Article(id=1243226196507471937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7511/jslx20240129001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706457600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-29, revisedDate=1709654400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774337823272, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1761580800000, pubDateStr=2025-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774337823272, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774337823272, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774337823272, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243226190786441246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, year='2025', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='699', pageEnd='888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774337821909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774338282025, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243228120724128564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243228120724128565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=795, endPage=802, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243226198348771413, articleId=1243226196507471937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, language=EN, title=A simple numerical implementation method for anisotropic damage coupled viscoplastic constitutive model, columnId=1243226193193971746, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A simple numerical implementation method is proposed for the Chaboche-type viscoplastic constitutive model coupled with Lemaitre anisotropic damage theory. Using the decoupled algorithm, the damage tensor is updated based on the forward difference format at the beginning of each incremental step. The damage tensor is considered as a constant in the discretization process of the constitutive equations. Based on the hypothesis of strain equivalence, the formulations containing only partial tensors are constructed in the effective deviatoric stress space, and the radial return process is simplified to solve a nonlinear scalar equation concerning the accumulated plastic strain increment. The numerical implementation method and the derivation of consistent tangent operator are provided based on the Voigt notation scheme. The comparison between the experimental data and the simulation results of isotropic scalar damage model under uniaxial and multiaxial stress states validates the effectiveness and high computational efficiency of this method. Numerical results under different time step sizes also indicate the good accuracy and stability.

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针对耦合Lemaitre各向异性损伤理论的Chaboche型粘塑性本构模型提出了一种简单的数值实现方法。使用解耦的算法,在每个增量步开始时基于向前差分格式更新损伤张量,并在本构方程离散化的过程中将其视作常量。基于应变等效假设,在有效偏应力空间中构建只含有偏张量的方程,将径向返回过程简化为求解一个关于累积塑性应变增量的非线性标量方程。基于voigt表记法格式给出了数值实现方法及一致切线算子的推导过程。在单轴和多轴应力状态下与实验数据和各向同性标量损伤模型模拟结果之间的对比验证了该方法的有效性与高计算效率,不同时间步长下的数值结果也表明该方法具有较好的准确性和稳定性。

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倪永中*(1976-),男,博士,讲师(E-mail:).

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Material parameters of the damage-coupled viscoplastic constitutive model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料常数550 ℃600 ℃材料常数550 ℃600 ℃
E/GPa160145 C1/GPa616.28594.0
v0.3080.311 a145653960
k0/MPa150110 C2/GPa47.6368.25
K/MPa•s1/n390240 a2467650
n8.27.2 S0/MPa2.11.9
b1.751.8 s02.652.39
Q/MPa-112-100 η2.72.7
), ArticleFig(id=1243226258423787673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226196507471937, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

耦合损伤粘塑性本构模型的材料常数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料常数550 ℃600 ℃材料常数550 ℃600 ℃
E/GPa160145 C1/GPa616.28594.0
v0.3080.311 a145653960
k0/MPa150110 C2/GPa47.6368.25
K/MPa•s1/n390240 a2467650
n8.27.2 S0/MPa2.11.9
b1.751.8 s02.652.39
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耦合各向异性损伤粘塑性本构模型的一种简单数值实现方法
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王元良 , 李昌硕 , 徐鸿 , 朱忠亮 , 倪永中
计算力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,42(5): 795-802
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计算力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 42(5): 795-802
耦合各向异性损伤粘塑性本构模型的一种简单数值实现方法
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王元良, 李昌硕, 徐鸿, 朱忠亮, 倪永中
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学 能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
  • 倪永中*(1976-),男,博士,讲师(E-mail:).

