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The formation of porous media is influenced by a number of factors, including the deposition and fragmentation of particles, which result in the formation of interlayers with varying structures. These interlayers exert a significant influence on the mechanical behavior of porous media. This paper presents a systematic investigation into the influence of the inclination angle and thickness of the interlayer on the mechanical behavior of porous media, employing the discrete element method. The results demonstrate that the stress intensity of porous media containing interlayers is between those of the two homogeneous porous media and varies with changes in the inclination angle and thickness of the interlayers. The average coordination number between grains is found to be significantly affected by the thickness of the interlayer at the beginning of loading, but stabilized at the end of loading. The variation of the coordination number affects the distribution of strong and weak force chains, while the inclination angle and thickness of the interlayer determine the magnitude and direction of stress transfer in the force chains. Furthermore, the contact unit normal force and normal contact force are deflected with the increase of the inclination angle of the interlayer, demonstrating significant anisotropy. This study advances our understanding of the intricate mechanical behavior of porous media containing interlayers in strata, offering invaluable insights for optimization and practical application in geological engineering.

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在多孔介质形成过程中,颗粒的沉积和破碎等因素会导致不同结构的夹层,这些夹层显著影响多孔介质的力学行为。通过采用离散元方法,系统研究了夹层倾角和厚度对多孔介质力学行为的影响。结果表明,含夹层多孔介质的应力强度介于两种均质多孔介质之间,并随夹层倾角和厚度的变化而变化。粒间平均配位数在加载初期受夹层厚度影响显著,加载后期趋于稳定。配位数的变化影响了强弱力链的分布,夹层的倾角和厚度则决定了力链的应力传递大小和方向。此外,接触单元法向力和法向接触力随夹层倾角的增加而发生偏转,表现出显著的各向异性。本研究加深了对地层中含夹层多孔介质复杂力学行为的理解,为地质工程的优化和实际应用提供了有价值的参考。

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杨永飞*(1982-),男,教授,博士生导师(E-mail:).

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杨永飞*(1982-),男,教授,博士生导师(E-mail:).

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articleId=1243226195467284527, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Distribution of normal contact force for two interlayer types, figureFileSmall=+f1Hqy/XkocTRrdXuKlgqw==, figureFileBig=/jPdJA5Ilqdui6VXk6EoiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243226224550589020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226195467284527, language=CN, label=图9, caption=两种夹层类型法向接触力分布, figureFileSmall=+f1Hqy/XkocTRrdXuKlgqw==, figureFileBig=/jPdJA5Ilqdui6VXk6EoiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243226224865161830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226195467284527, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Particle parameters

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参数
杨氏模量/Pa1e+9
泊松比ν0.2
粒径范围/mmA:2.2;2.9
B:2.9;2.2
恢复系数re0.95
滑动摩擦系数fs0.5
滚动摩擦系数fr0.1
颗粒密度/kg•m-32650
), ArticleFig(id=1243226225158763117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226195467284527, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

颗粒参数

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参数
杨氏模量/Pa1e+9
泊松比ν0.2
粒径范围/mmA:2.2;2.9
B:2.9;2.2
恢复系数re0.95
滑动摩擦系数fs0.5
滚动摩擦系数fr0.1
颗粒密度/kg•m-32650
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夹层空间分布对多孔介质力学行为影响研究
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刘明鑫 1, 2 , 杨永飞 1, 2 , 孙海 1, 2 , 张磊 1, 2 , 钟俊杰 1, 2 , 张凯 1, 2 , 姚军 1, 2
计算力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,42(5): 811-818
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计算力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 42(5): 811-818
夹层空间分布对多孔介质力学行为影响研究
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刘明鑫1, 2, 杨永飞1, 2 , 孙海1, 2, 张磊1, 2, 钟俊杰1, 2, 张凯1, 2, 姚军1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国石油大学(华东) 深层油气全国重点实验室,青岛 266580
  • 2.中国石油大学(华东) 石油工程学院,青岛 266580
  • 杨永飞*(1982-),男,教授,博士生导师(E-mail:).

