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Article(id=1243226193802145832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7511/jslx20240606001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717603200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-06, revisedDate=1728316800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774337822627, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1761580800000, pubDateStr=2025-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774337822627, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774337822627, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774337822627, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243226190786441246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, year='2025', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='699', pageEnd='888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774337821909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774338282025, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243228120724128564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243228120724128565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=737, endPage=743, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243226194733281323, articleId=1243226193802145832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, language=EN, title=Efficient and high fidelity modeling method for battery pack collision with equivalent contact, columnId=1243226193193971746, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The power battery pack of an electric vehicle is a complex system, whose efficient and high fidelity modeling is an urgent need for solving collision problems. This paper firstly proposes a hybrid reduced order battery pack model, with fine modeling in the central region and centralized mass in other parts through a simple connection contact. Compared with the refined full model, the maximum stress error is relatively small, and the computational efficiency is improved by about 3.5 times. Then, to consider the effect of the boundary further, a centroid module structural model with equivalent contact is proposed. Compared with the hybrid reduced order model, the collision displacement and the maximum stress of the centroid module structure model are much closer to those of the fine full model. Finally, an impact response analysis is conducted on the centroid module structural model and the fine full model, by comparing the behaviors of the collision center point and the impact object. It is found that both models have the similar trend in the response curves with small errors, which verifies the feasibility of the proposed model.

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新能源汽车动力电池包是一个复杂的系统，其高效高保真建模是研究碰撞问题的迫切需要。本文建立了动力电池包的混合降阶电池包模型，即中心区域精细建模，基于集中质量法以质心替代其他部位，采用简单连接-接触方法完成建模；与精细全模型相比，最大应力误差相对较小，计算效率提高约3.5倍。通过进一步考虑边界接触的影响，提出了基于等效接触的质心模组结构模型。相比混合降阶模型，质心模组结构模型的碰撞位移和最大应力更接近精细全模型。最后，针对质心模组结构模型进行了冲击响应分析，并对比精细全模型碰撞中心点及冲击物的行为，结果表明两种模型响应曲线趋势一致，且误差较小，进一步验证了模型的可行性。

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李刚*（1966-），男，博士，教授（E-mail：）.

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李刚*（1966-），男，博士，教授（E-mail：）.

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李刚*（1966-），男，博士，教授（E-mail：）.

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243226225150374507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226193802145832, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Comparison of impact in dangerous areas displacement of impact objects and velocity, figureFileSmall=EixtbEiqW4wotR7D7Uuauw==, figureFileBig=Dg3bjUaZUCf4AoWH36XjWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243226225519473271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226193802145832, language=CN, label=图14, caption=危险区域冲击、冲击物的位移及速度对比, figureFileSmall=EixtbEiqW4wotR7D7Uuauw==, figureFileBig=Dg3bjUaZUCf4AoWH36XjWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243226225938903678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226193802145832, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

7075 Aluminum alloy material parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料参数量/GPa弹性模泊松比密度/t•mm－3 A B n
数值71.10.332.81e－94352780.34
), ArticleFig(id=1243226226324779655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226193802145832, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

7075铝合金材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料参数量/GPa弹性模泊松比密度/t•mm－3 A B n
数值71.10.332.81e－94352780.34
), ArticleFig(id=1243226226760987277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226193802145832, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Analysis of battery pack impact model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型计算时间/min电池外壳最大应力/MPa电池内芯最大应力/MPa
精细全模型348613.8343.4
混合降阶模型76648.2289.6
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电池包冲击模型分析

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模型计算时间/min电池外壳最大应力/MPa电池内芯最大应力/MPa
精细全模型348613.8343.4
混合降阶模型76648.2289.6
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Results of forward impact analysis for three battery pack collision models

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精细全模型361405.957.74
混合降阶模型83463.744.80
质心模组模型114414.561.68
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三种电池包碰撞模型正冲分析结果