A simple numerical implementation method for anisotropic damage coupled viscoplastic constitutive model
Yuanliang WANG, Changshuo LI, Hong XU, Zhongliang ZHU, Yongzhong NI
Affiliations
  • School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2025-10-28 doi: 10.7511/jslx20240129001
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针对耦合Lemaitre各向异性损伤理论的Chaboche型粘塑性本构模型提出了一种简单的数值实现方法。使用解耦的算法,在每个增量步开始时基于向前差分格式更新损伤张量,并在本构方程离散化的过程中将其视作常量。基于应变等效假设,在有效偏应力空间中构建只含有偏张量的方程,将径向返回过程简化为求解一个关于累积塑性应变增量的非线性标量方程。基于voigt表记法格式给出了数值实现方法及一致切线算子的推导过程。在单轴和多轴应力状态下与实验数据和各向同性标量损伤模型模拟结果之间的对比验证了该方法的有效性与高计算效率,不同时间步长下的数值结果也表明该方法具有较好的准确性和稳定性。

各向异性损伤  /  粘塑性本构模型  /  数值实现  /  径向返回算法  /  有限元法

A simple numerical implementation method is proposed for the Chaboche-type viscoplastic constitutive model coupled with Lemaitre anisotropic damage theory. Using the decoupled algorithm, the damage tensor is updated based on the forward difference format at the beginning of each incremental step. The damage tensor is considered as a constant in the discretization process of the constitutive equations. Based on the hypothesis of strain equivalence, the formulations containing only partial tensors are constructed in the effective deviatoric stress space, and the radial return process is simplified to solve a nonlinear scalar equation concerning the accumulated plastic strain increment. The numerical implementation method and the derivation of consistent tangent operator are provided based on the Voigt notation scheme. The comparison between the experimental data and the simulation results of isotropic scalar damage model under uniaxial and multiaxial stress states validates the effectiveness and high computational efficiency of this method. Numerical results under different time step sizes also indicate the good accuracy and stability.

