Article(id=1243226196402618603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7511/jslx20240408001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1712505600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-08, revisedDate=1718899200000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774337823248, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1761580800000, pubDateStr=2025-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774337823248, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774337823248, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774337823248, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243226190786441246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, year='2025', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='699', pageEnd='888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774337821909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774338282025, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243228120724128564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243228120724128565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=765, endPage=771, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243226199204413685, articleId=1243226196402618603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, language=EN, title=Influence of solid stress on proppant accumulation in two fluid modelling, columnId=1243226193193971746, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Proppant transport in fractures is essentially a dense granular flow in a slot-shaped space. Applying the two-fluid method in numerical simulations of a field-scale particle flow is promising, but existing solid stress models cannot accurately describe the process of proppant accumulation. In this paper, the morphological change of a proppant pack under flow erosion was analyzed experimentally, and the important influence of cohesion on the change of the pack state was pointed out. Then, combined with the simulated results of a proppant transport and the results of a suspension apparent viscosity test, the influence of the particle radial distribution function on the solid kinetic pressure and the change trend of total solid pressure were analyzed, and the change rate of the solid friction pressure with the particle volume fraction was determined. Based on the granular matter theory and results of a direct shear test, the cohesion of the proppant pack was considered in the frictional viscosity model. The results show that the improved solid friction stress model can capture larger angles of the accumulation and settlement profiles, and correctly simulate the process of proppant accumulation.

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缝内支撑剂运动属于狭长空间中的稠密颗粒流问题,两流体法在该类矿场尺度颗粒流的数值模拟研究上极具应用前景,但其现有的固相应力模型尚无法准确描述支撑剂堆积过程。本文通过实验分析了支撑剂堆积在液流冲刷下形态变化的物理过程,指出黏聚力对堆积状态改变的重要影响。在此基础上,结合支撑剂输送数值模拟和支撑剂悬浮液黏度测试结果,分析颗粒径向分布函数对固相运动压力的影响以及固相总压力变化趋势,确定固相摩擦压力随颗粒体积分数的变化速度;基于颗粒物质力学理论和支撑剂堆积直剪试验结果,将支撑剂堆积黏聚力考虑到固相摩擦黏度模型中。研究表明,改进后的固相摩擦应力模型能够捕捉更大的堆积剖面角和沉降剖面角,从而正确模拟支撑剂堆积过程。

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周航宇*(1994-),男,博士,讲师(E-mail:).

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周航宇*(1994-),男,博士,讲师(E-mail:).

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周航宇*(1994-),男,博士,讲师(E-mail:).

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Numerical parameters

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参数取值参数取值
入口相速度1.39 m•s-1入口固相分数6%
入口颗粒温度2e-2m2•s-2初始固相湍流运动黏度8e-9 m2•s-1
初始液相湍流运动黏度1e-8m2•s-1入口湍动能3.75e-5J•m-3
入口湍流耗散率1.5e-4J•(m3•s)-1出口压力1e5Pa
液相密度1027 kg•m-3固相密度2700 kg•m-3
颗粒粒径3e-4m液相黏度2.5 mPa•s
颗粒-颗粒碰撞恢复系数0.4颗粒-壁面碰撞恢复系数0.3
壁面反射系数0.8颗粒内摩擦角30°
), ArticleFig(id=1243226237842342865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226196402618603, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模拟参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数取值参数取值
入口相速度1.39 m•s-1入口固相分数6%
入口颗粒温度2e-2m2•s-2初始固相湍流运动黏度8e-9 m2•s-1
初始液相湍流运动黏度1e-8m2•s-1入口湍动能3.75e-5J•m-3
入口湍流耗散率1.5e-4J•(m3•s)-1出口压力1e5Pa
液相密度1027 kg•m-3固相密度2700 kg•m-3
颗粒粒径3e-4m液相黏度2.5 mPa•s
颗粒-颗粒碰撞恢复系数0.4颗粒-壁面碰撞恢复系数0.3
壁面反射系数0.8颗粒内摩擦角30°
), ArticleFig(id=1243226238047863766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226196402618603, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Commonly used g0 expressions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献 g0具体表达式
Ref. [15]
Ref. [16]
Ref. [17]
Ref. [18]
Ref. [19]
Ref. [20]
), ArticleFig(id=1243226238219830233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226196402618603, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

