Article(id=1243226196339704042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7511/jslx20240414002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713024000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-14, revisedDate=1717516800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774337823233, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1761580800000, pubDateStr=2025-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774337823233, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774337823233, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774337823233, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243226190786441246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, year='2025', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='699', pageEnd='888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774337821909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774338282025, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243228120724128564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243228120724128565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=699, endPage=713, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243226197581218031, articleId=1243226196339704042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, language=EN, title=Development status of CAE software for structural damage and fracture analysis, columnId=1243226197048541422, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Damage and fracture are the main causes of structural failure, which have a significant impact on engineering safety. Crack propagation problem is also a fundamental scientific challenge that needs to be solved urgently. In this paper, the relevant theoretical basis for simulating damage and fracture, such as a fracture mechanics model, damage evolution model and numerical calculation methods, such as the finite element method, boundary element method and peridynamics theory, are introduced in the form of literature review. This paper also reviews the commonly used CAE software for structural damage and fracture analysis, including general-purpose finite element programs such as the damage and fracture analysis module that comes with ABAQUS, as well as specialized fracture analysis software, damage tolerance tools, fatigue life analysis tools, etc. The development status of some autonomous CAE software is also discussed. Finally, this paper analyzes some challenges faced by CAE software for damage and fracture simulation, and looks forward to the future development direction of domestic CAE software.

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损伤与断裂是导致结构失效的主要原因,对工程安全有着重大影响,其中裂纹扩展问题也是目前亟需解决的基础性科学难题。本文介绍了能够模拟损伤与断裂的相关理论基础如断裂力学模型、损伤演化模型,以及数值计算方法如有限元法、边界元法和近场动力学理论等。在此基础上,对常用的结构损伤与断裂分析CAE软件进行了综述,包括通用有限元程序如ABAQUS自带的损伤与断裂分析模块,以及专用的断裂分析软件、损伤容限工具和疲劳寿命分析工具等。讨论了部分自主的CAE软件的发展现状。最后,分析了用于损伤与断裂模拟的CAE软件面临的一些挑战,并展望了国产CAE软件未来的发展方向。

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张玲*,(1979-),女,博士,讲师(E-mail:).

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张玲*,(1979-),女,博士,讲师(E-mail:).

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结构损伤与断裂力学分析CAE软件发展现状
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任天宇 1 , 韩非 1 , 张玲 2 , 孙云厚 3 , 梅勇 3 , 张鏖 3
计算力学学报 | 综述 2025,42(5): 699-713
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计算力学学报 | 综述 2025, 42(5): 699-713
结构损伤与断裂力学分析CAE软件发展现状
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任天宇1, 韩非1, 张玲2 , 孙云厚3, 梅勇3, 张鏖3
作者信息
  • 1.大连理工大学 工程力学系 工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点实验室,大连 116024
  • 2.杭州师范大学 工学院,杭州 311121
  • 3.军事科学院 国防工程研究院,北京 100850
  • 张玲*,(1979-),女,博士,讲师(E-mail:).

Development status of CAE software for structural damage and fracture analysis
Tianyu REN1, Fei HAN1, Ling ZHANG2 , Yunhou SUN3, Yong MEI3, Ao ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  • 2.School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
  • 3.Defense Engineering Institute, AMS, Beijing 100850, China
出版时间: 2025-10-28 doi: 10.7511/jslx20240414002
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损伤与断裂是导致结构失效的主要原因,对工程安全有着重大影响,其中裂纹扩展问题也是目前亟需解决的基础性科学难题。本文介绍了能够模拟损伤与断裂的相关理论基础如断裂力学模型、损伤演化模型,以及数值计算方法如有限元法、边界元法和近场动力学理论等。在此基础上,对常用的结构损伤与断裂分析CAE软件进行了综述,包括通用有限元程序如ABAQUS自带的损伤与断裂分析模块,以及专用的断裂分析软件、损伤容限工具和疲劳寿命分析工具等。讨论了部分自主的CAE软件的发展现状。最后,分析了用于损伤与断裂模拟的CAE软件面临的一些挑战,并展望了国产CAE软件未来的发展方向。

结构损伤  /  断裂分析  /  CAE软件  /  裂纹扩展  /  有限元  /  近场动力学

Damage and fracture are the main causes of structural failure, which have a significant impact on engineering safety. Crack propagation problem is also a fundamental scientific challenge that needs to be solved urgently. In this paper, the relevant theoretical basis for simulating damage and fracture, such as a fracture mechanics model, damage evolution model and numerical calculation methods, such as the finite element method, boundary element method and peridynamics theory, are introduced in the form of literature review. This paper also reviews the commonly used CAE software for structural damage and fracture analysis, including general-purpose finite element programs such as the damage and fracture analysis module that comes with ABAQUS, as well as specialized fracture analysis software, damage tolerance tools, fatigue life analysis tools, etc. The development status of some autonomous CAE software is also discussed. Finally, this paper analyzes some challenges faced by CAE software for damage and fracture simulation, and looks forward to the future development direction of domestic CAE software.