anisotropic damage  /  viscoplastic constitutive model  /  numerical implementation  /  radial return algorithm  /  finite element method
王元良, 李昌硕, 徐鸿, 朱忠亮, 倪永中. 耦合各向异性损伤粘塑性本构模型的一种简单数值实现方法. 计算力学学报, 2025 , 42 (5) : 795 -802 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240129001
Yuanliang WANG, Changshuo LI, Hong XU, Zhongliang ZHU, Yongzhong NI. A simple numerical implementation method for anisotropic damage coupled viscoplastic constitutive model[J]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2025 , 42 (5) : 795 -802 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240129001
自Kachanov和Rabotnov引入损伤变量以描述由于微裂纹和微孔洞引起的材料有效承载面积减少以来[1],随着连续介质损伤力学的发展,逐渐建立起了能够描述材料劣化过程的本构模型。损伤变量通常作为内状态变量,基于应变或应变能等效假设,以有效应力的形式耦合到本构模型中[2]。通过建立相应的损伤演化模型,损伤变量能够描述材料在某一载荷历程内宏观力学性能变化和微观组织结构演化的过程和规律。损伤变量的引入不仅增强了本构模型描述材料复杂力学行为的能力,而且还可对材料或结构的损伤状态进行评估[3,4]
在各向同性损伤状态的假设下,材料内部不均匀的随机分布的微观缺陷从统计学的角度来看可以认为是连续均匀分布的,损伤便可由标量的损伤变量来衡量。然而在多轴应力状态下,金属表面萌生的疲劳微裂纹总是垂直于最大主应力方向[5],而蠕变损伤主要来源于垂直于最大主应力方向的晶界上微孔洞的形核和生长[6]。因此损伤可能表现出各向异性的特征,并由张量型的损伤变量来描述[7]。材料损伤的方向特征有助于预测裂纹萌生和扩展的方向,在工程应用中具有重要意义。富秋实等[8]基于应力张量线性变换建立了适用于各向异性砌体的耦合损伤本构模型。温玥等[9]基于Hill各向异性屈服准则和Lemaitre各向异性损伤模型对镁合金管材热态内压成形过程进行了有限元模拟。焦延涛等[10]建立了各向异性损伤本构模型以描述混凝土在三维应力状态下的非线性力学行为。
通过求解耦合损伤的本构方程,损伤可以和应力应变等同时计算出来以进行损伤评估和寿命预测,而无需进行额外的损伤分析,从而显著提高服役安全性和结构完整性评价的流程和效率。因此有必要将耦合损伤的本构模型在有限元程序中进行数值实现以应用于大规模工程问题。然而本构模型通常具有较强的非线性,损伤模型以及各种硬化模型的引入会使数值实现变得更加困难。对于包含背应力及其改进形式的Chaboche型循环粘塑性本构模型的数值实现方法,已有较多的研究成果[11-13]。Lemaitre等[2]给出了各向异性损伤模型的全耦合数值实现方法,然而在非线性残差方程组的迭代求解过程中其收敛性通常难以得到保证,且会消耗大量的计算资源。
本文提出了一种相对简单的耦合Lemaitre各向异性损伤模型的Chaboche型粘塑性本构模型的数值实现方法。在每个增量步中使用解耦的算法来分别计算应力和损伤张量。首先在每个增量步开始时基于向前差分格式更新损伤张量,接下来便可将其考虑为常量并使用径向返回算法计算出应力和其他内变量,而无需考虑损伤对其影响。基于应变等效假设,在有效偏应力空间中构建公式,使迭代方程中只含有偏张量,从而将径向返回过程简化为求解一个关于累积塑性应变增量的标量方程,提高了计算效率和迭代求解的稳定性。这也可以很容易地推导出一致切线算子的解析表达式。为适应有限元软件二次开发的需要,以voigt表记法格式给出了数值实现方法及一致切线算子的推导过程;并通过单轴和多轴应力状态下的数值算例验证了该方法的准确性和稳定性以及高计算效率。
在连续介质力学的框架内,具有最大适用性的损伤变量是由四阶对称张量表示的。与弹性系数张量类似,其包含21个独立的分量。基于应变等效性假设,有效应力张量可表示为
