Article(id=1243226192837455904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7511/jslx20240613001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718208000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-13, revisedDate=1722182400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774337822397, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1761580800000, pubDateStr=2025-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774337822397, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774337822397, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774337822397, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243226190786441246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, year='2025', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='699', pageEnd='888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774337821909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774338282025, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243228120724128564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243228120724128565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, issueId=1243226190786441246, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=758, endPage=764, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243226194561314858, articleId=1243226192837455904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, language=EN, title=Low frequency broadband design of multi-order asymmetric mechanical metamaterials based on rotation, columnId=1243226193193971746, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, columnName=Research Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Considering the issue that low frequency and broadband of elastic wave metamaterials cannot coexist, this paper realizes a low-frequency band gap by rotating asymmetric mechanical metamaterials, and further widens the low-frequency bandgap by introducing multiple orders. By utilizing the node rotation and ligament bending deformation characteristics of anti-chiral materials, the vibration body size and ligament stiffness of the anti-tetra chiral unit cell diagonal are gradually adjusted through ligament folding, and the multi-order asymmetric unit cell design is realized. The generation and change mechanism of elastic wave bandgap are explained by analyzing the resonance mode and transmission characteristics of the upper and lower bounds of the bandgap. The study shows that: in the asymmetric mode, the node rotation and ligament bending deformation characteristics of chiral materials are utilized to realize the rotation resonance of the mass block and open the bandgap, and the band gap is widened by the resonant superposition between two pairs of different mass blocks arranged alternately. Finally, the proposed asymmetric mechanical metamaterial is verified by experiments to have to demonstrate improved broadband and low-frequency vibration isolation performance.

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针对弹性波超材料的低频与宽带不可并存的问题,本文通过旋转构造非对称机械超材料实现低频带隙,并引入多阶进一步拓宽了低频带隙。利用反手性材料的节点旋转和韧带弯曲变形特征,通过韧带折叠逐步调节反四手性单胞对角线的振动体大小和韧带刚度,实现多阶的非对称单胞设计,并通过对带隙上下边界的共振模态与传输特性的分析阐明了弹性波带隙的产生和变化机理。研究表明,在非对称模式下,利用手性材料的节点旋转和韧带弯曲变形特征,可实现质量块的旋转共振并打开带隙,通过交替排列的2对不同质量块之间的共振叠加拓宽带隙。最后通过实验验证了提出的非对称机械超材料具有更出色的宽带和低频隔振性能。

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陈文炯*(1985-),男,博士,教授(E-mail:).

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journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226192837455904, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Omnidirectional bandgap of first-, second- and third-order asymmetric mechanical metamaterials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
非对称机械超材料 全向带隙的频率范围0 Hz~5000 Hz范围内的全向带隙比例
一阶非对称机械超材料BG-1[4432.2 Hz~4961.6 Hz]529.4 Hz10.588%
二阶非对称机械超材料BG-1[1439.5 Hz~3893.7 Hz]2454.2 Hz59.388%
BG-2[4094.7 Hz~4237.7 Hz]143 Hz
BG-3[4434.8 Hz~4547.2 Hz]112.4 Hz
BG-4[4740.2 Hz~5000 Hz]259.8 Hz
三阶非对称机械超材料BG-1[1378.3 Hz~2501.9 Hz]1123.6 Hz61.754%
BG-2[2658 Hz~3353.8 Hz]695.8 Hz
BG-3[3525.2 Hz~4276.1 Hz]750.9 Hz
BG-4[4482.6 Hz~5000 Hz]517.4 Hz
), ArticleFig(id=1243226217999086004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242798230522609684, articleId=1243226192837455904, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