常用g0表达式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献 g0具体表达式
Ref. [15]
Ref. [16]
Ref. [17]
Ref. [18]
Ref. [19]
Ref. [20]
), ArticleFig(id=1243226238651843553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226196402618603, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Expressions and characteristics of solid friction pressure and viscosity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
固相摩擦压力和黏度表达式特点
Ref. [14]:颗粒摩擦在αs,minFriction大于0.5后存在;固相摩擦黏度基于摩尔-库伦定律经验形式计算,内摩擦角为28.5°~30°
Ref. [21]:固相摩擦压力增幅受到高估;引入应力张量第二不变量计算固相摩擦黏度
Ref. [18]:减缓了固相摩擦压力增幅;引入应力张量第二不变量计算固相摩擦黏度
Ref. [22]:堆积体在达到固相临界摩擦压力ps,fric后开始变形,n值决定了屈服面的形状;考虑了颗粒紧密接触、碰撞时应变率波动对固相摩擦黏度的影响;内摩擦角取28.5°
Ref. [23]:通过固相临界体积分数αs,c(超过该值后固相压力仅为摩擦压力)细分固相临界摩擦压力ps,fric,其他与S-S模型一致;内摩擦角φ取40°、30°和10°
), ArticleFig(id=1243226239067079659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226196402618603, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

固相摩擦压力和黏度表达式及特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
固相摩擦压力和黏度表达式特点
Ref. [14]:颗粒摩擦在αs,minFriction大于0.5后存在;固相摩擦黏度基于摩尔-库伦定律经验形式计算,内摩擦角为28.5°~30°
Ref. [21]:固相摩擦压力增幅受到高估;引入应力张量第二不变量计算固相摩擦黏度
Ref. [18]:减缓了固相摩擦压力增幅;引入应力张量第二不变量计算固相摩擦黏度
Ref. [22]:堆积体在达到固相临界摩擦压力ps,fric后开始变形,n值决定了屈服面的形状;考虑了颗粒紧密接触、碰撞时应变率波动对固相摩擦黏度的影响;内摩擦角取28.5°
Ref. [23]:通过固相临界体积分数αs,c(超过该值后固相压力仅为摩擦压力)细分固相临界摩擦压力ps,fric,其他与S-S模型一致;内摩擦角φ取40°、30°和10°
), ArticleFig(id=1243226239385846768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226196402618603, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Settings of different cases

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编号固相摩擦压力和黏度表达式
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
Case 7
假设αs≥0.58时黏聚力起作用
Case 8
假设αs≥0.58时黏聚力起作用
), ArticleFig(id=1243226239834637304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226196402618603, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模拟案例设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号固相摩擦压力和黏度表达式
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
Case 7
假设αs≥0.58时黏聚力起作用
Case 8
假设αs≥0.58时黏聚力起作用
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两流体模拟中固相应力对支撑剂堆积的影响研究
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周航宇 1 , 郭建春 1 , 张涛 1 , 陈伟华 2 , 陈一鑫 2 , 曾冀 2
计算力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,42(5): 765-771
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计算力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 42(5): 765-771
两流体模拟中固相应力对支撑剂堆积的影响研究
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周航宇1 , 郭建春1, 张涛1, 陈伟华2, 陈一鑫2, 曾冀2
作者信息
  • 1.西南石油大学 油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,成都 610500
  • 2.西南油气田分公司工程技术研究院,成都 610017
  • 周航宇*(1994-),男,博士,讲师(E-mail:).