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混合降阶模型83463.744.80
质心模组模型114414.561.68
), ArticleFig(id=1243226228694561455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226193802145832, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Analysis results of oblique impact of three battery pack models

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模型计算时间/min电池壳体最大应力/MPa位移/mm
精细全模型350704.270.6
混合降阶模型85637.368.14
质心模组模型114698.770.49
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三种电池包模型斜冲分析结果

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模型计算时间/min电池壳体最大应力/MPa位移/mm
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质心模组模型114698.770.49
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基于等效接触的电池包碰撞高效高保真建模方法
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倪炀 , 李刚 , 曾岩
计算力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,42(5): 737-743
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计算力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 42(5): 737-743
基于等效接触的电池包碰撞高效高保真建模方法
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倪炀, 李刚 , 曾岩
作者信息
  • 大连理工大学　工程力学系，工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点实验室，大连　116024

    • 李刚*（1966-），男，博士，教授（E-mail：）.

Efficient and high fidelity modeling method for battery pack collision with equivalent contact
Yang NI, Gang LI , Yan ZENG
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
出版时间: 2025-10-28 doi: 10.7511/jslx20240606001
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摘要
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新能源汽车动力电池包是一个复杂的系统，其高效高保真建模是研究碰撞问题的迫切需要。本文建立了动力电池包的混合降阶电池包模型，即中心区域精细建模，基于集中质量法以质心替代其他部位，采用简单连接-接触方法完成建模；与精细全模型相比，最大应力误差相对较小，计算效率提高约3.5倍。通过进一步考虑边界接触的影响，提出了基于等效接触的质心模组结构模型。相比混合降阶模型，质心模组结构模型的碰撞位移和最大应力更接近精细全模型。最后，针对质心模组结构模型进行了冲击响应分析，并对比精细全模型碰撞中心点及冲击物的行为，结果表明两种模型响应曲线趋势一致，且误差较小，进一步验证了模型的可行性。

动力电池包  /  混合降阶简化模型  /  质心模组结构模型  /  底部碰撞

The power battery pack of an electric vehicle is a complex system, whose efficient and high fidelity modeling is an urgent need for solving collision problems. This paper firstly proposes a hybrid reduced order battery pack model, with fine modeling in the central region and centralized mass in other parts through a simple connection contact. Compared with the refined full model, the maximum stress error is relatively small, and the computational efficiency is improved by about 3.5 times. Then, to consider the effect of the boundary further, a centroid module structural model with equivalent contact is proposed. Compared with the hybrid reduced order model, the collision displacement and the maximum stress of the centroid module structure model are much closer to those of the fine full model. Finally, an impact response analysis is conducted on the centroid module structural model and the fine full model, by comparing the behaviors of the collision center point and the impact object. It is found that both models have the similar trend in the response curves with small errors, which verifies the feasibility of the proposed model.

