的一个过渡,对其进行归一化处理可得到权函数,归一化处理后每个权函数只在0和1之间取值,因此相应备选材料的物理意义总是可以接受的,另外权函数之和自动等于1,这确保了评估质量和成本的正确性。
本文引入速度负反馈控制的控制系数为设计变量,即每对压电作动器和压电传感器单元上的速度负反馈控制系数表示为所有备选控制系数的加权求和:
为了获得更加清晰的材料分布,本文使用Heaviside函数[22]对设计变量进行投影:
式中β决定了投影函数在阈值参数η附近的陡峭程度,惩罚效果如图2所示。每迭代10次将β增加一倍,从1一直增加到128,阈值参数η取为0.5。
为了判断优化是否收敛到满意的结果,即结构的每个单元只有一种备选材料的权函数为1,而其他备选材料对应的权函数为0,为此Lund等[21]给出了适用于DMO方法的收敛判别准则,对每个单元所有备选材料的权重因子求如下不等式:
其中ε为容忍率,一般ε∈[0.95~0.99]。如果一单元中任一权重因子满足不等式(13),则将此单元标记为收敛。DMO的收敛指标hε可以定义为收敛的单元数目和单元总数目之比:
ε取0.95,且所有单元完全收敛时,那么DMO的收敛指标可写为hε=0.95=1。
本文希望在满足压电层合板结构振动方程和给定约束的条件下,寻求使目标函数f最小的控制系数空间分布,其中目标函数选为动柔度,动柔度是描述在动态(变化的)加载条件下,结构或材料形变相对于施加力的敏感度的量度,在单一频率动力学优化问题中,许多学者认为动柔度能够有效衡量结构的振动程度。约束条件为压电材料的用量,上述问题的拓扑优化可以描述为
式中xij为第j个备选控制系数在第i对压电传感器和致动器单元中的密度,Ne为结构划分的单元总数,Ncan为备选材料数,volfrac为压电材料的体积,xi2xi3xi,4为压电材料的体积。
采用伴随变量法获取目标函数和约束函数关于设计变量的灵敏度信息。通过引入振动方程及其共轭方程,目标函数fX)可以表示为
其中分别为动刚度阵W和载荷向量F的共轭,μ1μ2为伴随向量。将式(16)对设计变量求导,可得
令两个伴随变量满足下面的方程
通过求解式(18)的两个方程,可以得到。利用式(18)的伴随变量的解,目标函数对设计变量的导数可以进一步写成
因此目标函数f的具体表达可以写为
根据式(20),与式(18)联立可以得到
于是,目标函数对人工设计变量的灵敏度为
优化设计的数值过程如下,首先,初始化设计变量并定义其他优化参数。初始化设计变量是为了保证每种备选材料在优化开始时具有相同的权重,避免陷入局部最优解。然后,对根据DMO模型插值公式计算权函数。基于本节提出的非比例阻尼结构求解方法对动力学问题进行求解,得到结构动力学响应,最后进行目标函数/约束函数计算、灵敏度分析等一般步骤,采用GCMMA求解器进行设计变量的更新,重复这些步骤直到解决方案稳定收敛。收敛条件为两次迭代中目标函数的差小于指定值,图3的流程展示了更详细的数值实现。
本节给出矩形悬臂压电层合板结构和方形四边简支压电层合板结构的优化算例。压电层合板结构由基体层、铺设在基体层上方的压电致动器层和铺设在基体层下方的压电传感器层结合而成,其中基体层由铝合金构成,压电层由压电陶瓷PZT构成,各部分材料参数列入表1
考虑如图4所示的压电层合板悬臂结构,将压电层合板结构划分为3200(40×80)个Mindlin板单元,其中基体层、压电传感器层和压电致动器层具有相同的几何尺寸,长1.6 m,宽0.8 m,其中基体层的厚度为4×10-3 m,传感器层和致动器层的厚度为0.5×10-3 m。载荷条件为在自由端中点处施加一个简谐载荷ft)=Feiθt,其中载荷的幅值为F=200 N,频率为fp=43 Hz。速度负反馈控制中电荷放大器的放大系数Gc=1×106 V/A,本算例为每对传感器和致动器提供4种控制系数:G1=5,G2=10,G3=20,G4=0。随着优化进行,每组传感器和致动器最终会确定一种控制系数,限制压电材料的用量为50%。
图5展示了目标函数和收敛率随迭代次数的变化。在迭代进行到第40步时,达到了收敛条件。动柔度由初始设计0.816 N•m的下降到0.611 N•m,可以看出,优化过程中目标函数和收敛率比较稳定,没有出现较大的波动,当目标函数趋于收敛时,DMO收敛率也趋于收敛。最终设计中DMO收敛率为90.54%,这表明拓扑结果是比较清晰的。