一、二、三阶非对称机械超材料的全向带隙

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非对称机械超材料 全向带隙的频率范围0 Hz~5000 Hz范围内的全向带隙比例
一阶非对称机械超材料BG-1[4432.2 Hz~4961.6 Hz]529.4 Hz10.588%
二阶非对称机械超材料BG-1[1439.5 Hz~3893.7 Hz]2454.2 Hz59.388%
BG-2[4094.7 Hz~4237.7 Hz]143 Hz
BG-3[4434.8 Hz~4547.2 Hz]112.4 Hz
BG-4[4740.2 Hz~5000 Hz]259.8 Hz
三阶非对称机械超材料BG-1[1378.3 Hz~2501.9 Hz]1123.6 Hz61.754%
BG-2[2658 Hz~3353.8 Hz]695.8 Hz
BG-3[3525.2 Hz~4276.1 Hz]750.9 Hz
BG-4[4482.6 Hz~5000 Hz]517.4 Hz
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基于旋转的多阶非对称机械超材料的低频宽带设计
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王小鹏 , 陈文炯 , 黎胜
计算力学学报 | 研究论文 2025,42(5): 758-764
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计算力学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 42(5): 758-764
基于旋转的多阶非对称机械超材料的低频宽带设计
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王小鹏, 陈文炯 , 黎胜
作者信息
  • 大连理工大学 工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点实验室,大连 116024
  • 陈文炯*(1985-),男,博士,教授(E-mail:).

Low frequency broadband design of multi-order asymmetric mechanical metamaterials based on rotation
Xiaopeng WANG, Wenjiong CHEN , Sheng LI
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
出版时间: 2025-10-28 doi: 10.7511/jslx20240613001
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针对弹性波超材料的低频与宽带不可并存的问题,本文通过旋转构造非对称机械超材料实现低频带隙,并引入多阶进一步拓宽了低频带隙。利用反手性材料的节点旋转和韧带弯曲变形特征,通过韧带折叠逐步调节反四手性单胞对角线的振动体大小和韧带刚度,实现多阶的非对称单胞设计,并通过对带隙上下边界的共振模态与传输特性的分析阐明了弹性波带隙的产生和变化机理。研究表明,在非对称模式下,利用手性材料的节点旋转和韧带弯曲变形特征,可实现质量块的旋转共振并打开带隙,通过交替排列的2对不同质量块之间的共振叠加拓宽带隙。最后通过实验验证了提出的非对称机械超材料具有更出色的宽带和低频隔振性能。

机械超材料  /  非对称  /  多阶  /  带隙  /  拉胀

Considering the issue that low frequency and broadband of elastic wave metamaterials cannot coexist, this paper realizes a low-frequency band gap by rotating asymmetric mechanical metamaterials, and further widens the low-frequency bandgap by introducing multiple orders. By utilizing the node rotation and ligament bending deformation characteristics of anti-chiral materials, the vibration body size and ligament stiffness of the anti-tetra chiral unit cell diagonal are gradually adjusted through ligament folding, and the multi-order asymmetric unit cell design is realized. The generation and change mechanism of elastic wave bandgap are explained by analyzing the resonance mode and transmission characteristics of the upper and lower bounds of the bandgap. The study shows that: in the asymmetric mode, the node rotation and ligament bending deformation characteristics of chiral materials are utilized to realize the rotation resonance of the mass block and open the bandgap, and the band gap is widened by the resonant superposition between two pairs of different mass blocks arranged alternately. Finally, the proposed asymmetric mechanical metamaterial is verified by experiments to have to demonstrate improved broadband and low-frequency vibration isolation performance.