structure damage  /  fracture analysis  /  CAE software  /  crack propagation  /  finite element method  /  peridynamics
任天宇, 韩非, 张玲, 孙云厚, 梅勇, 张鏖. 结构损伤与断裂力学分析CAE软件发展现状. 计算力学学报, 2025 , 42 (5) : 699 -713 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240414002
Tianyu REN, Fei HAN, Ling ZHANG, Yunhou SUN, Yong MEI, Ao ZHANG. Development status of CAE software for structural damage and fracture analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2025 , 42 (5) : 699 -713 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240414002
工程结构与工业装备常见的破坏形式有多种,如磨损、腐蚀、疲劳、破坏和断裂。其中,由损伤、疲劳裂纹扩展以及断裂导致的破坏具有危险程度高、突发性强且裂纹扩展速度快等特点,是工程结构与工业装备最主要、最危险的破坏形式。由于结构断裂失效的突发性和短时性,其破坏过程通常难以预测,很难在破坏前及时检测和修复存在的缺陷或裂纹。一旦局部的断裂发生,往往会导致整个结构的破坏,造成灾难性的设备损毁事故、人身安全事故和巨大的经济损失。随着工业制造水平的高速发展,在中国制造2025规划的指引和推进下,工程结构和工业装备的设计越来越复杂,且兼具功能性与经济性的优化设计越来越多,同时对重量轻、寿命长、可靠性高、安全性好的需求不断增加,加之一些高端装备具备在高温、高速和高应力的情况下使用的特点,因此对工程结构寿命、可靠性进行预测显得尤为重要,给传统断裂力学的应用带来了巨大的挑战。真实的构件往往存在众多缺陷与微裂纹,但不能仅因为出现了裂纹就判定该结构不安全或不可靠,这样做既不科学也不经济。所以,研究这些裂纹在既定载荷下的扩展情况与疲劳寿命既能有效地评估其安全性和可靠性又能节约经济成本。一些高精尖的装备,如大飞机和火箭等,对其真实结构进行全尺寸的试验,经济成本高、时间周期长,往往不太现实,并且通过传统的理论来分析这种复杂结构十分困难,难以得到解析解等较为可靠的结论。
借助计算机,即计算机辅助工程(CAE)技术对工程结构进行分析是解决这些问题的有效方法。早在20世纪80年代,钱令希[1]就积极创导计算力学,并推动计算结构力学从传统的线弹性阶段扩展到塑性、断裂和破坏阶段。从Griffith[2]对玻璃的脆性断裂问题的研究开始,断裂力学经过了100多年的发展历程。随着计算机软硬件技术的发展,也已经诞生了几款大型有限元软件,可以有效地对工程结构和工业装备服役中的问题进行模拟。相较于直接进行试验,利用CAE软件模拟工程结构和工业装备可以提高设计效率,通过提前预测发现工程结构中的设计缺陷,可以在实际生产使用前解决这些问题,有助于减少成本和时间。除此之外,还可以通过灵活地模拟不同的设计方案来评估性能和使用寿命,从而为优化设计提供依据。
目前,国内外文献中有关基于传统有限元方法的CAE软件介绍,Branco等[3]对基于有限元法的三维自适应网格重构技术用于疲劳裂纹扩展进行了系统性的分析。Mohammadnejad等[4]对岩石压裂过程中常用的数值技术进行了总结。Sarfarazi等[5]分别从实验与数值角度对岩体的破坏机理进行了讨论。Sedmak[6]对计算断裂力学从早期到目前的最新进展进行了概述。Trzepieciński等[7]对计算机辅助工具,以及能够提供多尺度和多物理场的方法进行了讨论。Ma等[8]对含裂纹齿轮系统的动力学特性,以及裂纹扩展路径进行了讨论。Bernd等[9]介绍了几种基于有限元的三维计算机辅助设计程序,并进行了相关比较。Alshoaibi等[10]用一种自适应的有限元方法模拟准静态的裂纹扩展。Zhou等[11]分析了复合材料结构分析软件的现状和发展趋势。
然而,针对裂纹扩展进行模拟的CAE软件还缺少较为系统性的介绍,本文对具有损伤与断裂分析功能的CAE软件进行了系统性的介绍。其中包括大型通用有限元软件,如ABAQUS,ANSYS等系列软件自带的裂纹扩展分析模块;还有专门用于损伤与断裂问题模拟的软件如FRANC3D和ZENCRACK等。这些专用软件通常在某些方面有独特的功能如网格重构技术等,并且在断裂分析方面有更高的精度和效率、或能考虑复杂的影响因素以及具有与其他有限元平台进行交互的功能。
传统的材料力学、结构力学和弹性力学等均假设材料是均质的且不包含缺陷的连续体,并通过最大应力状态等强度准则来判断构件的安全性。但是,对于实际应用,工程结构与工业装备中会不可避免地存在微裂纹或类似微裂纹的缺陷。这便需要一些新的理论来分析具有缺陷的结构在特定载荷作用下裂纹的萌生与扩展的规律,如断裂力学、损伤力学和一些基于数值计算的新理论和方法能够对结构损伤和断裂的相关问题进行有效地分析。
Griffith[2]对断裂应力与缺陷尺寸间的关系进行了定量研究,通过将裂纹简化成椭圆孔,根据能量平衡的方法建立了断裂理论,当因裂纹扩展导致的应变能超过材料的表面能时,裂纹便会发生扩展,并提出了能量释放率准则。然而这种方法仅适用于脆性材料,无法推广到韧性材料如金属中。Irwin[12]对前人的工作进行了总结,由于金属材料发生断裂前会发生显著的塑性变形,裂纹扩展释放的部分能量会转化为裂纹附近的塑性变形能,从而对Griffith理论进行了修正,并提出了应力强度因子的概念[13]。Paris等[14]将断裂力学原理应用于疲劳裂纹扩展,提出了经典的Paris公式。Wells[15]用裂纹尖端张开位移来描述高韧性材料的断裂韧性。Rice[16]提出一种计算方式,将塑性变形理想化为非线弹性,将能量释放率推广到非线性材料,并证明了这种非线性能量释放率可以通过线积分表示,即J积分。之后,学者们又陆续给出了多种针对不同几何约束和不同材料在不同断裂机制下的解[17,18]。然而这些解析结果往往需要较为复杂的数学技巧,如复变函数法和积分变换法,并且只能对较为简单的结构进行求解,难以处理较为复杂的工程问题。