power battery pack  /  hybrid reduced order simplified model  /  centroid module structural model  /  bottom collision
倪炀, 李刚, 曾岩. 基于等效接触的电池包碰撞高效高保真建模方法. 计算力学学报, 2025 , 42 (5) : 737 -743 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240606001
Yang NI, Gang LI, Yan ZENG. Efficient and high fidelity modeling method for battery pack collision with equivalent contact[J]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2025 , 42 (5) : 737 -743 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240606001
正文
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1　引言
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随着环境污染及能源短缺现象日益严重，新能源汽车乘势而起，成为汽车研发的重点方向[1-2]。然因续航里程的要求，动力电池系统呈现大容量、高能耗态势[3-5]，面对复杂的行驶条件，极易发生因碰撞而引发的起火、爆炸等热失控事故，故针对电池包进行碰撞安全研究是现阶段新能源汽车发展的迫切需求。
动力电池包（以下简称电池包）是由多个子系统组成的复杂装配体，含有成百上千个动力电池单体。电池单体由金属外壳、隔层膜及电解液等材料组成，以串并联的方式实现了动力电池系统的高电压、大容量特性。电池包通常由电池模组、电气组件、高压线束、低压线束、电池管理系统（BMS）、壳体等构成，建模复杂程度高[6]。
碰撞试验通常成本高、耗时长，且受实际试验条件限制较大。而有限元法对碰撞过程的建模限制较少，不仅能对极短的撞击周期内碰撞过程和损伤机理进行详细分析，且便于对不同结构参数和边界条件进行参数化探讨，因而在撞击问题研究中得到广泛应用[7,8]。
目前，该领域的研究多为电池单体及模组的动静态结构分析及优化，以及电池包激励下的振动力学特性等。如Xia等[9]将电池包壳体简化为板壳模型，通过探究其碰撞冲孔过程、裂纹扩展及局部变形模式并进行了参数化研究，揭示了电池包安全设计的基本规则；Chen等[10]通过简化电池模组，对电池包进行了整体建模，在此基础上探究电池模组的排列方式对侧碰能量耗散的影响规律，并建立了一种较优的排列方式；Hu等[11]建立了包装电池模组，重点探究了其在准静态及动态冲击下的力学行为，提出了破碎速度对电池的破坏行为影响较大。李志杰等[12]建立了精细锂离子电池模型，从正碰、侧碰、振动冲击三种常见工况对动力电池包进行仿真分析，提出了基于整体精细化模型可量化、层次化的动力电池包系统安全性评价。兰凤崇等[13]提出了一种基于单体电池等效力学参数和实际接触连接条件的复杂电池包系统建模和动力学分析方法。Ruan等[14]在急加速、急转弯、急减速情况下对电池包壳体进行结构优化，并进行了适配材料的选择。
上述研究主要针对电池包的单一特性进行简化建模，但电池包作为一个复杂的系统，其内部结构及电池包壳体之间存在耦合，因此需要建立高效高保真的电池包整体模型以提高建模的效率及精度。本文基于电池包受冲击的中心区域与其他部位的耦合关联，提出了中心区域精细建模，其他部位以建立质心代替，再通过简单连接-接触的方法建立混合降阶电池包模型，实现较高精度的快速碰撞响应分析；针对高速冲击下，混合降阶模型的倾斜现象，提出质心模组结构模型，并进行接触边界还原，以提高精度；最后针对质心模组模型，通过碰撞中心点及冲击物的力学行为进行验证。
2　电池包整体碰撞建模
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电池包动力学模型主体可分为电池单体、电池模组和电池包壳体三个部分，其他部件对冲击响应影响较小，可省略。