mechanical metamaterials  /  asymmetry  /  multi-order  /  band gap  /  auxetic
王小鹏, 陈文炯, 黎胜. 基于旋转的多阶非对称机械超材料的低频宽带设计. 计算力学学报, 2025 , 42 (5) : 758 -764 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240613001
Xiaopeng WANG, Wenjiong CHEN, Sheng LI. Low frequency broadband design of multi-order asymmetric mechanical metamaterials based on rotation[J]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2025 , 42 (5) : 758 -764 . DOI: 10.7511/jslx20240613001
低频的机械振动和噪声在工程中很难消减,且容易与仪器发生共振并影响设备精度和使用寿命。因此低频减振降噪的设计方法和结构成为科研人员关注的热点。自从Liu等[1]提出了局域共振结构以来,人们开发出了许多具有小尺寸控制大波长的机械超材料[2]。这些超材料可以实现低频弹性波衰减,但基于局域共振型机理产生的低频带隙较窄且不连续,严重限制了在工程中的应用。
近年来,人们设计出了各种二维和三维拉胀多孔结构[3],如内凹六边形蜂窝[4]、手性结构、旋转刚体组件等[5]。其中手性/反手性弹性超材料因其独特的拉胀特性引起低频宽带隙特性而受到广泛关注,这源于调整连接的韧带弯曲和共振体旋转可以拓宽低频带隙。研究表明,反手性结构受到拉升或压缩时韧带两端的质量块会朝相反方向旋转,韧带相当于弹簧的作用,使得韧带弯曲进而产生负泊松比效应[6]。同理,在阵列的反手性结构施加法向载荷时,机械振动通过4条韧带传导到中心的质量块上,产生绕质心的转动力矩。由于相邻的质量块之间通过一个韧带相连该质量块,该质量块向某一方向旋转并通过与负载不同方向连接的韧带拉动或推动相邻的质量块产生旋转共振。手性/反手性结构中的对称性破缺是许多物理现象的重要机制[7,8]
最近,具有几何/材料非对称特性的机械超材料引起了越来越多的关注[9]。研究表明,单胞的不对称程度对提出的弹性波超材料在压缩下的稳定性和优异的机械性能起着关键作用,并且单胞结构对称性的破坏有助于拓宽带隙范围[10]。通过构造几何非对称形成共振非对称,这种具有多种共振模式的组合共振体是提升拓宽低频共振带隙的主要原因。
本文针对弹性波带隙低频化研究中低频与宽带不可并存且分布零散的问题,首先提出了基于多阶化的非对称机械超材料并通过探究几何非对称产生带隙的机理,揭示了多阶化对低频带隙的影响规律。其次,计算多阶非对称机械超材料的色散关系并深入讨论旋转共振机理对于拓宽带隙的作用。最后,通过振动测试实验验证仿真计算的准确性以及本章提出结构的有效性。数值和实验结果表明非对称结构中引入多阶都会增大带宽并降低带隙中心频率。
一阶、二阶、三阶非对称机械超材料的构建过程如图1所示。
在非对称机械超材料的设计过程中,首先分别在板材中按照设计的3种基础图案进行旋转割缝(图1(a-c)),然后按相互正交的方式周期排列割缝(图1(d-f)),最后得到穿孔板型的一阶、二阶、三阶非对称机械超材料(图1(g-i))。
3种非对称机械超材料的基础割缝的长度分别用l0l1l2表示,高度用h表示,宽度用b表示。本文每一种单胞的韧带宽度均相等,用w表示。为了简化提出模型的参数描述,引入一种几何比率,以更好地探索3种非对称单胞的缝隙参数与韧带宽度的设计准则。将韧带宽度w与晶格常数a的比率ηii=I、II、III)定义为ηi=w/a。因此,给出了3种基础缝隙的长(l0l1l2)、高(h)、宽(b)的取值范围和韧带宽度(w)的关系,一阶、二阶、三阶非对称机械超材料就可以分别通过一个参数来控制单胞结构变化。
图2所示,由ηi=w/a可知,当ηi=0时,韧带宽度w=0,此时单胞内部各个区域不连续。当η=0.2时,此时单胞变化为对称结构,不再满足非对称的要求。当η=0.075时,此时二阶单胞变化为一阶单胞,η=η=0.075意味着当η≥0.075时单胞会变得与一阶相同。当η=0.0325时,此时三阶单胞变化为二阶单胞,η=η=0.0325意味着当η≥0.0325时单胞会变得与二阶相同。
本文只考虑超材料板内部的弹性振动,不考虑面外振动。单胞尺寸为a×a=40 mm的立方晶格。固体材料为光敏树脂,材料的杨氏模量E=2.65 GPa,泊松比v=0.41,固体密度ρsolid=1100 kg/m3。固体的色散曲线归一化频率为