损伤力学认为材料本身或材料经历外部荷载的作用后,存在一些微观损伤,如微裂纹、孔洞、晶间空隙等。这些微观损伤会导致材料的微观和细观结构发生变化,从而导致其力学性能发生变化。通常可以用损伤变量来表示材料或结构的劣化程度,最为经典的是由Kachanov[19]定义的损伤变量,其物理意义为结构的有效承载面积的相对减少。由于不同种类材料间微观结构本质的不同,根据其损伤演化不同的特征和机理,已经发展了几种不同的损伤演化模型,如统计学损伤模型、塑性损伤模型、分形损伤模型、Johnson-cook模型等。微观或细观结构损伤可以通过在本构关系中引入损伤变量,将细观结构变化映射到宏观力学变化中,并且可以通过损伤变量来表示裂纹扩展。Shi等[20]使用基于应力的损伤萌生准则和断裂力学技术,在ABAQUS中完成实现。Zhu等[21]通过数字图像相关(DIC)技术以及内聚力模型揭示了高速铁路双块式无砟轨道板混凝土与支承层混凝土界面的力学性能和损伤演化。为了研究船用高强度钢的低周疲劳性能和损伤行为,Chen等[22]进行了实验分析和本构模型研究。Jones[23]讨论了疲劳裂纹扩展和损伤容限领域的最新发展。Meng等[24]对用于裂纹扩展分析的蠕变损伤模型进行了综述。Xue等[25]研究了裂纹损伤应力及其阈值,以及与单轴抗压强度之间的关系。Cervera等[26]改进了由标准有限元和局部非线性本构关系组成的弥散损伤方法,以便在离散问题中表示损伤局部化并避免虚假的网格依赖性。Roth等[27]结合损伤力学和扩展有限元法的优点,开发了一种裂纹跟踪技术。
由于大多数裂纹扩展问题具有力学和几何的复杂性,难以得到解析的结果,所以有必要借助数值技术研究这些问题。
有限元法通过将求解区域离散成多个单元,并近似地用这有限个在节点处互相连接的单元来表示连续体。基于这种离散方式,人们能够对具有复杂几何形状和载荷条件的问题进行求解。有限元法是分析各种工程问题的最常用的技术。在数学上,利用有限元法求解偏微分方程边值问题近似解的有效性也得到了证明。然而采用有限元法分析具有高应力分布梯度的问题,如裂纹尖端应力场,往往精度不够理想,这是由于裂纹尖端附近位移场精确解的一阶导数值在裂纹尖端无界,即存在奇异性,使得基于位移的有限元法无法很好地描述裂纹尖端的变形。为了避免这种奇异性,已经发展了多种正则化技术,如构造奇异单元、高阶连续体模型等[28]
为了计算裂纹扩展问题,人们基于有限元法也开发了多种有效的数值计算方法,如网格重构法、单元侵蚀法、扩展有限元法和内聚力模型等[3,29,30]。目前扩展有限元法已广泛应用于模拟裂纹扩展,也嵌入到ABAQUS,ANSYS等有限元平台里使用。Mohammadnejad等[31]将扩展有限元法和内聚力模型相结合,建立了一个全耦合数值计算方法。Nguyen-Vinh等[32]提出了压电材料动态断裂的扩展有限元公式,可用于模拟准稳态裂纹的I型和混合型断裂。Zhang等[33]基于真实的单元尺寸和纤维束几何参数,建立了三轴编织复合材料的细观有限元模型。Zeng等[34]对光滑有限元法(S-FEM)近十年来的发展和应用进行了综述。Li等[35]基于超确定性位移场拟合方法,研究了扩展有限元法中裂纹尖端渐近场中的应力强度因子和T应力。Rodrigues等[36]提出了一种新的混凝土三维裂纹扩展的并行多尺度建模方法。Feng等[37]在扩展有限元法的框架下提出了一种新的多重网格分析法,能够准确有效地求解裂纹扩展的平衡方程,并能够降低计算成本。
边界元法是继有限元法之后发展的一种有特色的数值方法,是将描述力学问题的偏微分方程转化为边界积分方程,并通过与有限元法类似的离散化技术发展起来的。与传统有限元法相比,边界元法将求解域转化到边界上,使求解问题的维数降低,减少了计算量,且计算精度一般高于有限元法,能够较为准确地计算应力强度因子。由于一些裂纹节点重合,使用传统的边界元法会遇到困难,一些新技术能够应对这种情况,如亚区域边界元法、多极边界元法、对偶边界元法、扩展边界元法等[38,39]。现在已经有许多基于边界元法开发的软件,如英国南安普顿大学的BEASY。Gu等[40]基于边界元法提出了一套新的特殊裂纹尖端单元,能够分析线弹性复合材料的界面裂纹。Fang等[41]提出了一种边界元与有限元耦合方法,可以分析复杂裂纹网格中的流体流动。Nguyen等[42]将等几何分析应用于弱奇异对称伽辽金边界元法(SGBEM)中,可以分析二维域中包括裂纹问题在内的准静态弹性问题。Neto等[43]将三维非线性边界元公式应用于非均质复杂三维Kelvin-Voigt和Boltzmann增强材料的力学分析。Zhou等[44]考虑了四种不同的边界元方法来求解在有限域中的断裂问题。Lak等[45]借助边界元法模拟了井筒周围岩石中由爆炸引起的裂纹萌生和扩展。Andrade等[46]通过富集函数,提出了一种用于模拟二维域中线弹性裂纹扩展的扩展边界元法(XBEM)。Song等[47]对尺度边界有限元法在裂纹分析中的发展和应用进行了综述。
由于传统有限元方法有较强的网格依赖性,面对一些复杂问题,如裂纹扩展,可能会出现网格畸变等问题,导致数值计算失效,且需要复杂的后处理来得到相关的应力结果。而无网格法在数据输入时不需要单元连接信息,建模更为方便,且节点位置改变不会导致网格畸变等问题,具有较好的自适应性。无网格法主要可以分为伽辽金型与配点型,如无单元伽辽金型、广义有限元法、光滑粒子伽辽金法(SPG)、有限点法、光滑粒子流体动力学法(SPH)等[51,52]。Mu等[53]提出了一种改进的SPH来模拟含裂纹的岩石样品在压缩载荷下的破坏过程,捕捉到了岩石材料的脆性断裂特征。
近场动力学(PD)是文献[5455]提出的一种非局部理论。该理论利用积微分方程表示物体运动,能够有效地避免由位移不连续导致的空间导数不存在的问题。PD通过物质点间的键来传递非局部的相互作用,通过消除这种物质点间的相互作用或键的断裂,可以非常自然地表示裂纹的萌生、扩展与分岔行为。根据不同本构力模型的形式,PD模型可以分为键型PD、常规态型PD和非常规态型PD。由于PD处理断裂等不连续问题的优越性,得到了学者们的广泛应用[56]。Li等[57]基于改进的三体势近场动力学模型,提出了一种考虑剪切变形的改进的II型断裂准则,用于模拟聚合物黏性炸药的弹性变形以及脆性断裂行为。Chen等[58]提出了一种应用键辅助非常规态型近场动力学和相应的疲劳理论来预测水凝胶中的疲劳裂纹扩展。文献[5960]基于近场动力学理论,发展了一种近场有限元方法(PeriFEM),能够在有限元的框架下处理不连续问题。Tamur等[61]开发了一种键型近场动力学模型用于研究聚合物网络在大变形情况下的断裂。