Study of the effect of interlayers spatial distribution on the mechanical behavior of porous media
Mingxin LIU1, 2, Yongfei YANG1, 2 , Hai SUN1, 2, Lei ZHANG1, 2, Junjie ZHONG1, 2, Kai ZHANG1, 2, Jun YAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
  • 2.School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
出版时间: 2025-10-28 doi: 10.7511/jslx20240717002
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在多孔介质形成过程中,颗粒的沉积和破碎等因素会导致不同结构的夹层,这些夹层显著影响多孔介质的力学行为。通过采用离散元方法,系统研究了夹层倾角和厚度对多孔介质力学行为的影响。结果表明,含夹层多孔介质的应力强度介于两种均质多孔介质之间,并随夹层倾角和厚度的变化而变化。粒间平均配位数在加载初期受夹层厚度影响显著,加载后期趋于稳定。配位数的变化影响了强弱力链的分布,夹层的倾角和厚度则决定了力链的应力传递大小和方向。此外,接触单元法向力和法向接触力随夹层倾角的增加而发生偏转,表现出显著的各向异性。本研究加深了对地层中含夹层多孔介质复杂力学行为的理解,为地质工程的优化和实际应用提供了有价值的参考。

夹层  /  倾角和厚度  /  DEM  /  力学行为  /  接触模式

The formation of porous media is influenced by a number of factors, including the deposition and fragmentation of particles, which result in the formation of interlayers with varying structures. These interlayers exert a significant influence on the mechanical behavior of porous media. This paper presents a systematic investigation into the influence of the inclination angle and thickness of the interlayer on the mechanical behavior of porous media, employing the discrete element method. The results demonstrate that the stress intensity of porous media containing interlayers is between those of the two homogeneous porous media and varies with changes in the inclination angle and thickness of the interlayers. The average coordination number between grains is found to be significantly affected by the thickness of the interlayer at the beginning of loading, but stabilized at the end of loading. The variation of the coordination number affects the distribution of strong and weak force chains, while the inclination angle and thickness of the interlayer determine the magnitude and direction of stress transfer in the force chains. Furthermore, the contact unit normal force and normal contact force are deflected with the increase of the inclination angle of the interlayer, demonstrating significant anisotropy. This study advances our understanding of the intricate mechanical behavior of porous media containing interlayers in strata, offering invaluable insights for optimization and practical application in geological engineering.