Influence of solid stress on proppant accumulation in two fluid modelling
Hang-yu ZHOU1 , Jian-chun GUO1, Tao ZHANG1, Wei-hua CHEN2, Yi-xin CHEN2, Ji ZENG2
Affiliations
  • 1.National Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
  • 2.Engineering Technology Research Institute of Petrochina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company, Chengdu 610017, China
出版时间: 2025-10-28 doi: 10.7511/jslx20240408001
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缝内支撑剂运动属于狭长空间中的稠密颗粒流问题,两流体法在该类矿场尺度颗粒流的数值模拟研究上极具应用前景,但其现有的固相应力模型尚无法准确描述支撑剂堆积过程。本文通过实验分析了支撑剂堆积在液流冲刷下形态变化的物理过程,指出黏聚力对堆积状态改变的重要影响。在此基础上,结合支撑剂输送数值模拟和支撑剂悬浮液黏度测试结果,分析颗粒径向分布函数对固相运动压力的影响以及固相总压力变化趋势,确定固相摩擦压力随颗粒体积分数的变化速度;基于颗粒物质力学理论和支撑剂堆积直剪试验结果,将支撑剂堆积黏聚力考虑到固相摩擦黏度模型中。研究表明,改进后的固相摩擦应力模型能够捕捉更大的堆积剖面角和沉降剖面角,从而正确模拟支撑剂堆积过程。

滑溜水压裂  /  支撑剂堆积  /  两流体法  /  径向分布函数  /  固相摩擦应力

Proppant transport in fractures is essentially a dense granular flow in a slot-shaped space. Applying the two-fluid method in numerical simulations of a field-scale particle flow is promising, but existing solid stress models cannot accurately describe the process of proppant accumulation. In this paper, the morphological change of a proppant pack under flow erosion was analyzed experimentally, and the important influence of cohesion on the change of the pack state was pointed out. Then, combined with the simulated results of a proppant transport and the results of a suspension apparent viscosity test, the influence of the particle radial distribution function on the solid kinetic pressure and the change trend of total solid pressure were analyzed, and the change rate of the solid friction pressure with the particle volume fraction was determined. Based on the granular matter theory and results of a direct shear test, the cohesion of the proppant pack was considered in the frictional viscosity model. The results show that the improved solid friction stress model can capture larger angles of the accumulation and settlement profiles, and correctly simulate the process of proppant accumulation.