式中Mijkl为损伤影响张量。一个相对简单的二阶对称损伤张量Dij也可用于描述材料的各向异性损伤[14],与应力张量类似,其包含6个独立的分量。为保证有效应力张量的对称性,采用应力张量对称化的方法,将有效应力张量表示为
式中δij为Kronecker符号,σhyd为静水应力,Dhyd为静水损伤。Hij=(δijDij-1/2为有效损伤张量,η为静水敏感系数。损伤影响张量Mijkl可表示为
它的逆可表示为
Lemaitre各向异性损伤模型[15]可以看作是对各向同性损伤模型的一个简单拓展,即
式中S0s0为损伤模型的材料常数;符号表示对二阶张量Aij的主方向上的分量取绝对值。在各向异性损伤状态下,控制损伤演化的主要内变量为有效弹性能密度,其表示在恒定应力状态下由损伤增长引起的材料内部能量密度的变化,并可以写成关于有效应力的函数
式中为有效应力三轴度,EV分别为弹性模量和泊松比,σeq为von Mises等效应力。根据损伤张量的物理定义,当某一方向上的最大主分量Dmax=Dijmj达到临界损伤值Dcrit时,可以认为细观裂纹开始萌生,局部材料已经发生损坏。由于裂纹扩展阶段在疲劳寿命中的占比较小,服役寿命将要结束。向量mj给出了裂纹所在平面的方向。
在Chaboche统一粘塑性本构理论中[16],在小变形的条件下将总应变率张量分解为弹性应变率张量与非弹性(粘塑性)应变率张量之和:
考虑损伤的各向同性线弹性材料的有效应力和弹性应变之间的关系可以由广义胡克定律来描述:
式中为各向同性弹性系数矩阵。考虑损伤的von Mises屈服函数可表示为
式中sij为偏应力张量,k0为初始屈服强度,表示屈服面的初始尺寸。运动硬化内变量Xij和各向同性硬化内变量R分别用于描述屈服面的位置和大小。非弹性应变率由关联的粘塑性流动法则给出:
式中nij为屈服函数相对于应力的梯度,表示非弹性应变的流动方向。为累积塑性应变率,为耦合各向异性损伤的粘塑性乘子。非弹性应变率随应力水平的变化由Norton幂律粘性函数来表示
式中K表示材料的粘塑性流动抗性,n为粘塑性硬化指数。运动硬化模型和各向同性硬化模型保持和无损伤本构方程相同的形式,其中并不显含损伤变量,而是将累积塑性应变率用粘塑性乘子代替。这里采用具有两个背应力分量的运动硬化模型:
式中Ci/aiXi的饱和值,aiXi趋于饱和的速度。各向同性硬化内变量R的演化方程为
式中QR的渐近值,bQ趋于稳定的速度。
在非线性有限元中,需要将率形式的本构方程在一定的时间间隔[tntn+1]内离散化,将微分方程转化为增量形式。然后对增量方程进行积分,以在给定的应变增量下计算出新的应力和内变量,这一过程通常由径向返回算法实现[17]。在径向返回过程中通过将损伤变量视为常量,就可以不考虑损伤与其他变量间的耦合关系,从而使数值实现过程得到简化。同时损伤变量也可以由简单的数值积分方法进行更新。这种解耦的算法能够显著降低各向异性损伤模型数值实现的难度,且具有较高的计算效率。为了保证隐式有限元计算中全局牛顿平衡迭代的无条件稳定性和二阶收敛速度,还需要提供一致切线算子[18]。由于径向返回过程和损伤变量的更新是相对独立的,因此在修改损伤模型时无需重新推导迭代方程和一致切线算子。
在大多数有限元软件中,二阶和四阶张量是由Voigt表记法以降阶形式存储的,这可以降低计算的维数并节约计算机内存,同时张量方程可以使用矩阵运算来进行推导。下文中括号{}和[]分别用来表示二阶和四阶张量的降阶形式。为了保持张量运算和矩阵运算的一致性,辅助矩阵[E1]和[E2]需要参与运算,定义为
式中使用当前增量步结束时的损伤张量n+1)D作为常量来构建径向返回过程中的迭代公式。在每个增量步开始时使用向前差分积分方法更新n+1)D
尽管n+1)D是由简单的梯形积分方法计算的,但其数值稳定性和计算精度是可以接受的[10,19]
对于采用von Mises屈服准则和关联流动法则的本构模型,基于应变等效假设,可以在有效偏应力空间中构建只含有偏张量的公式,将径向返回过程简化为求解一个关于累积塑性应变增量Δn+1)p的标量方程。这里使用试有效应力及其偏量来计算试屈服函数n+1)ftr
式中为偏张量计算矩阵。如果ftr≤0,则接受弹性预测的结果,即
一致切线算子矩阵由式(22)计算:
