Article(id=1202984229564015003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1202984226762219866, articleNumber=1009-5438(2022)03-0048-04, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1639065600000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764743390694, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1656086400000, pubDateStr=2022-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764743390694, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764743390694, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764743390694, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1202984226762219866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2022', volume='48', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764743390026, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764744768237, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1202990007461049256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1202984226762219866, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1202990007461049257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1202984226762219866, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=48, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1202984229895365031, articleId=1202984229564015003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Cause Analysis on Surface Cracks of H Beam Steel Web, columnId=1187340471245357385, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Quality of Variety and Experiment and Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the causes of cracks are analyzed with the macro morphological observation, chemical composition analysis, metallographic microstructure inspection, scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum analysis aiming at the surface cracks of H beam web of a large domestic steel plant. The results showed that there was decarburization in the microstructure near cracks as well as there were secondary oxide particles containing silicon and manganese and the characteristic element sodium near matrix, which indicate that the cracks are generated during continuous casting of casting blank and finally formed on the surface of web.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hai-ming Wang, Ya-qiong Bai, Yan Jin), CN=ArticleExt(id=1202984230977495526, articleId=1202984229564015003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=CN, title=H型钢腹板表面裂纹产生原因分析, columnId=1185887584472417142, journalTitle=包钢科技, columnName=品种质量与试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=文章针对国内某大型钢厂H型钢腹板表面裂纹产生的情况,采用宏观形貌观察、化学成分分析、金相微观组织检验、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法对裂纹产生的原因进行了分析。结果表明:裂纹附近的显微组织存在脱碳现象,且基体附近存在含有硅、锰元素的二次氧化颗粒及特征元素钠,表明此类裂纹是在铸坯连铸过程中产生的,最终在腹板表面形成裂纹。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Q1aq/vzNDtkVSUTrcHlHpA==, magXml=Va0eUHaX1f1JhL9WaqPILA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Tls8YJX4iLHKjEnx/Lr5yw==, pdfFileSize=1306793, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=XW03WzjdfShh9cjqIVylNg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Y4LPiFhj94lnQmMyUGxrzQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王海明(1983-),男,内蒙古巴彦淖尔市人,高级工程师,现从事金属材料及热处理工艺工作。

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王海明(1983-),男,内蒙古巴彦淖尔市人,高级工程师,现从事金属材料及热处理工艺工作。

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王海明(1983-),男,内蒙古巴彦淖尔市人,高级工程师,现从事金属材料及热处理工艺工作。

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项目 C Si Mn P S Ni Cr Cu Nb
H型钢 0.08 0.44 0.41 0.086 0.008 0.26 0.43 0.27 0.033
协议要求 0.06~0.10 0.35~0.55 0.30~0.50 0.07~0.1 ≤0.015 0.2~0.3 0.4~0.5 0.2~0.3 0.025~0.035
), ArticleFig(id=1202984233968034442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1202984229564015003, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

H型钢腹板表面裂纹缺陷的化学成分(质量分数)%

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 C Si Mn P S Ni Cr Cu Nb
H型钢 0.08 0.44 0.41 0.086 0.008 0.26 0.43 0.27 0.033
协议要求 0.06~0.10 0.35~0.55 0.30~0.50 0.07~0.1 ≤0.015 0.2~0.3 0.4~0.5 0.2~0.3 0.025~0.035
), ArticleFig(id=1202984234043531916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1202984229564015003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
C O Mg Na Al S Si Mn Fe Ca
1.33 48.7 3.11 2.14 3.14 0.61 11.14 8.31 3.19 18.35
), ArticleFig(id=1202984234119029391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1202984229564015003, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

铸坯表面粘结物化学成分(质量分数)%

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
C O Mg Na Al S Si Mn Fe Ca
1.33 48.7 3.11 2.14 3.14 0.61 11.14 8.31 3.19 18.35
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H型钢腹板表面裂纹产生原因分析
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王海明 , 白雅琼 , 靳燕
包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2022,48(3): 48-51
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包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2022, 48(3): 48-51
H型钢腹板表面裂纹产生原因分析
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王海明, 白雅琼, 靳燕
作者信息
  • 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 王海明(1983-),男,内蒙古巴彦淖尔市人,高级工程师,现从事金属材料及热处理工艺工作。

Cause Analysis on Surface Cracks of H Beam Steel Web
Hai-ming Wang, Ya-qiong Bai, Yan Jin
Affiliations
  • Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2022-06-25
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文章针对国内某大型钢厂H型钢腹板表面裂纹产生的情况,采用宏观形貌观察、化学成分分析、金相微观组织检验、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法对裂纹产生的原因进行了分析。结果表明:裂纹附近的显微组织存在脱碳现象,且基体附近存在含有硅、锰元素的二次氧化颗粒及特征元素钠,表明此类裂纹是在铸坯连铸过程中产生的,最终在腹板表面形成裂纹。
H型钢  /  表面裂纹  /  脱碳  /  二次氧化物

In this paper, the causes of cracks are analyzed with the macro morphological observation, chemical composition analysis, metallographic microstructure inspection, scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum analysis aiming at the surface cracks of H beam web of a large domestic steel plant. The results showed that there was decarburization in the microstructure near cracks as well as there were secondary oxide particles containing silicon and manganese and the characteristic element sodium near matrix, which indicate that the cracks are generated during continuous casting of casting blank and finally formed on the surface of web.