slickwater fracturing  /  proppant pack  /  two-fluid method  /  radial distribution function  /  solid friction stress
周航宇, 郭建春, 张涛, 陈伟华, 陈一鑫, 曾冀. 两流体模拟中固相应力对支撑剂堆积的影响研究. 计算力学学报, 2025 , 42 (5) : 765 -771 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240408001
Hang-yu ZHOU, Jian-chun GUO, Tao ZHANG, Wei-hua CHEN, Yi-xin CHEN, Ji ZENG. Influence of solid stress on proppant accumulation in two fluid modelling[J]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2025 , 42 (5) : 765 -771 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240408001
水力压裂过程中缝内支撑剂输送属于狭长约束性空间中的稠密颗粒流问题[1],存在悬浮颗粒运移和沉降颗粒堆积等多个过程,产生不同支撑剂分布模式,而缝内支撑剂的分布将决定裂缝支撑效果,进而影响储层导流能力和压裂井产能[2]。因此,研究缝内支撑剂颗粒运移和铺置规律对提升压裂施工效果具有重要意义。
数十年来,众多学者采用实验和数值方法对狭缝中支撑剂输送过程进行了研究。支撑剂平板输送实验是观测狭缝内支撑剂颗粒运移和铺置过程的重要手段,近期也开发了多分支裂缝和粗糙裂缝等多项装置,发展了基于粒子成像/跟踪测速的颗粒速度表征技术[3]。颗粒流动数值模拟技术进一步拓展了支撑剂输送研究的实验工况,提升了研究的理论深度。聚焦单/数个颗粒或颗粒团簇运动时,主要采用精细刻画狭缝内颗粒-流体两相流场的格子波尔兹曼法[4]、追踪颗粒轨迹的计算流体力学-离散元法[5,6]和追踪颗粒团簇的颗粒胞元法[7];关注颗粒宏观流动时,主要采用基于连续介质假设的浓度模型[8]和两流体模型[9]。连续介质模型将固相颗粒视为连续整体,极大提升了计算效率,克服了颗粒在实验装置和颗粒尺度数值模拟中运动空间受限的问题,更适合矿场尺度下(数十米至百米级)的缝内支撑剂输送研究。
相比浓度模型,两流体模型因直接求解固-液两相运动方程而无需立方定律假设,不依赖颗粒沉降经验公式,并且能够通过湍流模型和颗粒动理论模型分别描述液流和颗粒流的湍流运动,在支撑剂输送模拟上极具应用前景。然而,两流体模型中固-液两相运动方程求解仍依赖对应力项和相间动量交换项进行封闭[10],并且采用颗粒运动碰撞和摩擦作用的叠加原理描述颗粒流从稀疏、悬浮和快速流动到致密、堆积和持续接触的状态变化,但现有部分封闭模型并不适合描述缝内支撑剂从运移到铺置的过程。因此,本文基于两流体数值模拟结果,着重针对颗粒径向分布函数模型和固相摩擦应力模型对颗粒堆积的影响进行了分析,以加深对颗粒堆积过程的认识,促进两流体模型在支撑剂输送研究中的深入应用。
两流体模型中固-液两相运动可由时空平均后的Navier-Stokes方程组描述,其中液固相的质量守恒和动量守恒方程表示为[11]
式中下标l和s分别代表液相和颗粒相,α为相体积分数,ρ为相密度,U为相速度,p为相压力,τ为相剪切应力,Fls为单位体积相间动量交换项,g为重力加速度,取9.81 m/s2。需要对τFls项进行封闭。颗粒运移、沉降及堆积过程受固相压力ps和固相剪切应力τs控制。
由牛顿内摩擦定律,液相剪切应力为
式中I为单位张量。μl为液相黏度,可视为液相固有黏度和湍流产生的黏度之和,后者通过标准k-ε模型求取。参照液相剪切应力本构关系,固相剪切应力为
式中μs为固相黏度,μb为体积黏度,固相压力ps和固相黏度μs由颗粒传输碰撞和接触摩擦两部分组成,即
颗粒传输碰撞的贡献由颗粒动理论模型计算:
式中e为颗粒碰撞恢复系数,g0为颗粒接触时的径向分布函数,d为颗粒粒径,Θ为颗粒温度。固相摩擦压力ps,fri的通式表示为[12]
式中αs,minFriction为考虑颗粒摩擦作用时的最小体积分数,αs,max为颗粒最大堆积体积分数,Frs均为实验确定的经验参数。这些参数的取值决定了摩擦作用的范围和增长速率。固相摩擦黏度μs,fri基于颗粒物质力学理论求取,将在第4节详细讨论。