式中可由n+1)D根据式(4)求出,一般与应力型张量作运算,因此要注意其viogt表记形式。这里损伤张量n+1)D是以应力型张量的Voigt表记形式存储的。如果ftr>0,则需要进行塑性修正以计算应力张量:
相应的有效偏应力张量可表示为
对式(11~14)进行时间离散可得
为了保持各向异性损伤状态退化到各向同性损伤状态的一致性(即D=ij),假设下列条件应当得到满足
令Δn+1)r=TDΔn+1)p,将式(24)减去式(27),并将式(25)代入可得
对式(30)两侧取范数,可得
将式(26,28)代入式(31)并整理便可得到关于Δn+1)p的残差方程
对式(32)根据Δn+1)p求导可得
使用Newton-Raphson迭代法,便可以计算出累积塑性应变增量Δn+1)p
式中右下标(k)表示迭代次数。在求出Δn+1)p后,所有当前时刻的变量便都可以计算出来。注意到式(30)等号两侧张量的方向是相同的,故有
结合式(26,35),便可根据式(25)计算得到非弹性应变增量Δn+1)εin,进而根据式(23,27,28)更新应力和内状态变量。
对于上述的数值实现方法,一致切线算子矩阵的推导也是较为简单的。将离散化的本构方程(23~28)进行微分可得
式中四阶单位张量的矩阵形式等同于辅助矩阵;两个二阶张量的张量积AB对应的矩阵运算为{A}{B}T,得到的矩阵即为相应四阶张量的voigt表记。式(37)减去式(42)可得
将式(41,44)代入式(40)可得
将式(44,45)代入式(39)可得
将式(44)的{B}代入式(46),整理可得Δn+1)εin和Δn+1)ε之间的关系为
将式(47)代入式(37)可得
继而可以得到一致切线算子矩阵
基于ANSYS平台,将耦合各向异性损伤的循环粘塑性本构模型编写为USERMAT子程序进行二次开发。Lemaitre各向异性损伤模型与各向同性损伤模型具有相同的材料常数,仅多了一个静水敏感系数η,两种模型描述材料应力-应变响应的能力应是一致的,因此通过这两种模型的数值结果的对比来说明各向异性损伤模型描述损伤方向的能力以及数值实现方法的有效性。耦合各向同性损伤粘塑性本构模型及其数值实现方法可参见文献[20]。使用的X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1汽轮机转子钢的本构模型材料常数列入表1
首先将应变控制单轴对称疲劳载荷下的实验数据[21](EXP)与各向同性(ISO)和各向异性(ANISO)损伤模型的模拟结果进行对比。疲劳实验的两种载荷条件分别为T=550 ℃,Δε=0.924%;T=600 ℃,Δε=0.916%,应变率均为0.1%/s。单轴应力状态下的数值模拟在一个四节点SOLID185单元上进行。第一周次和半寿命周次滞回曲线的实验数据和模拟结果如图1所示,可见ANISO损伤模型和ISO损伤模型给出了非常接近的数值模拟结果,且与实验数据基本吻合。整个疲劳载荷历程内的循环软化曲线和损伤累积曲线如图2所示,单轴应力状态下的损伤张量只有法向方向上的分量,且有Dy=2Dx=2Dzy方向载荷),因此图中仅绘制了损伤张量的Dy分量。由式(5)可知,损伤主要是由非弹性应变控制的,这表明各向异性损伤率张量的主方向与非弹性应变率张量的主方向一致,损伤随着累积非弹性应变的增加而逐渐增加。在某一方向上较高的应力会产生更大的应变,进而导致这一方向上损伤的加速累积,因而损伤张量可以在一定程度上描述材料损伤的方向特征。如图2所示,ISO和ANISO损伤模型的数值结果在疲劳寿命的前期是基本一致的,随着加载的进行,ANISO损伤模型给出了在加载方向上损伤加速累积的结果。
尽管文中给出的本构模型及其数值实现方法适用于一般的三维应力状态,但为了便于检验结果,这里使用一个二维数值算例来进行验证,即处于平面应变状态的两端受均匀位移载荷的带中心圆孔矩形板[22]。如图3所示,考虑模型的对称性,仅对四分之一平板进行建模,有限元模型包含1800个PLANE 182单元和1891个节点。在板的左端施加循环对称拉压位移载荷,位移量Uy为±3 mm,载荷速率为0.5 mm/s,模拟的循环周次N为270次(此时损伤已达到0.2)。使用各向异性损伤模型在三个不同的时间步长下(0.05 s,0.025 s和0.01 s)进行模拟,并与0.025 s时间步长下的各向同性损伤模型的数值结果进行对比。