除上述典型的理论与方法外,还有一些能够处理损伤与断裂问题的数值计算方法,如相场法、离散元法、黏结颗粒模型等。Han等[59]通过相场模型来模拟复杂的裂纹模式。Li等[60]在数值流形法的框架下研究了压缩剪切裂纹。Tamur等[61]通过黏结颗粒模型研究了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)脆性固体在动态载荷作用下的裂纹扩展和分岔。Zhou等[62]提出了一种低阶虚拟单元法(VEM),用于具有高度不规则形状单元和任意节点数的网格。Zheng等[63]针对冲击载荷作用下三维非平面裂纹扩展问题,提出了一种改进的扩展有限元方法。还有基于有限差分法开发的几种数值方法[48-50]
将模拟结构损伤与断裂的相关程序模块集成到成熟的软件平台上是一种有效解决方案。
ABAQUS是一款世界知名的商业有限元分析软件,提供了丰富的数值模拟工具,能够解决各种领域的工程问题,在工业界和学术界都有广泛应用,是具有代表性的通用有限元软件。
ABAQUS的非线性求解能力出色,针对结构的损伤与断裂问题提供了多个功能。Debond分析技术是ABAQUS模拟裂纹扩展的技术之一,当结构在力或位移加载下达到准则临界值时破坏节点,该技术需要预置裂纹以及裂纹扩展路径。目前有多种判断节点破坏的准则,如临界应力准则、临界裂纹张开位移准则(COD)、裂纹长度与时间失效准则、虚拟裂纹闭合技术(VCCT)等。其中,VCCT是根据Irwin能量理论提出的,需要计算能量释放率。在ABAQUS中,计算等效的能量释放率有三种方法,包括BK法、Power low法和Reeder low法。
利用内聚力单元法也是ABAQUS中一种有效模拟结构开裂的方法。通过预置裂纹边或面的方式来模拟二维或三维裂纹,即在预计可能断裂的位置加入一层0厚度的内聚力单元,可以通过共用节点法或Tie绑定法建立内聚力单元。内聚力模型通过多种准则来判断损伤情况,而这种损伤准则可以根据材料属性施加。自ABAQUS 6.9版本推出了基于扩展有限元法模拟的新功能后,经过数个版本的迭代,已取得了令人满意的效果。扩展有限元法在ABAQUS中的应用设置也比较简单,可以通过ABAQUS自带的如最大应力、二次应力准则来定义裂纹起始判据和裂纹扩展判据,或者结合内聚力模型定义的常用的基于断裂韧性的准则、或通过子程序来给出断裂判据。
ABAQUS在学术界也取得了广泛应用,其中Gairola等[67]通过扩展有限元法模拟了超细晶铝合金的裂纹扩展,如图1所示。Mukhtar等[68]模拟了SS316L薄法兰轴试样在热循环加载下的裂纹扩展情况。Das等[69]通过ABAQUS中的扩展有限元进行了砂浆梁三点弯曲的数值模拟。Wu等[70]通过用户定义单元(UEL)实现了相场损伤模拟。Navidtehrani等[71]通过用户自定义材料(UMAT)子程序实现了相场断裂法。Bie等[72]利用UEL和UMAT子程序实现了用于脆性断裂的对偶近场动力学,如图2所示。Cruz等[73]通过ABAQUS用户子程序开发了用于多孔介质水力压裂的扩展有限元法,成功模拟了多孔岩石中裂纹扩展的问题。
ANSYS是美国ANSYS公司开发的集结构、流体、热、电场、磁场、声场分析于一体的大型通用有限元分析软件,能够实现多物理场耦合分析,在工业界和学术界都有着广泛的应用。
ANSYS也开发了几种能够对结构损伤与断裂进行分析的工具。对于静态裂纹分析,可以通过创建任意裂纹、半椭圆裂纹等用于模拟相关的断裂力学参数,如应力强度因子、能量释放率和J积分等。也可以通过Contact Debonding功能与Interface Delamination工具来模拟裂纹的扩展过程。
自ANSYS 16.0版本起,扩展有限元法功能模块集成在ANSYS中,用于模拟静态裂纹或疲劳裂纹扩展。自ANSYS 19.0版本后,其推出了分离、变形和自适应网格重构技术,即SMART断裂分析模块。SMART可以用于稳态裂纹和疲劳裂纹扩展的模拟。该方法通过自动加密裂纹尖端区域附近的网格,计算相应的断裂力学参数,并评估裂纹尖端节点的裂纹扩展方向与长度,若满足用户定义的应力准则,程序会自动插入椭圆形裂纹,进行网格重构,并进行裂纹扩展的模拟。通过命令流,用户可以自定义相关的准则进行自适应的裂纹扩展分析,但是目前SMART模块只能处理单裂纹的情况。图3展示了用ANSYS-SMART技术预测的改进紧凑拉伸试样的裂纹扩展路径及其实验对比。
Bashiri[74]应用ANSYS MECHANICAL APDL 19.2预测了混合模式加载下改进紧凑拉伸试样的应力强度和相关疲劳响应。Alshoaibi等[75]通过ANSYS SMART模块及扩展有限元法精确预测了四点弯曲梁和改进紧凑拉伸试样在混合模式加载下应力强度因子以及相关的疲劳寿命。Alshoaibi等[10]应用ANSYS MECHANICAL APDL 19.2预测了改进的紧凑拉伸试样在混合加载模式下的裂纹扩展路径和疲劳裂纹扩展寿命。文献[7677]基于断裂动力学理论提出了一种耦合近场动力学和有限元方法,通过MATRIX27单元在ANSYS框架下构建了用于三维分析的二次开发程序。
LS-DYNA是著名的显式非线性有限元分析软件,是较早应用显式动力学方法的软件,特别适用于求解各种二维、三维非线性的碰撞、爆炸等具有挑战性的复杂问题。同时,LS-DYNA对于传热、流场等多物理场问题也有较好的模拟效果,在工程领域得到了广泛的认可。2019年,ANSYS公司收购了LSTC公司,LS-DYNA成为ANSYS旗下用于结构破坏仿真的模块之一。LS-DYNA通过结合ANSYS强大的前后处理功能,更凸显出了LS-DYNA的优势。除了在显式算法方面展现出特色外,LS-DYNA也发展了一系列的隐式算法,可以在分析过程中无缝切换显式和隐式算法,能够加强解决静力学和动力学问题的能力。