式中f为频率,a为晶格常数,固体材料的横波波速ct=924.28 m/s,固体材料的纵波波速cl=2366.5 m/s。
弹性波在固体中的波动方程为
式中u=[uxuyuz]为位移矢量,ρsolid为材料的密度,ω为角频率,Ev分别为杨氏模量和泊松比。
将Floquet-Bloch周期性边界条件沿xy方向应用于非对称单胞边界。由于超材料的周期性,单胞的外边界满足
式中ur)是周期性的位移矢量。a为晶格常数矢量,波矢量k=[kxkykz],位置矢量r=[xyz]。
将波动方程(5)与边界条件(6)联立求解,得到非对称单胞的标准特征方程
式中K为等效刚度矩阵,M为等效质量矩阵,U为单胞的位移矩阵,ω为弹性波传播的角频率。通过扫描最简布里渊区边界上的波矢量k与特征频率ω,计算得到固体单胞的色散曲线。
本文采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件中的固体力学模块进行仿真。首先,在固体单胞的xy方向的边界上施加Floquet周期边界条件。然后选用三角形网格进行剖分,并通过细化网格确定了网格精度的大小。最后,由特征频率模块求解得到的色散曲线,如图3(d~f)所示。
由于振动体的交错排列打破了轴向对称,需要对不同的区域进行扫描以确定最简布里渊区。本节选取单胞为a=40 mm的正方晶格,几何参数为η=0.025、η=0.025和η=0.025的一阶、二阶和三阶非对称单胞进行仿真分析。分别扫描非对称单胞的不可约布里渊区ΓMXY区域(即绿色阴影区域(图3(a~c))和粉色阴影区域(图3(a~c)))并得到相应的色散曲线(图3(d~f)),通过对比沿ΓMXΓMY的色散曲线中出现弹性波带隙的频率范围确定最简布里渊区。
图3中的全向带隙(Band Gap)用BG-1~BG-4标示。对比图3(d~f)中绿色阴影和粉色阴影内的色散关系曲线随波矢的变化规律可以看出,此类非对称机械超材料色散曲线可以沿着最简布里渊区边界扫描得到,并且从一阶到三阶,第一带隙BG-1出现的频域变低和带宽变宽。一、二、三阶非对称机械超材料在0 Hz~5000 Hz范围内全向带隙的频率分布列入表1
表1可以看出,从一阶到三阶,带隙出现的下限频率分别为4432.2 Hz、1439.5 Hz和1378.3 Hz,即带隙的下限频率逐渐降低。此外,在0 Hz~5000 Hz范围内,全向带隙的比例从一阶到三阶分别约为10.588%、59.388%和61.754%,即全向带隙的占比逐渐增大。综上所述,多阶化在带隙低频化和提高带隙占比方面均具有显著的优势。
这种现象的原因在于,随着阶数的增加,韧带逐渐变长且刚度降低,更容易产生低频共振,使弹性波局限在单胞内部。同时,从一阶到三阶,几何不对称性增大,质量块的非对称分布引起的破坏性干扰导致非对称振子的共振叠加,从而拓宽了较低频率的带隙。这些因素共同作用,使得低频范围内带隙的占比逐渐增加,显著提高了结构整体的隔振性能。
为了进一步分析低频带隙产生的机理,将图3中第一全向带隙BG-1的上边界和下边界用彩色圆圈、圆点和星形标示。对应的带隙上下边界振动模态如图4所示。
图4为第一全向带隙上下边界的共振模态的位移场(颜色表示位移大小,箭头的方向和长度分别表示箭头起点处介质的位移方向和大小)。从图4(a)中第一带隙BG-1下边界红色圆圈标示的共振模态可以看出,左上角1/4单胞和右下角1/4单胞均表现出同相位的单极共振与另一对角线的旋转共振耦合,打开杂化耦合能带,即绿色能带曲线的斜率从点Γ到点M或点X是负值。因此不同共振体的耦合共振是形成杂化耦合能带的根本原因。由第一带隙BG-1上边界绿色圆圈标示的共振模态可以看出,左上角1/4单胞和右下角1/4单胞均表现出同相位的四极共振,类似于波传播中的波峰与波谷,此刻能量沿对角方向向前传播。
对比图3(d,e)中蓝色阴影标记的全向带隙可以看出,第一带隙BG-1出现频域变低和带宽变宽。由图4(b)中第一带隙BG-1下边界红色圆点标示的共振模态可以看出,左上角1/4单胞和右下角1/4单胞均表现出韧带同相位的旋转共振与另一对角线的质量块同相位旋转共振耦合,这是由于几何非对称引起的质量非对称分布对弹性波的传播具有更强的破坏作用,产生丰富的各向异性振动模态,拓宽了低频带隙。由第一带隙BG-1上边界绿色圆点标示的共振模态可以看出,左上角1/4单胞和右下角1/4单胞均表现出同相位的四极共振,类似于波传播中的波峰与波谷,此刻能量沿对角方向向前传播。
对比图3(e,f)中第一带隙BG-1下边界频率和带宽发现,随着结构对称性的进一步破坏,几何非对称形成非对称共振特性时,更容易诱导产生低频带隙,但同时会减小带隙宽度。由图4(c)中第一带隙BG-1上下边界彩色星形标示的共振模态可以看出,通过局域共振打开的低频段带隙的频率范围可通过调谐局域共振频率来改变,当局域共振频率调至足够低时,带隙的起始频率与局域共振频率非常接近,但也因此很难获得低频宽带。