2.1　混合降阶冲击建模方法
混合降阶冲击建模分为以下三个部分，如图1所示。建模过程主要考虑以下几点。
（1）电池单体结构复杂，在电池包级冲击计算中不宜采用精细建模，故采用均质化方法建模；（2）电池包整体电池数目较多，而电池包底部冲击通常属于局部问题，故采用全局等效、局部精细的方法，即对冲击中心部位采用精细建模，其他位置以集中质量代替；（3）不考虑预紧力，电池模组简化的集中质量点与电池包壳体设为刚性连接，精细建模部分设置为硬接触。
2.1.1　电池单体建模方法
电池单体选用18650锂离子电池，其由多层复合材料构成，模型结构较为复杂。Sharaei等[15]利用均质的可压缩泡沫模型模拟了18650锂离子电池在不同载荷下的变形情况，模拟数据与试验吻合度较高，故本文采用均质法建立单体电池模型。为保证其机械完整性和模型的精确性，将电池单体简化成电池壳及电池内芯两部分。电池单体模型如图2所示。
电池壳体是电池受到冲击载荷时抵抗变形的主要部件，选用Johnson-cook模型[16,17]计算电池壳体材料的应变硬化特征，如式（1）所示。
式中σ是Mises塑性应力，A、B、C、m、n是材料参数，ε是塑性应变，是塑性应变率，T*是无量纲温度，T*=（T－T0）/（Tm－T0），Tm是材料熔点，T0是室温。
电池壳体材料的损伤演化同样采用Johnson-cook模型[16,17]，如式（2）所示。
式中εf是断裂等效塑性应变；D1、D2、D3、D4、D5是失效参数，σ*是无量纲应力，，σm是应力三轴度均值，是Mises等效应力。
电池内芯由隔膜、集电极等构成，具有典型的各向异性特征。内芯的弹性阶段各向异性通过给定工程常数赋予，塑性变形阶段具有泡沫材料特性，考虑采用塑性硬化模型[16]表征：
式中σ是Mises塑性应力；A、B是材料参数；N是硬化指数。
2.1.2　电池模组建模方法
电动汽车在行驶过程中，底部若受到冲击，通常仅有有限区域的电池包壳体及电池单体会承受挤压、变形。故在建模的过程中，将路面异物简化为半圆锥形[16]。为兼顾计算效率及精确冲击区域响应，选用9节单体电池作为冲击单元，并对冲击区域的电池模组进行建模，如图3所示。设置冲击物为质量为3 kg，顶角半径为5 mm的半圆锥形刚体，其结构如图4所示。电池模组外壳尺寸为55 mm×55 mm×66 mm，选用7075铝合金，损伤及演化模式同样采用Johnson-cook模型，其材料属性列入表1。
各种数值方法的应用通过大量的研究验证了模拟模型的有效性[18]，故本文采用沙漏能来分析验证模型的可行性。首先对异物撞击电池模组进行分析，速度为20 m/s，时间为0.03 s，冲击能量变化如图4所示。由图4可知，系统总能量为607.841 J，沙漏能为18.4007 J，其占总能量的3.03%，其增加幅值小于5%的标准[19]，故该模型能够应用于冲击响应分析。
2.1.3　电池包整体建模方法
经调研发现，电池包系统对冲击响应较大的部分为电池包壳体、电池模组、电池单体、吊耳。通过ABAQUS软件建立电池包模型，采用显式算法，约束为吊耳固支，限制其六个自由度，接触方式设为通用接触，简化电池包尺寸为283 mm×226 mm×68 mm，其模型如图5所示。
汽车行驶工况复杂，在车轮掠过有凹坑、凸起物或者石头路面等工况时，电车底部极易受到撞击，进而引发穿刺等危险，故需要对电池包底部冲击建立精细全模型[20]，如图5所示。模型采用六面体网格单元，针对冲击碰撞部位进行网格细化，其他位置网格化较粗略，以便提升计算效率，节点数目为4781410个，单元数目4410766个，电池外壳同样采用7075铝合金，损伤方式同上。
电池包冲击碰撞模型中受冲击影响的部位有限，采取局部精细全局等效建模方法（混合降阶模型），以提高计算效率，如图6所示。首先，针对电池包级计算，采用均质化方法建立电池单体；其次，采用集中质量法，将冲击响应较小的部位通过质心代替，并与电池包壳体刚性连接；最终，对冲击响应位置的模组进行精细建模，并保留其相邻的精细模组，采用简单连接-接触的方法，实现冲击碰撞下电池单体、电池与模组、模组与模组之间的动力响应分析。
集中质量法[21]是指将复杂的连续系统简化为由有限数量的质量点和弹性连接的离散系统，其系统矩阵方程如式（4）所示。其中，M是质量矩阵，C是阻尼矩阵，K是刚度矩阵，X是位移向量，F是外力向量。