interlayer  /  inclination and thickness  /  DEM  /  mechanical behavior  /  contact mode
刘明鑫, 杨永飞, 孙海, 张磊, 钟俊杰, 张凯, 姚军. 夹层空间分布对多孔介质力学行为影响研究. 计算力学学报, 2025 , 42 (5) : 811 -818 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240717002
Mingxin LIU, Yongfei YANG, Hai SUN, Lei ZHANG, Junjie ZHONG, Kai ZHANG, Jun YAO. Study of the effect of interlayers spatial distribution on the mechanical behavior of porous media[J]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2025 , 42 (5) : 811 -818 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240717002
岩石多孔介质的力学行为受颗粒物沉积和压实作用的影响而呈现出多样化的特征,并且在油气藏开采、地热能利用以及地下废物处理等工程开发过程中发挥着关键作用[1-3]。然而,夹层的存在使得地质开发过程变得更加复杂。因此,深入了解夹层对岩石多孔介质力学性质的影响机制对于优化资源开采、预测地质灾害以及建造稳定工程结构具有重要意义[4]。夹层指的是嵌入在岩石基质中的异质材料薄层,其厚度、方向、矿物成分以及力学性能的差异都会对岩石多孔介质的力学响应产生复杂影响[5]。Meng等[6]强调了在高温和三轴应力条件下的盐岩夹层的孔隙度和渗透率的变化规律。Li等[7]针对温度对石膏岩夹层稳定性和致密性的影响展开研究,总结出温度变化对夹层力学结构的影响因素。夹层厚度、倾角和力学性能的不同,导致岩石基质中存在潜在的薄弱面,也会影响裂缝扩展、流体流动路径和整体变形行为,从而形成多孔介质对外部应力载荷条件力学响应[8-11]
在研究多孔介质夹层影响的过程中,离散元法(DEM)作为一种模拟颗粒材料行为的有效方法得到广泛采用[12-14]。DEM基于接触力学原理,能够对单个离散实体的相互作用进行精确建模,从而研究不连续介质的各种相互作用。Jiang等[15]基于三轴压缩条件,对饱和颗粒材料力学行为和接触模式展开研究,提出了力链特征和强度统计参数。Nie等[16]应用刚性边界模型研究了颗粒的力学行为。Zhou等[17]研究了二元颗粒混合物的不同颗粒比例各向异性演变和接触模式,通过实验和数值模拟方法研究了加载条件下的颗粒转动和变形对土壤力学行为的影响。
尽管对于多孔介质夹层的研究至关重要,但有关夹层形态对岩石基质影响的研究报道相对较少。因此,本文通过应力-应变关系、配位数等多孔介质微观参数的变化进行分析,着重探讨夹层厚度和倾角变化对岩石基质的力学性能和应力分布的影响。
采用离散元方法(DEM)模拟夹层形态对颗粒微观结构和宏观力学的影响。与传统连续介质方法相比,此方法通过捕捉颗粒间局部接触力和运动方式,基于动力学方程、接触模型、迭代求解以及边界条件,精确模拟颗粒间接触力的分布和演化。
一般来说,粒子可以有两种运动方式,即粒子的平移和旋转。在本文的模拟中,粒子的平移和旋转运动可以用牛顿第二定律进行描述[12],颗粒的运动方程为
其中viωi分别为粒子的平移速度和角速度;Fni为粒子相互作用的力,包括粒子间接触力和阻尼引起的力;mig为重力;Mni为作用在颗粒上的力矩。参数miIi分别为粒子的质量和惯性矩。
使用Hertz-Mindlin模型作为本研究的接触模型[18]。在该接触模型中,颗粒之间的相互作用包含模型中的法向力和切向力以及弹簧力和阻尼力。分别由式(3,4)计算。
其中δn为颗粒间重叠距离,vnvt分别为颗粒相对速度的法向分量和切向分量,γnγt分别为法向阻尼系数和切向阻尼系数,R*E*G*分别为等效半径、等效杨氏模量和等效剪切模量。
切向力采用库仑摩擦准则进行表示,即
其中μ为滑动摩擦系数。
本研究采用六面体刚性壁构建砂岩多孔介质模型。如图1所示,随机生成2.2 mm和2.9 mm两种直径的球形颗粒,结合Nie等[16]的研究,模型尺寸与最大颗粒尺寸比率为14。摩擦系数为零,避免因摩擦力而引起初始应力,采用伺服对刚性墙壁保持低应变比进行固结,约束压力为100 kPa。
各向同性固结后,通过伺服控制约束压力进行三轴压缩。此时颗粒滑动摩擦系数为0.5,壁与颗粒间摩擦系数为0。可以采用惯性参数I衡量准静态加载过程[19]
其中为应变率,d为最大颗粒直径,ρ为颗粒密度,p为有效应力。本文I值小于2.5 e-3
分别以上述两种粒径的颗粒为基础颗粒,采用替换颗粒的方法生成不同粒径和不同角度的夹层颗粒,模拟颗粒的相关参数列入表1。本研究考虑了24种类型的模型样品,分别由A类型大颗粒夹层和B类型的小颗粒夹层组成,并以0°、30°、45°、60°等4种倾角和单层、双层、厚层进行分布,具体如下。