综上所述,质量块的非对称性丰富了非对称结构的振动模态和耦合模式,耦合模式的多样性提升了非对称结构的低频隔振性能。
在二维弹性波超材料的工程应用中,一般限定韧带/晶格常数≥0.05,以避免垂直于平面的面外振动,即韧带过窄导致厚度方向不稳定。因此本节选取η=0.05的非对称一阶构型进行实验验证。单胞为a=40 mm的正方晶格,如图5(a)所示,进行振动测试样件由25个单胞5×5阵列而成,长×宽×高=200 mm×200 mm×5 mm。测试样件使用光敏树脂(杨氏模量E=2.65 GPa,泊松比ν=0.41,固体密度ρsolid=1100 kg/m3)通过3D打印制备。为了方便测试样件与激振器连接以及信号采集的准确性,在四周分别设置了连接装置和采集装置,用于采集沿ΓX方向的振动特性。弹性波透射谱T的形式为
式中Ain为输入加速度信号,Aout为输出加速度信号。
在振动测试中,为了避免树脂板的重量造成垂直于板面振动对测试结果的影响,保持测试样件竖直放置并在上下两端固定。在测试样件的下端通过螺杆连接激振器施加垂直于树脂板的激励,并在下端激励点和上端的测试点安装加速度传感器,拾取垂直于板面的振动加速度幅值。如图5(b)所示,Brüel & Kjær振动测试系统产生0 Hz~5000 Hz的白噪声信号,经过Brüel & Kjær Type 2718功率放大器驱动Brüel & Kjær Type 4809激振器产生相应的振动,并通过螺杆传导到测试样件。安装在样件板下端和上端的Brüel & Kjær Type 4528加速度传感器分别拾取输入和输出的加速度信号,并经过Brüel & Kjær测试及分析系统分析和处理,最终得到测试样件的透射谱。振动测试的结果如图6所示。
图6中红色虚线对应有限元模拟的透射谱,而蓝色实线表示试件沿ΓX方向的实验测试透射谱。首先,从图6的频响曲线可以看到绿色阴影覆盖的频段出现明显的振动衰减,对应于能带图中的ΓX方向带隙。其次,在红色阴影覆盖的频段同样出现了明显的振动衰减,但对应的能带图中并无带隙,这是由于此频段为盲带,树脂板中沿传播方向的位移呈反对称分布,导致振动相互抵消而出现衰减。此外,透射谱在1034 Hz处出现了较大的衰减,这种现象对应于能带图特征值为反共振,此刻外激励对系统不做功,能量无法传输。最后,实验测试的结果与仿真数据对比发现测试得到的各共振峰的频率与有限元计算结果吻合良好,但在幅值上存在一定的差异。出现这种现象主要是因为实际用于测试的树脂是一种黏弹性材料,具有一定的阻尼,但在仿真中没有考虑材料中的阻尼。
图7展示了在500 Hz激励下5×5周期结构的加速度场分布的仿真结果。从超材料板的加速度场分布来看,入射的弹性波实际上没有衰减,而是沿对角线方向传播。然而,模型x方向右侧的响应拾取点的加速度值确实低于模型x方向左侧的激励点的加速度值,这就是500 Hz附近透射谱出现较大衰减的主要原因。
本文提出非对称机械超材料用于低频弹性波衰减,并且通过引入多阶进一步提升亚波长隔振性能。首先,计算多阶非对称机械超材料的色散关系。其次,通过分析能带图中带隙上下边缘的共振模态揭示了带隙产生的机理。发现带隙的产生取决于具有几何非对称的质量块与韧带之间旋转共振的强弱,而带隙的宽度取决于不同质量块之间的共振叠加。最后,通过振动测试实验验证了仿真计算的准确性以及本文提出结构的有效性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(12072058)
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doi: 10.7511/jslx20240613001
  • 接收时间:2024-06-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-13
  • 修回日期:2024-07-29
基金
国家自然科学基金(12072058)
作者信息
    大连理工大学 工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点实验室,大连 116024
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jslxxb/CN/10.7511/jslx20240613001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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