节点A图3)是损伤最大的节点,该点处也是在实际中最可能首先发生破坏的位置,因此对该节点的数值结果进行分析。在不同的循环周次内,对应于峰值位移载荷((Uy=3 mm)的节点A的最大应力分量如图4所示,最大总应变分量和最大非弹性应变分量如图5所示。可见在不同的时间步长下各向异性损伤模型的应力和应变计算结果非常接近,这表明本文数值方法具有良好的稳定性和准确性。ANISO与ISO损伤模型的计算结果也是基本一致的。
在整个载荷历程内的节点A的损伤累积曲线如图6所示,图中包括ISO损伤模型的标量损伤值和ANISO损伤模型的损伤张量的各个分量。由于Dxy很小,因此损伤张量在主方向上的分量可由DxDyDz近似表示,主方向也与有限元模型的坐标轴方向基本一致。对于承受y轴方向疲劳载荷的带孔矩形板,可以预见的是节点A处是最早出现裂纹的部位,且裂纹方向应该与y轴垂直,位于xoz平面上。如图6所示,节点Ay方向上的损伤(Dy)是最大的,与预期结果一致。不同时间步长下的损伤模拟结果也非常一致,这表明向前差分积分方法在应用于张量的损伤变量时仍然具有良好的准确性。由于应力多轴度和损伤累积引起的应力重分布,使得y方向的损伤没有出现加速累积的现象,DDy之间的演化曲线较为接近。
在最后一个循环周次内的峰值位移载荷时刻,由ISO与ANISO损伤模型计算得到的von Mises等效应力云图如图7所示,云图的颜色标尺已调整一致。由于应力重分布的影响,最大应力处已不再位于载荷初期时的点A。两种模型计算得到的应力场是非常接近的,这表明即使是对于较长的载荷历程,文中给出的ANISO损伤模型及其数值实现方法仍能得到准确的应力-应变响应模拟结果。由ISO损伤模型计算得到的标量损伤场与ANISO损伤模型计算得到的损伤分量云图如图8所示,各向同性损伤D的分布与损伤分量DxDy的分布相似,而DzDxy则具有不同的特征。与一个标量的损伤变量相比,二阶的损伤张量能够描述多轴应力状态下的各向异性的损伤行为,与最大主损伤方向正交的平面即为裂纹萌生与扩展的平面。
在相同的时间步长(0.025 s)下,同样使用解耦的数值实现方法,使用各向同性损伤模型求解每个载荷周期所需的平均CPU时间为589.90 s,而使用文中提出的各向异性损伤模型及其数值实现方法则需要611.36 s,表明该方法具有较高的计算效率。
本文提出了一种关于耦合Lemaitre各向异性损伤的Chaboche型粘塑性本构模型的相对简单的数值实现方法。在每个增量步开始时基于向前差分格式更新当前时刻的损伤张量,从而可在本构方程离散化的过程中将其视作常量,以降低数值实现的难度。基于应变等效假设,通过在有效偏应力空间中构建只含有偏张量的方程,将径向返回过程简化为求解一个一元非线性标量方程,从而提高了计算效率和迭代求解过程的数值稳定性。
在单轴疲劳载荷条件下,各向异性损伤模型具有和各向同性损伤模型一致的循环应力-应变响应模拟结果,且与实验数据基本吻合。在多轴应力状态下,各向异性和各向同性损伤模型的整体和局部模拟结果也是非常接近的。不同时间步长下几乎一致的数值结果验证了该方法的准确性和稳定性。两种模型计算时间的对比也表明该方法具有较高的计算效率。与标量损伤模型相比,各向异性损伤模型可以给出损伤的方向特征,有助于预测裂纹萌生和扩展的方向,在工程实践中具有重要意义。在裂纹扩展的模拟中,各向异性损伤也可用于确定裂纹萌生的位置和方向,从而实现结构疲劳断裂失效全流程的模拟。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4100403)
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doi: 10.7511/jslx20240129001
  • 接收时间:2024-01-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-29
  • 修回日期:2024-03-06
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4100403)
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    华北电力大学 能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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