图2为夹层结构模型。字母后的第一个数字代表倾角,第二个数字代表厚度,第三个数字代表数量。如A-0-4-2表示在A类型中倾角为0°的双层4 mm的夹层试样。本研究将夹层倾角和厚度对试样结构影响作为研究工作重点。单层颗粒厚度设置为模型高度的5%,厚层颗粒为模型高度的10%。
采用前人的实验结果对模拟参数进行验证,结果如图3所示,数值模拟得到的应力-应变曲线与Xu等[20]的实验室测试结果趋势相同,尽管数值测试结果略高于实验结果,但两组曲线近乎平行。这是由于数值模拟中的颗粒直径均匀,并且加载速率均匀可控。由于实验中颗粒形状等因素限制,偏差应力差距相对较大,因此模拟数据略大于实验数据。综上所述,DEM模型能够很好地反映多孔介质的力学行为。
图4为A和B两种类型的样品在不同倾角和不同厚度下的应力-应变关系曲线。加载过程中,应力随着轴向应变的增大而增大,当达到应力峰值后,应力变化斜率逐渐减小并出现小幅度波动。均匀的A类型多孔介质的偏差应力明显大于B类型,且分别出现在偏差应力最大值和最小值,这说明颗粒粒径是影响多孔介质力学行为的因素之一。
图4(a)中,在15%的应变条件下,A-30-4-1和A-45-4-1相比A-0-4-1夹层,其偏差应力分别增加了3.17%和4.75%,而B-30-4-1和B-45-4-1相比B-0-4-1夹层,则减小了4.76%和5.96%。这表明多孔介质的偏差应力随着单夹层的倾角变化表现出不同的应力模式。A类型的偏差应力随倾角增大为先增加后减小,B类型夹层的偏差应力随倾角增大,出现了相反的趋势。此外,单夹层的A类型峰值强度明显高于B类型。
图4(b)则显示了不同倾角下的双夹层应力应变关系。在15%的应变条件下,A类型样品的偏差应力随夹层倾角的增加而增加,B类型随倾角的增加而减小。同时,A和B两种类型的多孔介质偏差应力差异逐渐减小。
图4(c)所示,与双夹层相比,厚夹层的A和B两种类型多孔介质随夹层倾角的增加,偏差应力差异逐渐减小。在15%的应变条件下,A-30-8-1相比A-0-8-1夹层增加了7.59%,而B-30-8-1则减小了9.93%,这大于同类型且不同倾角的变化率,说明30°倾角对A和B两种类型的多孔介质偏差应力影响较大。
图4(d~g)显示了相同的倾角下,A和B两种多孔介质的偏差应力变化,可以看出,0°倾角夹层的偏差应力差异不大,30°倾角的夹层出现明显的偏差应力分离。而45°和60°倾角的夹层的偏差应力随夹层厚度的变化而变化,A类型偏差应力随夹层厚度增大而减小,而B类型则增大。
在A和B两种类型的多孔介质中,双层和厚夹层的峰值应力变化趋势一致,如图5所示。A类型的单夹层的应力峰值最大,而双层和厚夹层的峰值应力变化趋势呈现N形。相比之下,B类型双层和厚夹层的峰值应力先减小后增大,最小值出现在30°倾角。
综上所述,A类型多孔介质的峰值强度要大于B类型。这主要是因为A类型中的粒径较小,粒间配位数较大,从而保证了多孔介质的稳定性。
颗粒配位数是指在多孔介质中的每个粒子与其周围粒子的平均接触数。配位数能够评价颗粒结构内部连接性,其分布能够显示颗粒整体拓扑结构信息及演变过程[21-24]
图6所示,B类型的平均颗粒配位数在初始阶段明显小于A类型,主要是由于B类型组成多孔介质的基础粒子的粒径较大,粒子间相对接触较少,此外,加载初期粒间距离较大,粒子自由度较高,稳定性较低。此时无论是A类型还是B类型的多孔介质,夹层的倾角和厚度都对样品的整体配位数产生了不同程度的影响。
随着轴向应变从0增大到5%,平均配位数迅速增大,颗粒间距离快速减小。结合图4结果可知,在轴向应变增加到5%时,偏差应力迅速增大,这表明试样处于弹性加载阶段。
当轴向应变从5%逐渐上升到10%时,多孔介质的配位数进一步增加,颗粒之间的相对距离逐渐减小,试样的内部结构更加紧密。在A类型和B类型中,配位数变化的差异性逐渐减小。对比A类型的四种倾角夹层的配位数,随着夹层倾角增大,配位数分别增大了5.01%、5.29%、5.41%和6.27%。主要原因是随着夹层倾角增大,主应力方向沿夹层产生剪切应力,导致大倾角夹层随轴向加载产生的位移更大,从而增加了颗粒间接触重排的概率。此外,A类型的配位数比B类型大。
当轴向应变为10%-20%时,偏差应力达到峰值并出现轻微波动,颗粒的配位数也出现波动,说明此时多孔介质处于塑性阶段,颗粒间出现接触重排。在A类型中,配位数随着夹层厚度增加和倾角减小而减小。这是因为夹层中大颗粒的数量增加,导致粒间相对约束力降低,颗粒间结构重排的几率增加。而在B类型中,配位数则随着夹层倾角的增大和厚度的增加而增加,这表明小颗粒的聚集和颗粒间的接触数量增加。总体而言,类型A的配位数要高于类型B,但随着多孔介质结构的变化,配位数逐渐趋于稳定。
力链是将组成多孔介质的接触颗粒连接的一种准线性力学结构。力链网络在多孔介质内部主要作为支撑和维持稳定结构[25-28]
图7分析了不同倾角和厚度的力链结构分布特征。图中线段的颜色代表了粒间接触力的强度,黑色表示强接触力,黄色表示弱接触力。随着轴向应变的增加,强接触力的数量也随之增加。
图7(a,b)反映了A类型的两种夹层力链结构。当应变达到5%时,结构的变化导致多孔介质内部颗粒间距离迅速减小,应力逐渐增大。由于夹层内的颗粒粒径较大,粒间空隙较大,形变相对增大,但夹层内部的应力明显大于夹层外部,表明由大颗粒组成的夹层是主要的支撑结构。