LS-DYNA丰富的材料模型、特殊的关键字以及集成的多种新型数值方法可以有效地模拟断裂损伤问题。通过添加MAT_ADD_EROSION关键字可以在材料本构中设定破坏准则,当最大应力、主应力等达到用户设置的数值时,相应单元删除。有一些特殊的材料模型,如自带损伤的模型,可以通过损伤云图表征裂纹扩展现象。LS-DYNA中的弹簧单元,或带有失效模式的绑定接触模型,也可以用于模拟裂纹。LS-DYNA另一显著的优势是其致力于将多种新型数值方法应用到工程实践中,LS-DYNA软件利用非连续伽辽金理论构建了键型近场动力学的虚功方程模型,使其在有限元的框架中得以实现。除此之外,LS-DYNA还集成了SPH、扩展有限元法、内聚力模型、离散元、SPG等先进数值方法,能够针对不同情况下的损伤与断裂进行模拟。Jeong等[78]通过PMMA试样与装药雷管进行了爆破试验,同时通过高速摄像机监测了脆性材料的碎裂与裂纹扩展特性,并将试验结果和LS-DYNA的数值模拟结果进行对比。为使粗糙的单元也可以用于任意裂纹扩展问题,Tabiei等[79,80]修改了内聚区的扩展方法,并通过LS-DYNA的用户子程序编程实现。除此之外,还讨论了LS-DYNA中有限元法、离散元法、无网格伽辽金法以及扩展有限元法在处理断裂问题,尤其是三维裂纹扩展问题的能力和局限性,如图4所示。Su等[81]利用分离式霍普金森压杆进行了动态劈裂试验,并通过LS-DYNA进行了数值分析。Das等[69]在LS-DYNA的三维模型中通过键型近场动力学实现了对裂纹的模拟,很好地完成了KIC以及裂纹扩展的预测。Zanichelli等[82]提出了一种新的格点离散元的实现方法,并通过LS-DYNA进行了实现。Xue等[83]通过用户子程序在LSDYNA中实现了一种韧性断裂材料本构模型。Pan等[84]在LS-DYNA中开发了基于颗粒的离散元方法(GBM)来模拟岩石在爆炸载荷下的破裂。
除ABAQUS,ANSYS以外,还有很多功能全面、具有强大的非线性与断裂力学分析的大型闭源商业CAE软件,以及大型的开源CAE软件。
MSC. Software公司是世界著名的有限元软件供应商,其旗下的大型通用有限元分析软件MSC. Nastran由美国联邦航空管理局认证为领取飞行器适航证制定的唯一验证软件。同时,MSC旗下的MARC能够解决裂纹扩展等高度非线性问题,MSC. Fatigue可用于预测结构的疲劳寿命。MSC. Software丰富的产品和一流技术,能够为装备制造提供从强度到寿命监测的全套解决方案。
ADINA是非常著名的非线性分析有限元软件,具有强大的非线性分析以及多物理场耦合的能力,其功能包括结构分析、流体力学分析、传热分析以及电磁场分析等。ADINA有着丰富的材料本构模型,除了常见的弹塑性、黏弹性、蠕变等材料本构外,还可以进行二次开发。目前,ADINA已广泛应用于航空航天、汽车工程、国防军工、材料加工以及岩土工程等领域中。
LUSAS最早起源于1970年的英国帝国理工学院,并于1992年开始全球推广,已经有超过40年的商业化开发历史。LUSAS是国际知名的结构通用有限元分析软件,其中LUSAS Civil& Structural模块适用于各类型结构的分析、设计与评估。具有考虑损伤、塑性、考虑开口/闭口裂纹、基于断裂能理论的应变软化效应的2D/3D混凝土材料本构,还拥有丰富的二次开发接口。
Altair HyperWorks是世界领先、功能强大的设计与仿真平台,能够应对结构、运动、流体、电磁等多学科的物理仿真与设计的挑战,同时还提供人工智能解决方案以及逼真的可视化和渲染功能。其中,OptiStruct模块是经过工业验证的线性、非线性静力学及振动力学求解器,支持基于应力、疲劳的优化、对复合材料等新兴材料的优化等,广泛应用于工业结构设计与优化领域。HyperMesh模块提供了一整套高度先进完善的建模、网格划分以及后处理功能组件,并支持多种不同求解器的输入输出格式。
COMSOL Multiphysics是近期发展起来的多物理场建模与仿真软件,其提供的多物理场耦合方案能够解决流体流动、热传导、电磁场、化工以及结构力学耦合的问题。COMSOL Multiphysics集成的相场损伤模型可以有效地模拟裂纹扩展现象,其力学模块中提供了多种损伤模型,并且支持用户自定义,可以有效模拟损伤并观测裂纹带等现象,如Zhou等[85]开发了一种简单有效的相场模型。
此外,还有众多大型的CAE软件,如美国的ALGOR、法国的RADIOSS,LMS-Samtech,Siemens旗下的Femap等,除了在其专精领域有独特的求解能力,同时在损伤、疲劳与断裂分析等领域有着强悍的性能。
Code-Aster是由法国电力集团EDF开发的开源有限元分析软件,能够进行三维的线性、非线性分析,支持热传导、疲劳、断裂与多物理场分析等,应用于机械,土木等领域。
除Code-Aster之外,还有众多开源的有限元分析软件,如OpenFOAM,CALCULIX,ELMER,OpenRADIOSS等,虽然在功能丰富度、实用性或求解性能等方面逊于商业软件,但其仍具有实用价值,能解决某些领域的问题。
虽然通用有限元程序在面对工程中存在损伤与断裂问题时能够满足部分需求,且在用户便利性、可扩展性等诸多方面有较大的优势,但由于多数有限元平台的发展通常聚焦于通用问题,对损伤与断裂相关的问题没有进行针对性的开发,在处理较为复杂的裂纹或损伤情况时可能存在诸多缺点,无法进行深入和全面分析。这便需要有一系列针对损伤与断裂相关问题而开发的专业化的断裂分析软件、损伤容限工具、疲劳寿命分析工具等。
FRANC3D是Fracture Analysis Consultants公司开发的裂纹分析软件,可以用于计算疲劳裂纹萌生寿命、裂纹萌生位置和开裂方向,以及工程结构在复杂的几何形状、载荷条件和裂纹形态下的三维裂纹扩展路径和寿命。FRANC3D最主要的功能特点是其自适应网格重构技术,通过在ABAQUS等软件生成的无裂纹网格中引入一组由三角形Bezier面片组成的半圆形裂纹,基于子模型技术,在子模型内进行网格重构。这种技术能够有效地在裂纹尖端以及裂纹附近生成高质量网格,能够得到更高精度的断裂力学参数。FRANC3D与ANSYS、ABAQUS、NASTRAN等平台有接口,利用有限元法,并默认采用M积分来计算应力强度因子,类似于J积分,利用M积分可以同时计算各向异性材料中KI、KII和KIII的值。针对三维裂纹扩展计算,FRANC3D通过计算裂纹尖端每个节点的局部裂纹扩展方向以及扩展距离,并对新生成的裂纹尖端进行光顺化处理以减少不必要的数值误差。通过与ABAQUS或ANSYS等通用有限元程序相结合,由FRANC3D进行网格划分,可以很好地在复杂情况下进行裂纹扩展的模拟。同时,FRANC3D有10余种裂纹几何模型,可以进行裂纹成核、微动疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的计算,能够进行多裂纹、多工况以及多载荷步的分析,同时内嵌有NASGRO材料数据库以及NASGRO,DARWIN软件接口,以及支持Python二次开发。Araque等[86]利用FRANC3D与ANSYS APDL研究了ASTM A36钢对接焊缝在轴向加载下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为。