图6为宏观拓扑优化结果,黑色区域为压电材料区域,该区域的单元在除0控制系数以外的四种备选控制系数中选择了一种,白色区域代表该区域的一对传感器和致动器选择了0控制系数,视为没有铺设压电材料。这部分区域的单元在优化收敛后没有从四种备选控制系数中选择一种。图7为控制系数分布,白色区域为没有压电材料的区域或者在优化结束后仍然没有确定控制系数的单元。
本算例考虑一个四角简支方形压电层合板结构的控制系数布局优化问题,将压电层合板结构划分为1600(40×40)个四节点Mindlin板单元,其中基体层、压电传感器层和压电致动器层的几何尺寸相同,长为2.4 m,其中基体层的厚度为4×10-3 m,传感器层和致动器层的厚度为0.5×10-3 m。载荷条件为在四边简支板中点处施加一个简谐载荷ft)=Feiθt,其中载荷的幅值为F=200 N,频率为fp=43 Hz。速度负反馈控制中电荷放大器的放大系数Gc=1×106 V/A,在本算例中,为每对传感器和致动器提供4种控制系数:G1=5,G2=10,G3=20,G4=0。随着优化进行,每一对传感器和致动器最终会确定一种控制系数,限定压电材料的用量为50%,考虑了结构前40阶模态进行模态降阶。
图9展示了目标函数和收敛率随迭代次数的变化。优化迭代进行了41步后达到收敛,可以看出,优化过程中目标函数和收敛率比较稳定,没有出现较大的数值波动现象,随着迭代逐渐进行,大部分压电致动器和传感器都从备选控制系数中确定了一种控制系数,目标函数和收敛率也逐渐稳定下来,当优化结束时,DMO收敛率为95.56%。实际工程当中,需要将致动电压限制在压电致动器能承受的范围内,本文可以通过调整控制系数的大小防止电压过大,更为正确的做法是在优化列式当中为每个压电致动器添加约束。
图10为宏观拓扑优化结果,黑色区域为压电材料区域,该区域的单元在除0控制系数以外的三种备选控制系数中选择了一种,白色区域代表该区域一对传感器和致动器选择了0控制系数,视为没有铺设压电材料。灰色区域则是带有交叉性能的单元,这部分区域的单元在优化收敛后没有从四种备选控制系数中选择一种。图11为控制系数分布,白色区域为没有压电材料的区域或者在优化结束后仍然没有确定控制系数的单元。优化结果呈现出高度对称性,这是因为在本算例中,研究结构和载荷是对称的,由此激起的振动模态也是对称的,因此在优化结果中压电材料的分布也是对称的,这也从侧面验证了所提方法的正确性。
本文提出了一种基于多控制系数的压电智能结构减振优化设计方法。通过引入速度负反馈控制系数作为设计变量,基于离散材料优化(DMO)方法,研究了简谐激励作用下压电层控制系数的最优分布。通过灵敏度分析和伴随变量法,构建了优化模型,并给出了两个数值算例来验证方法的有效性。研究结果表明,采用多控制系数作为设计变量,能够显著提升压电智能结构的振动控制效果,优化后的结构在动态加载条件下表现出更好的减振性能。在数值算例中,无论是矩形悬臂结构还是方形简支结构,通过优化设计均实现了动柔度的显著下降,验证了所提方法的正确性和实用性。本文提出的方法可进一步扩展到阻尼材料板、复合材料板的纤维角度、多电压控制压电智能结构的拓扑优化设计中。
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2022A1515240059)
  • 国家自然科学基金(12272077)
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2025年第42卷第5期
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doi: 10.7511/jslx20240606002
  • 接收时间:2024-06-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-06
  • 修回日期:2024-08-05
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广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2022A1515240059)
国家自然科学基金(12272077)
作者信息
    1.大连理工大学 机械工程学院,大连 116024
    2.大连理工大学 力学与航空航天学院,大连 116024
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