相间动量交换考虑主要由曳力、虚拟质量力和升力产生。其中虚拟质量力和升力分别通过常质量因子和常升力系数计算,曳力FD采用经壁面阻滞修正的Gidaspow模型[11]
采用有限体积法对上述数学模型进行离散,基于OpenFOAM平台PIMPLE算法对离散方程数值求解,其中扩散项和对流项分别采用线性插值和限制型线性迎风差分格式处理,收敛残差小于10-6
模拟流程参照支撑剂平板输送实验[13],以固定排量和颗粒浓度持续向平板装置中泵注混砂液。假设固液两相在入口处均匀混合并且速度相同,在出口自由流出,进口压力、出口速度和出口相分数均为零梯度边界。裂缝壁面上、液相无滑移、湍动能k和耗散率ε采用标准壁面函数,固相速度和颗粒温度分别采用Johnson-Jackson边界[14]
除入口与出口外,裂缝几何模型与自研平板装置在尺寸上保持一致(见图1)。装置中直径10 mm的圆形进出口在几何模型中替换为长×高为8 mm×10 mm的矩形进出口。全域采用结构化网格对几何模型剖分。经网格无关性验证,网格模型在长、高、宽三个方向的网格数分别为400、35、10,网格缩放比为1.05,宽度方向最小网格长度为0.5 mm。其他参数设置列入表1
两流体模型中g0反映了参考颗粒与周围颗粒的接触情况。表2总结了几种常用的g0表达式,αs,c为临界固相体积分数,略小于αs,max
对式(7)的F取0.1αsrs分别取2和3[18]图2展示了不同g0类型和参数取值下固相压力随固相体积分数的变化过程。固相体积分数小于0.5时,红色圆形和红色正方形代表的固相压力曲线基本重合,固相压力在αs=0.4~0.5区间内增长平缓,产生摩擦作用后固相压力迅速上升;而红色实线和蓝色正方形的固相压力在数值和增幅上均大于前两者,证明CS模型低估了颗粒间相互接触作用,αs,minFriction较大时低估了颗粒摩擦作用对颗粒堆积的贡献。
αs趋近αs,cαs,max时,g0趋于发散有利于颗粒堆积。结合式(5,7)可知,颗粒逐渐堆积过程中,g0增大至发散,Θ逐渐减小至0,表明颗粒从运动变为静止,由颗粒运动和碰撞产生的压力ps,kin-col先增大后减小至0;同时,在ps,kin-col减小过程中,固相摩擦压力ps,fri逐渐增大,保证总固相压力ps随颗粒体积分数αs增大而增大。因此,ps,kin-colpsfri的变化速度必须匹配才能保证ps的增长符合客观物理规律,否则将导致颗粒无法堆积或过度堆积等情况产生。由于数值计算中Θ是非0小数,只能捕捉颗粒准静止状态,可能导致ps,kin-colαs增大而增大,因此需要通过g0控制ps,kin-col增幅。此外,高固相体积分数下,ps,fri增幅远大于ps,kin-col,需要明确式(7)中经验参数取值。
用连续流动介质方法统一描述颗粒相的相态变化时,需要考虑颗粒持续接触和摩擦对颗粒相运动的阻碍,而摩擦黏度的作用范围和增长速度是准确描述颗粒相运动的关键。大量学者研究了固相摩擦压力ps,fri的增幅(表3),并根据颗粒物质力学理论给出μs,fri表达式,保证了固相摩擦黏度μs,fri随颗粒体积分数增加而迅速增大。引入固相剪切应变率Ss的零次幂以捕捉颗粒堆积的准静态流动状态,引入Θ/d2以捕捉应变率波动对固相摩擦黏度的影响。内摩擦角φ通过实验确定。
传统固相摩擦应力模型中颗粒摩擦作用仅在颗粒体积分数较高时(αs≥0.25[11]或0.5[14])存在,但支撑剂悬浮液黏度测试结果[17]表明,αs≥0.03时颗粒摩擦对悬浮液黏度的影响不可忽略,并且Frs分别取5,0.5和1.5时固相应力增速符合实际。
浸润在压裂液中的支撑剂颗粒堆积内部由黏性液体充填,将产生与干燥颗粒堆积不同的运动特征。基于自研平板装置[13]开展了支撑剂堆积冲刷实验(图3(a~d)),首先使用清水(1 mPa•s)和低黏滑溜水(3 mPa•s)输送支撑剂并在缝内铺置达到平衡高度后,再使用同种液体冲刷;实验中保持支撑剂40/70目陶粒、缝宽6 mm以及入口三孔全开等条件不变。随冲刷时间增加,裂缝入口支撑剂铺置体积减小,大量支撑剂向裂缝远端运移,堆积整体高度下降。
相比2.5 mPa•s~3.5 mPa•s滑溜水冲刷实验,清水对砂堤的冲刷程度更大(图4(a~d))。24 L/min和30 L/min低黏滑溜水冲刷实验中,距入口500 mm内支撑剂铺置体积占比的变化分别为70.35%→65.01%→64.81%→61.37%和70.5%→59.37%→54.75%→51.72%,5 min~20 min冲刷作用下铺置体积减小比例分别为3.64%和7.65%;缝口支撑剂在液流冲刷下堆积堤表面缓慢向后推移,堆积平均高度下降速度缓慢。清水24 L/min和30 L/min冲刷实验中,距入口500 mm内支撑剂铺置体积占比的变化分别为63.53%→60.33%→50.25%→43.17%和55.85%→54.19%→35.90%→31.39%,5 min~20 min冲刷作用下铺置体积减小比例分别为10.08%和18.29%;堆积表面支撑剂在液流冲刷下迅速向后推移,堆积平均高度迅速下降。