同时,0°夹层的强力链明显大于45°夹层,这进一步反映了夹层倾角对多孔介质结构稳定性的重要影响。随着应变的增大,大量的弱接触力逐渐转换为强接触力,并在整个多孔介质中扩散。应力状态呈现出各向异性。在轴向应变不超过5%的情况下,强接触应力的主方向偏向于主应力方向。随着轴向应变逐渐增大,接触力的主方向发生偏移,并趋向于夹层的法线方向。这主要是由于颗粒间滑动重组引起的接触应力及粒子配位数的变化,从而引起多孔介质内部应力的变化。
图7(c,d)展示了B类型的两种夹层力链结构。然而,与A类型不同,B类型中的夹层粒径较小,导致粒间多为弱接触力。随着轴向应变的增加,夹层外的大颗粒间的强接触力逐渐增加,并且在夹层处出现了强接触中断现象。这是因为夹层内部的小粒径粒子的弱接触应力与强接触应力转换,同时,随着轴向应变的增大,强接触力出现了穿透夹层的现象,方向偏向于夹层的法线方向,而弱接触应力则减少。
因此,夹层倾角的变化不仅影响应力传递路径和颗粒间的接触力分布,同时也会影响储层的渗透性和孔隙度分布,进而改变流体的流动路径和效率。
粒子接触法向各向异性和法向接触力各向异性是维持多孔介质结构强度的主要方式[29-32]。为了分析不同夹层下多孔介质中的颗粒接触单元法向力和法向接触力的演变,研究了A-45-4-1和B-0-8-1两种多孔介质的接触单元法向力和法向接触力分布。
图8显示了两种夹层的多孔介质的接触单元法向分布,其中0°方向为主应力方向。在零应变的情况下,两种类型的多孔介质均表现为各向同性状态,形状接近于圆盘形状。当应变达到5%时,接触单元法向力逐渐沿主应力方向增大,由于B类型夹层与主应力方向垂直,夹层内小粒径颗粒多为弱接触模式,接触应力强度明显小于主应力方向上的接触法向力,但当应变增加到15%时,弱接触在主应力加载作用下转换为强接触,表现为垂直于主应力方向上的应力的增大趋势,与力链趋势相同。
对于A类型夹层,在应变加载到5%时,粒间距离迅速减小,导致粒子出现接触重排。应变增大到15%时,接触单元法向应力方向出现偏转,并且应力加载方向垂直的应力同样出现偏转且均匀减小,偏差应力增大,各向异性程度更加明显。
在法向接触力随应变的演化过程中,两种类型的夹层表现出更强的各向异性。图9给出两种类型夹层的法向接触力分布特征,法向接触力的空间分布与接触法向趋势一致,且法向接触力在加载方向的垂直方向达到最小。
然而,两种夹层的法向接触力分布的区别在于,夹层的角度增加,法向接触力存在一定的滞后变化,说明法向接触力的偏转受到主应力方向和夹层倾角等因素的影响。
采用DEM方法研究了不同倾角和厚度的夹层空间分布对多孔介质力学性能的影响,建立两种不同类型的多孔介质中的数值模型,并通过对比验证了DEM模型的可靠性。主要结论如下。
(1)夹层显著影响多孔介质的力学性能。含夹层样品的应力强度介于两种均质的样品之间,A类型的应力强度更大。60°倾角应力强度明显降低。夹层数量增加,倾角的影响更加显著。
(2)夹层对颗粒配位数的影响。夹层倾角和厚度不变,A类型的配位数更大。随着应变增大,颗粒配位数增加,接触应力增大。
(3)夹层影响力链传递。随着轴向应变增大,A类型内部强力链更大,夹层倾角影响力链传递方向。
(4)夹层影响接触力分布。接触单元法向分布沿主应力方向增大,夹层倾角导致多孔介质的各向异性增加,应力方向偏移。
(5)夹层对地质工程的影响。本研究为油气开采、地热能利用及地下废物处理等地质工程领域提供了重要的力学参数和设计依据,有助于理解夹层对流体流动路径、孔渗特征、传热效率以及结构稳定性的影响,从而降低工程风险并提高工程效率和安全性。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFE0203400)
  • 国家自然科学基金(U23A20595; 52034010; 52288101)
  • 山东省自然科学基金重大基础研究项目(ZR2024ZD17)
  • 青岛市自然科学基金原创探索项目(23-2-1-230-zyyd-jch)
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2025年第42卷第5期
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文章信息
doi: 10.7511/jslx20240717002
  • 接收时间:2024-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-17
  • 修回日期:2024-11-09
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFE0203400)
国家自然科学基金(U23A20595; 52034010; 52288101)
山东省自然科学基金重大基础研究项目(ZR2024ZD17)
青岛市自然科学基金原创探索项目(23-2-1-230-zyyd-jch)
作者信息
    1.中国石油大学(华东) 深层油气全国重点实验室,青岛 266580
    2.中国石油大学(华东) 石油工程学院,青岛 266580
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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