ZENCRACK是英国ZenTech公司开发的三维裂纹扩展行为分析软件。通过通用的有限元分析软件得到的静力学参数,能够快速计算任意载荷作用下的三维裂纹的断裂力学参数,包括应力强度因子和能量释放率。同时ZENCRACK还可以利用获得的静力学参数,自动计算在任意载荷作用下的三维疲劳裂纹扩展行为或时间相关的裂纹扩展行为,如裂纹扩展速率、方向、结构寿命。Crackblock技术是ZENCRACK特有的一种网格重构技术,可以在通用有限元程序,如ABAQUS,ANSYS等生成的无裂纹的有限元网格中引入多达46种裂纹,Crack-block由一系列的六面体单元组成,工程结构中的裂纹则可以由一种或多种Crackblock拼接而成,可以在确保裂纹尖端网格质量的前提下精确定义初始裂纹的形状和尺寸。尽管有多种不同类型的Crack-block,这种网格重构技术对于一些问题仍有局限性和较大数值误差。
NASGRO是比较出色的基于解析的损伤容限分析程序,于20世纪80年代由美国航空航天局在欧洲航天局和美国联邦航空管理局的技术协助下开发的断裂力学软件,是广受认可的损伤容限工具。在裂纹分析方面,NASGRO具有许多独到的创新功能,包括丰富的裂纹模型库、材料库和基于实际工程的裂纹扩展算法。经过长时间的积累,NASGRO有非常丰富的材料数据库,提供了超过9000组数据,其中包括超过3000组疲劳裂纹扩展数据以及超过6000组断裂韧性数据点。NASGRO的材料数据库得到多种软件使用,具有良好的可靠性[87]。随着版本迭代,NASGRO也开发了边界元分析模块如NASBEM,通过将数值方法与解析法相结合,提高了软件分析的能力。
AFGROW是由美国空军研究实验室开发并完善的损伤容限计算平台,是应用广泛且有效的裂纹扩展寿命预测工具。AFGROW主要应用于航空领域,对金属结构的分析能力也非常强大,其经典应力强度因子库中包含了三十多种裂纹几何模型,包括多种工况、多种载荷形式,有多裂纹分析计算功能,能够同时分析结构中的两个独立裂纹,并分析相关的连续损伤问题。AFGROW的一大优势是其具有多种独特功能,拥有可用性较强的用户界面,和多种有限元软件有接口,拥有5种裂纹扩展速率模型、迟滞模型,支持用户自定义几何模型,并支持用户自定义插件来求解应力强度因子。在AFGROW自带的断裂力学数据库AFMAT中,包含了600多种材料的断裂力学性能,可以查询包含断裂韧度、应力腐蚀断裂韧度、阻力曲线等相关性能,除此之外,AFGROW还拥有腐蚀预测能力,以及对粘接修补结构的裂纹扩展分析的能力。
BEASY是基于边界元法的工程分析软件,提供了多种常见的裂纹库,支持网格自动划分,与多个主流有限元软件有数据接口,并支持NASGRO的材料数据库。由于其出色的电化学腐蚀的分析能力,能够较好地完成应力腐蚀等相关问题的分析。美国西南研究中心开发了基于概率的损伤容限和可靠性分析软件DARWIN基于概率的断裂力学理论,该软件可以用于估计疲劳裂纹的寿命和关键零部件的失效风险。对于结构疲劳寿命分析,目前市面上有多种软件,如Ncode、FE-Safe、Design-Life、MSC. Fatigue等。这些软件在工程领域应用广泛,通过读取有限元软件的分析结果,能够进行裂纹萌生分析、应力疲劳分析、应变疲劳分析、焊缝疲劳分析和频域疲劳分析等。其包含有材料数据库,并提供了比较丰富的与通用有限元程序的接口。Rabold等[88,89]开发了PROCRACK,可以自动模拟任意载荷条件下三维构件的疲劳裂纹扩展。
受限于当时的硬件水平以及科研经费支持等问题,国产CAE软件的发展晚于国外同类产品。然而,我国在CAE理论研究和软件自主开发方面不断坚持,一批拥有自主知识产权的软件脱颖而出,如中国飞机强度研究所开发的HAJIF[90]与SABRE1.0、航空工业总公司开发的APOLANS、大连理工大学的JIFEX等。
由大连理工大学力学与航空航天学院/工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点实验室研发的面向工程与科学计算的集成软件系统SiPESC,基于平台(微核心)+插件的体系结构,构建了插件及扩展的管理机制,支持系统功能的动态扩展,为用户二次开发、多组织间的软件协同开发提供了便利,具有模拟结构断裂问题的潜力。
中国工程物理研究院与多个单位合作,开发的重大装备工程力学分析软件系统PANDA,具有大型复杂结构静力振动、冲击损伤、断裂破坏等问题的有限元分析功能。其中PANDA-Fracture模块采用扩展有限元方法,能够处理二维和三维复杂裂纹问题,具备千核、上亿自由度大规模计算能力,可为装备关键部件及重大工程结构的断裂提供高精度分析手段。
GDEM是由中国科学院力学研究所与北京极道成然科技有限公司联合开发的力学分析系列软件,其核心算法是连续-非连续单元方法(CDEM)。该方法将有限元与离散元进行耦合,在块体内部进行有限元计算,在块体边界进行离散元计算,通过块体内部及块体边界的断裂,不仅可以模拟材料在连续状态下与非连续状态下的变形、运动特性,更可以实现材料由连续体到非连续体的渐进破坏过程。GDEM还采用了GPU并行计算技术,能够计算千万量级自由度的工程问题。
ADDRAS软件以国内航空工业常用的结构耐久性/损伤容限分析方法为基础,以大量的结构试验数据为支撑而开发。该软件适用于飞机设计、生产、试验、使用的各环节,满足国军标要求的飞机耐久性和损伤容限评估体系。
由湖南大学科技成果转化成立的迈曦国产自主CAE分析软件平台,推出了面向复杂产品分析和设计的CAE工业软件MxSim,MxDesign以及端云结合的面向CAE技术教育的MxEdu,其中MxSim仿真设计平台基于CPU/GPU异构并行架构,可广泛应用于结构断裂失效、侵彻损伤、冲击响应等类型的数值仿真。