相比清水,低黏滑溜水对支撑堆积的冲刷效果更差。一方面是低黏滑溜水与堆积表面摩擦更小,液体更容易沿障碍物表面流动;另一方面是黏性液体增大了堆积间隙中的毛细管力,宏观上增大了堆积整体黏聚力,其结构比清水中的堆积更加稳定。因此,必须考虑黏聚力对支撑剂堆积运动状态的影响[24]。支撑剂堆积直剪试验结果[12]表明,当滑溜水黏度小于30 mPa•s时,支撑剂堆积黏聚力在2×103 Pa~3×103 Pa左右。结合前人研究工作,改进后的固相摩擦黏度模型为
式中c为颗粒堆积黏聚力。
对上述固相摩擦应力模型在支撑剂输送模拟中的适应性进行讨论。除αs,minFriction外,其他设置与表1相同。模拟方案列入表4,其中1,3,5和7组固相摩擦压力相同,用于对比固相摩擦黏度对模拟结果的影响;1-2、3-4和5-6组固相摩擦黏度相同,用于对比固相摩擦压力对模拟结果的影响。
对比1-2、3-4、5-6和7-8组(图5(a~h))模拟结果,当颗粒摩擦仅在高颗粒体积分数存在时,颗粒流化特征更显著,颗粒在裂缝底部迅速铺开,缝高上堆积速度减慢,平衡高度更低;案例4,6和8中支撑剂堆积在缝长方向的退缩现象显著,堆积表面出现明显颗粒体积分数波动,网格最大颗粒体积分数分别为0.60、0.61和0.64。由于经验参数Frsαs,minFriction决定了固相摩擦压力增长速度和颗粒摩擦的作用时机,因此也决定了支撑剂能否有效堆积和颗粒最大体积分数。Case 5中堆积轮廓与实验结果[15]相近,但堆积中颗粒体积分数从下往上、从内向外逐渐增大,不符合颗粒的堆积过程。
在Case 7的基础上改变黏聚力c的值,结果如图6所示。当黏聚力c≤2000 Pa时,黏聚力越小,砂堤堆积剖面角和沉降剖面角越小。其中c=20 Pa时,接近干颗粒堆积松散堆积状态;c=200 Pa时,模拟结果与Princeton模型模拟相似;当黏聚力c=20000 Pa时,砂堤高度、长度、堆积剖面角和沉积剖面角与c=2000 Pa时相似,但其表面颗粒体积分数出现不光滑波动。
本文结合两流体数值方法和支撑剂输送实验结果,讨论了径向分布函数和固相摩擦应力对狭窄裂缝中支撑剂堆积运动模拟的影响,得到以下结论。
(1)随颗粒体积分数αs趋于αs,max,接触点处的径向分布函数g0趋于发散,通过g0控制固相运动压力ps,kin-col增幅以保证颗粒流动模拟符合实际。
(2)经验参数Frsαs,minFriction决定了固相摩擦压力增速,进而决定了支撑剂能否有效堆积和能否达到设定的颗粒最大体积分数。
(3)低黏滑溜水中的支撑剂堆积不容易受纯液流冲刷而变形迁移,黏性液体增大了颗粒间隙中的毛细管力,宏观上表现为增大了堆积整体的黏聚力,因此必须考虑黏聚力对支撑剂堆积运动的影响。
(4)传统固相摩擦应力模型中的颗粒摩擦作用仅在高颗粒体积分数下存在,颗粒流化特征更强,支撑剂堆积高度受限,长度变化不合实际;改进后的固相摩擦应力模型能够正确描述支撑剂的堆积过程。
  • 国家自然科学基金联合基金(U23B6004)
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2025年第42卷第5期
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doi: 10.7511/jslx20240408001
  • 接收时间:2024-04-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-08
  • 修回日期:2024-06-21
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国家自然科学基金联合基金(U23B6004)
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    1.西南石油大学 油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,成都 610500
    2.西南油气田分公司工程技术研究院,成都 610017
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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