本模型将中心区域外电池模组的质量离散化为若干个集中质量点，置于各个模组的质心位置。因冲击工况具有局部效应，对于简化为集中质量点的位置，可忽略其刚度和阻尼，并可将其弹性连接设置为刚性连接。
2.2　基于质心模组结构的建模方法
上述混合降阶简化模型主要考虑局部的冲击响应，对响应较小的部位采用集中质量代替，忽略了全模型模组之间的接触效应。当冲击物质量和速度较大时，在混合降阶简化模型中，会出现核心碰撞响应区凸起、两侧模组出现倾斜的现象，如图6所示。
针对凸起模组倾斜现象，将电池集中质量质心与模组结构刚性连接，建立质心模组结构，在保持质量不变的同时，简化考虑接触边界条件。
相较于混合降阶方法，质心模组结构冲击建模方法主要为，在碰撞弱影响区，以质量点代替整个模组改为质心模组结构，中心碰撞区仍为精细模型结构，其质心模组结构全模型如图7所示。
3　混合降阶冲击模型响应分析
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电池包穿刺响应会对内部电池造成较大的伤害，甚至引发爆炸，严重威胁驾乘人员的安全。电池包底部冲击的速度较快，根据文献[11]设置冲击碰撞模型工况，冲击速度为20 m/s，冲击时间为6 ms。建立精细全模型（包括所有的电池单体及模组）与混合降阶模型两组模型（图6），两组模型的冲击响应分析结果如图8与表2所示。
计算结果表明，基于均质法、集中质量法与简单连接-接触方法建立的混合降阶冲击模型，计算效率比精细全模型提升了约358%，碰撞中心电池外壳最大应力误差仅为5.6%，电池内芯最大应力误差为15.7%。
材料达到应力极限后会发生破坏，并导致应力释放。由表2可知，精细全模型相比于混合降阶模型的模组电池外壳最大应力低，而电池内芯最大应力高。可知精细全模型在碰撞中心位置的刚度更大，致使冲击力更为集中，使得电池在此区域破坏面积扩大，如图8（e）所示，电池外壳破坏面积更大，应力得以释放，故电池外壳的精细全模型最大应力较低；对于电池内芯，如图8（g）所示，材料未发生破坏，冲击力的集中反而致使电池内芯应力增加。
从图9看出，冲击碰撞过程中，电池包底部板支反力先上升后下降，对应冲击过程中的塑性变形及破坏过程，在1.3 ms左右冲破电池包底部材料。
4　质心模组冲击模型响应分析
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针对质心模组模型，冲击碰撞工况设置为冲击速度为30 m/s，冲击时间为6 ms。
4.1　正冲工况
在进行建模数据分析时，需要对比碰撞中心精细模型位移及电池内芯最大应力，电池包底部碰撞响应数值仿真结果如图10及表3所示。分析可知，精细全模型计算时间最长，质心模组模型次之，混合降阶模型计算时间最短，分别为混合降阶模型的4.35倍和1.37倍。与精细全模型相比，混合降阶模型的最大应力和位移分别相差14.2%和22.4%，质心模组模型的最大应力和位移分别相差2.1%和6.8%。
质心模组模型相较于混合降阶模型增加了接触边界，虽然计算时间有所增加，但最大应力及位移更为接近精细全模型。另外，质心模组模型在保证质量不变的情况下，考虑了边界接触情况，相比于混合降阶模型，碰撞中心的刚度增加，故冲击力集中，位移较大，如图10（b，c）所示。相比于精细全模型，质心模组结构刚性较大。故对于三种碰撞模型的冲击位移，质心模组模型最大，精细全模型次之，混合降阶模型最低。
从表2和表3可知，随着冲击速度的增加，电池内芯的最大应力呈上升趋势。图11显示，混合降阶模型电池内芯的最大应力最高，质心模组模型次之，精细全模型最低。相比于精细全模型，质心模组模型的刚性更大，故冲击力更为集中，使得模型的应力增加；由图11可知模型冲击物在冲破板壳后，在电池阻力作用下出现回弹现象；混合降阶模型如图10（b）所示，碰撞中心结构位置较为分散，故回弹的阻力较小，回弹位移较大，在回弹过程中，混合降阶模型存在着最大应力较大的现象。
4.2　斜冲工况
本节主要研究汽车行驶中异物冲击电池包底部的斜冲工况。冲击工况设置为Z向20 m/s，X向20 m/s，冲击时间为6 ms。斜冲对周围电池模组的影响较大，需要对比碰撞中心精细模型位移及电池外壳最大应力，结果如图12、图13及表4所示。精细全模型与质心模组模型的冲击行为状态类似，混合降阶模型因四周没有边界约束，容易出现偏移，误差较大。相比精细全模型，混合降阶模型的最大应力和位移分别相差为9.5%和3.5%；质心模组模型的最大应力和位移分别相差0.8%和0.2%。