除了由科研院所以及高校主导的CAE软件之外,国内众多科技公司也凭借对高端人才的不断吸纳、同国内科研院所以及高校进行的产学研合作,也诞生出了很多具有国际竞争力的国产自主CAE软件。十沣科技开发的高性能显式动力学软件TF-DYNA,其核心算法结合了非线性有限元算法和无网格的光滑粒子算法,能够模拟如接触、撞击、损伤断裂和爆炸等过程,能够应用于航空航天、新能源、汽车等领域。南京天洑软件有限公司专注于中国自主知识产权的智能设计、快速仿真、优化、运维类工业软件的研发,其开发的软件产品如智能热流体仿真软件AICFD、智能结构仿真软件AIFEM、智能优化设计软件AIPOD、智能数据建模软件DTEmpower等,为国内外众多企业、高校提供了优质的解决方案。除此之外,还有很多具有竞争力的国产自主CAE软件,如中望结构仿真软件、安世亚太的PERA SIM、数巧科技及其云端CAE平台、英特仿真的INTESIM等。总的来说,国内自主CAE软件在近年来有着显著的发展,但受限于起步较晚,与国外的更为成熟的商业软件相比仍存在差距,还需要国内高校、企业等不断探索。
随着科学技术的发展,高端装备、高性能制造等概念的提出,航空航天、能源动力、国防军工等领域相关装备的服役性能不断提升,需要在极端环境下高精度、高稳定性和长寿命地运行。这使得通过CAE软件模拟高端装备[91]可能出现的损伤与断裂、裂纹扩展和疲劳寿命出现了诸多挑战。在高温、高压、极低温、辐射和腐蚀等环境下,通常可以视为常量而不作考虑的物理量,如温度、电子和流场会对装备的寿命造成极大影响。多物理场耦合是解决上述问题的有效办法,然而不同场之间的耦合关系非常复杂,全面考虑多个物理场之间相互作用,正确处理不同场间的接口和边界条件有较大的困难。多物理场耦合分析所需的数据量巨大,包括几何、物理学参数、初值条件和边界条件等,数据的来源可能比较分散,导致数据的统一转化、整合和处理成为问题,且求解往往比较复杂,需要建立数学模型并使用高效求解算法,否则会导致计算时间过长。特别是在三维空间中建立模型时,往往要进行网格划分,在求解时会涉及到大量的矩阵运算和迭代计算。如COMSOL集成了丰富的附加模块,为电磁、结构力学、声学、流体流动、传热和化工等领域提供了专业的分析功能。ANSYS自2000年开始,收购了ICEM CFD Engineering、Fluent、DYNA等软件,并陆续集成到Workbench平台。
损伤与断裂是多尺度问题,但是现有的软件往往将细观的现象通过经典的均匀化方法,将多尺度的现象转化成宏观情况下的材料本构模型。而工程装备中的损伤与断裂问题往往会涉及到细观尺度下的微孔洞、微裂纹、夹杂以及金属中出现的滑移、晶格缺陷、位错等现象,研究这些细观尺度的特性和宏观结构破坏行为间的关联是十分必要的。但是,目前基于细观力学的损伤与断裂的相关分析还很有限,并且多尺度建模往往需要更为精细的网格划分,更为复杂的细观力学本构、破坏准则模型、耦合方法可能会带来计算复杂度,使收敛变得更加困难,对目前用于损伤与断裂分析的相关软件是个艰巨的挑战。
损伤与断裂相关的软件的功能非常复杂且繁多,设计用户界面时需要考虑到如何呈现大量的功能和操作方式,而这将会增加设计的难度,使用户易用性、友好性的实现存在一些困难。用于模拟损伤与断裂的CAE软件往往是非常专业的,对于领域相关的术语、概念和操作需要有一定的引导。用户往往需要操作复杂的数据,如CAD图形和网格,并希望得到直观且清晰的裂纹扩展路径、危险点等,因此对于数据结构的可视化、交互性也需要高度重视。
CAE软件普遍对计算机硬件要求较高,又因为断裂相关的算法涉及不连续性、非线性,并且数值模型复杂。为满足在多尺度、多物理场耦合情况下分析损伤与断裂的计算需求,也为了适应新型装备研制需求,需要借助云平台,利用云端高性能计算资源和海量存储空间,进行大规模高效计算以及进行高效的异地协同设计与仿真,用来提升装备的研发效率。目前已有一些工业软件,如AutoCAD推出了在线版(Auto CAD Web App),无需安装软件,可以通过浏览器或移动设备体验到大部分功能。
如何平衡损伤与断裂分析中的计算精度与效率是具有挑战性的问题。损伤与断裂分析往往需要高精度的模拟结果,虽然目前较为流行的损伤与断裂分析数值算法,如XFEM、近场动力学理论、相场断裂法都有着不错的精度,但这些算法相较于传统的有限元法,通常需要考虑更多的自由度、变量等,难以保证较高的计算效率。而在裂纹扩展问题中,不同的材料属性、边界和载荷条件都可能影响裂纹的扩展速度和扩展方向,想要准确模拟通常需要足够精细的网格划分与足够准确的数值方法。在实际的工程应用中,需要在精度和计算效率之间找到平衡,以便在合理的时间内获得准确的结果,具有一定的挑战性。利用自适应耦合方法,根据模型的复杂度与工程实际的要求,在需要高精度的区域采用计算成本高的算法,而在其他区域保持采用有限元等计算效率高的算法,可以在保证精度的同时降低计算成本。但是如何解决耦合区域中固有存在的数值误差、如何在软件中引入自适应耦合模块、如何开发更高效的数值算法仍是亟需解决的问题。
为保证所得结果的准确性,CAE模拟结果通常需要通过大量的实验进行验证,然而相较于国外软件有着数十年来的积累和已然成熟的工程材料数据库,国内仍需要长时间的追赶。实验数据可能受测量误差、加载条件设置不当等因素的影响,导致与理论模型不一致,其结果的验证和评估过程也会增加工作的复杂性与难度。此外,由于CAE模型的简化和假设,与实际复杂工程系统存在差异,也会导致验证困难。由于损伤与断裂的行为往往受到诸多因素的影响,往往需要结合实验对模型和算法进行不断地验证和改进。尤其是对于那些具有复杂非线性材料的结构的模拟,可能需要几个不同尺度的模型与算法的耦合,并结合大量的实验数据来修正。将工业CAE软件与实验数据进行结合,面临着仿真与实际环境的差异、结果验证和评估的复杂性、多尺度与多物理场参数的测量等难点,仍是损伤与断裂CAE软件发展面临的挑战。
随着计算机科学和装备制造技术快速发展,对CAE软件需求不断升级。然而,现在对工程装备的分析模拟依然非常依赖国外开发的较为成熟的平台,但是这些国外软件的部分尖端技术大多不对国内开放,且软件如同黑匣子一般,部分计算过程中的关键数据可能难以得到。许多存在许久的卡脖子问题,对完全自主可控的CAE软件的需求不断增加。近些年来,中国陆续出台了多项支持工业软件发展的相关政策,同时,大量国产重大装备研制正在火热进行。这些为工业制造数字化转型和工业软件发展提供了市场,为自主可控的CAE软件发展带来了温润的土壤。虽然目前国产CAE软件有了政策支持,但是前路依旧是困难重重。相较于外国发展成熟的有限元平台和专业化断裂损伤分析CAE软件,近期发展起来的一些国产CAE软件仍非常弱小,暂时没有一款软件能够在用户易用性、功能丰富度、计算效率和市场占有率等方面与国外的成熟软件抗衡。