从表2和表4可知，随着冲击速度的增加，电池壳体的最大应力随之增加。通过图12及图8（e）分析可知，相比于正冲速度20 m/s工况，斜冲时，电池壳体挤压，外侧塑性破坏变形相对较小，应力较为集中，使得应力更接近破坏极限，故最大应力值较大；当冲击物的冲击位置如图12所示切进两个模组之间时，阻力相对减小，故位移增加。
质心模组模型考虑到接触边界的影响，位移及最大应力误差较小。混合降阶模型如图12（b）所示，左侧模组因没有边界约束，易出现侧翻，电池壳体受到的挤压力减小，从而最大应力较低；位移因切向行进距离较大，导致Z向位移减小，因此整体位移较小。
4.3　冲击物响应分析
针对质心模组简化模型和精细全模型，需要进行危险区域及冲击物的响应进行分析。两种模型的危险区域冲击中心点的时间-位移曲线如图14所示。发现两模型曲线的趋势一致，均呈现先上升、后下降的变化趋势，对应着冲击过程中先压缩穿透、后回弹的行为，其冲击中心点的最大位移差为2.75 mm，平均误差为1.6%。其计算如式（5）所示，其中σ为平均误差，x1为精细全模型数值，x′1为质心模组简化模型数值，n为数值量。
冲击物运行状态的一致性也是验证模型合理性的重要指标。由于冲击物设置为刚体，故刚性点运动状态即可代表整个模型。针对精细全模型及质心模组模型，对冲击物的位移和速度进行分析，如图14所示。可知冲击物的位移及速度曲线趋势基本一致，电池压缩，位移上升而速度减小；电池回弹，位移减小而速度回升。两种模型的最大位移差为3.42 mm，平均误差为0.99%；最大速度差为2.54 m/s，平均误差为7.99%。
5　结论
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本文针对电池包整体建模复杂的问题提出了两种碰撞中心位置局部精细、全局模型结构等效的简化建模方法，极大提高了动力电池包碰撞模型的计算效率及精度。
（1）基于分层子系统理念，建立了电池单体均质化、中心区域精细建模，其他部位建立质心代替，再通过简单连接-接触方法建立混合降阶的电池包模型。相比精细全模型结构，其计算效率提高358%，碰撞中心电池外壳最大应力误差仅为5.6%，电池内芯最大应力误差为15.7%。
（2）针对高速冲击混合降阶模型出现的外侧模组倾斜现象，提出了质心模组结构模型。在保证质量的前提下，考虑了接触边界对模型精度的影响。相比于混合降阶模型及精细全模型，两种工况下的位移误差分别为6.8%、0.2%；最大应力误差分别为2.1%、0.8%。
（3）鉴于冲击物及电池包碰撞中心位置的位移、速度对比验证质心模组模型的有效性，碰撞中心位置的位移平均误差为1.6%；冲击物的位移平均误差为0.99%，速度平均误差为7.99%。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(12372119; 12302146)
文献
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2025年第42卷第5期
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doi: 10.7511/jslx20240606001
  • 接收时间：2024-06-06
  • 首发时间：2026-03-24
  • 出版时间：2025-10-28
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-06
  • 修回日期：2024-10-08
基金
国家自然科学基金(12372119; 12302146)
作者信息
    大连理工大学　工程力学系，工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点实验室，大连　116024
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Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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