CAE软件是众多学科,如计算机科学、计算力学、计算数学和结构设计的有机融合。随着计算机软硬件技术的飞速发展,CAE软件的架构也需要不断地进化。除了以往普遍存在的内存、多线程运行等问题外,还需要解决分层体系架构、云端计算、多系统环境部署、大规模数据管理、开放性系统设计和新型数值算法等问题。对于一般的工程问题,其本质是求解稀疏线性方程组,而在断裂损伤问题中,由于会涉及到几何、材料等强非线性问题,往往会存在材料破坏导致的刚度折减、奇异性、以及多裂纹扩展导致的加载平衡路径上的多极值点等问题。因此,需要开展相关的技术研究,研发高效鲁棒的非线性方程求解模块。
过度依赖国外商业化CAE软件平台,使中国近些年来装备研发的经验、相关工程数据、知识和损伤与断裂模型很难统一地积累到自主可控的软件中。而国外软件有着数十年的积累,集成了功能强大的材料数据库,使软件平台的有效性、精确性得到了长足发展。因此,发展国产工程数据库、典型材料工程数据库,通过数据驱动相关模型的研发,对实现CAE软件的自主可控,对推动装备创新升级和保障工业装备安全有重要的战略意义。
CAD/CAE软件一体化是解决传统断裂分析软件不够直观的有效方法。在工程结构设计环节引入断裂分析,可以对装备性能和寿命进行有效的分析,缩短研发周期,并对结构进行优化,这种设计/模拟一体化是CAE软件的重要发展方向。
对于复杂的工程结构,为得到高精度结果,可能需要数以亿计的网格划分和超大规模的数据计算。这便需要CAE软件有高效率和高精度的数值算法,计算大规模网格的计算环境。部署高性能计算环境,利用近些年发展起来的云平台,将软件和计算数据进行统一配置和管理,同时借助云平台拥有的高性能计算资源和存储空间,将计算时间最小化,能够有效提升装备研发效率,是CAE软件的重要发展方向。
近些年来,通过数据驱动、神经网络和机器学习方法来解决工程实际问题展现出了其显著优势,其中数字孪生技术是一种将实体系统与其数字化虚拟模型相连接的创新技术。通过传感器、物联网、大数据分析和模拟仿真等技术,将实体系统的实时运行状态与其数字化虚拟模型进行实时同步,并通过数据交互、反馈控制和智能决策等手段来优化系统的运行和管理。对于工程结构中的损伤和断裂问题,通过数字孪生技术可以实时对实体结构中的结构损伤、疲劳裂纹扩展寿命进行监测,对于出现的异常情况和故障,能够及时进行干预。数据驱动是指通过收集、分析和利用海量数据来指导决策和行动的方法。21世纪以来,深度学习、强化学习、神经网络等发展迅速,已成功应用于诸多领域。在工程与力学领域,如岩石力学、拓扑优化和设计、固体本构关系、流体力学计算等多个方向均也得到了成功应用。结构损伤与断裂问题的最大劣势便是其较低的计算效率,而通过数据驱动的思想,利用机器学习和人工智能技术,通过大量的断裂数据、材料数据和工程案例可以建立机器学习模型来预测结构或材料的断裂性能、寿命和破坏机制。这些模型可以帮助快速分析和评估不同参数和条件下的断裂行为,是结构损伤和断裂相关CAE软件潜在的发展方向,且得到了较为广泛的应用。如庞巴迪对Global 7500开展的全机疲劳与损伤容限试验[87],如图5所示。Ai等[92]为探索岩石在高应变率冲击载荷下的动态力学特性和裂纹扩展规律,采用动态电阻应变仪和高画幅相机同时记录不同冲击速度下的应力波数据和岩石破坏过程,并基于DIC技术,提出了一种新的裂纹扩展速度计算方法。Nguyen-Le等[93]提出了一种长短期记忆和隐式马尔科夫模型相结合的技术来预测工程中的裂纹扩展问题。Bayar等[94]使用机器学习算法Voronoi-Diagrams研究了随机混凝土表面中的裂纹扩展模式。Cha等[95]提出了一种基于视觉的卷积神经网络(CNNs)的深度学习架构以检测混凝土裂纹。Wang等[96]开发了一个深度学习模型来预测脆性材料在应力作用下的裂纹扩展。Wang等[97]提出了一种应力网络深度学习模型,可以快速且准确地得到最大应力的多步预测。Li等[98]介绍了基于物理信息的神经网络(PINN)的最新进展与展望。
结构的损伤与断裂问题在民用和重大国防工程中都具有重要意义,也是目前亟需解决的基础性科学难题。本文总结了目前能够模拟损伤与断裂的相关理论基础,如断裂力学模型、损伤演化模型、数值计算模型如有限元方法、边界元法、近场动力学方法等。除此之外,本文还对常用的结构损伤与断裂分析CAE软件,包括通用有限元程序ABAQUS自带的损伤与断裂分析模块、专用的断裂分析软件如FRANC3D、ZENCRACK、损伤容限工具NASGRO、疲劳寿命分析工具以及部分新兴的国产CAE软件进行了讨论。
大力发展国产的自主可控的损伤与断裂分析CAE软件能够促进科技创新和技术进步,避免对国外商用CAE软件形成依赖,也免遭卡脖子问题的威胁。我国陆续出台多项支持工业软件发展的相关政策,并伴随着大量国产重大装备研制的火热进行,对目前自主可控的CAE软件的发展形势十分有利。在此情形下,国产损伤与断裂CAE软件的蓬勃发展亟需工业界、科研院所、高校、企业与政府共同推动与促进。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(12272082)
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2025年第42卷第5期
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doi: 10.7511/jslx20240414002
  • 接收时间:2024-04-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-14
  • 修回日期:2024-06-05
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(12272082)
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    1.大连理工大学 工程力学系 工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点实验室,大连 116024
    2.杭州师范大学 工学院,杭州 311121
    3.军事科学院 国防工程研究院,北京 100850
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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