H beam steel  /  surface crack  /  decarburization  /  secondary oxide
王海明, 白雅琼, 靳燕. H型钢腹板表面裂纹产生原因分析. 包钢科技, 2022 , 48 (3) : 48 -51 .
Hai-ming Wang, Ya-qiong Bai, Yan Jin. Cause Analysis on Surface Cracks of H Beam Steel Web[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2022 , 48 (3) : 48 -51 .
和普通的结构钢梁相比,H型钢具有单重轻、翼缘宽度大、单壁薄等特点,同时具有使用高度范围大、形状及厚度、宽度规格多、安装灵活、便于铆焊连结等优点。因此,在工程建筑中大量使用H型钢。钢厂一般采用异型坯为原料生产H型钢,目的是减少轧制道次,提高轧机生产能力和钢坯成材率。异型坯在节能降耗、降低制造成本、提高生产率等方面具有显著优势,和传统的规则坯料轧制过程相比,异型坯轧制更具有竞争力[1]。异型坯虽然有很多的优点和非常广阔的使用空间,但是异型坯的断面形状复杂,在连铸生产过程中容易产生表面缺陷,如针孔、夹渣、划痕、表面裂纹等,铸坯表面缺陷在加热及轧制过程中不容易消除,经常遗传到成品表面,最终导致在轧制生产中形成废品[2]
带有缺陷的H型钢来源于国内某钢企的轨梁厂,从宏观分析上看,在H型钢腹板上有一条纵向裂纹。为了深入分析,用线切割在带缺陷H型钢的典型缺陷部位取样,采用光谱分析化学成分;金相试样经研磨、抛光后,用体积分数为4%的硝酸酒精溶液侵蚀,采用Axio observer A1M金相显微镜对裂纹试样进行微观显微组织检测及分析;采用LEOEVO50HV扫描电镜(SEM)、EDAX GENESIS能谱仪(EDS)对裂纹附近组织及夹杂物进行观察、定量分析。
图1为H型钢腹板表面裂纹的宏观形貌。单条裂纹位于腹板1/3处,开裂程度较轻,沿轧制方向呈直线状纵向延伸。
利用光谱分析仪对H型钢腹板表面裂纹缺陷进行化学分析,结果如表1所示。
表1可知,H型钢的化学元素含量满足用户的技术协议要求。
利用金相显微镜对H型钢腹板表面裂纹缺陷进行金相分析,结果见图2图3
图2图3可知,裂纹深度在300~400 μm,位置较浅,基本位于连铸坯的激冷层内,裂纹周围显微组织脱碳现象明显,且裂纹斜向钢基体内部延伸。如图3所示,在裂纹附近的基体中存在大量尺寸非常小的颗粒,黑色颗粒的尺寸随着与裂纹距离的增大而逐渐减小,在距离裂纹200 μm左右的基体中未观察到黑色颗粒。H型钢腹板表面裂纹缺陷的晶粒较细,晶粒度可以达到8级,可以看出组织是铁素体和珠光体,无其它异常金相组织。
为了更清楚地观察及分析裂纹处的显微组织,采用扫描电镜对裂纹进行局部放大,并对裂纹附近基体中存在的小颗粒进行能谱分析,结果见图4
由能谱分析结果可知,黑色颗粒的主要成分为Si、Mn、Fe、O元素,同时含有少量的Al、Cr、Ca元素,文献称之为铁锰硅酸盐,是由于进入钢中的氧和强氧化性元素Si、Mn在高温作用下形成了富集Si、Mn的氧化物圆点[3]。这种氧化物圆点是二次氧化的产物,铸坯上出现裂纹后,在同时满足高温状态、有氧氛围、较长时间三个条件下逐渐形成,严格意义上,它不属于夹杂物,而是析出物。如果在高温停留时间较短,即使在粗轧和精轧过程中,也不具备生成条件[4]。裂纹附近发现大量非金属夹杂物,形貌为长条状不连续,对其进行了能谱分析,结果见图5
该夹杂物的能谱分析表明,其化学成分主要含有O、Fe、Na、Al、Si、Ca、Mn等元素,其中的钠元素为保护渣特征元素,说明这种夹杂物与保护渣有关[5]
对同批次生产的异型坯进行炼钢工序调查,同一浇次铸坯表面未发现明显的纵向裂纹,但铸坯表面存在不均匀的粘结物,搜集了铸坯表面的粘结物,采用X射线能谱对化学成分进行分析,结果如表2所示。由表2可知,粘结物主要含有O、Ca、Si、Mn、Al、Mg、Na等元素,根据元素含量判断粘结物为保护渣残留物。
从显微组织和能谱分析结果来看,裂纹周围存在脱碳和密集分布的含有Si、Mn元素氧化物圆点[6],说明在该H型钢轧制前,裂纹就已经存在,在铸坯保温加热过程中,高温作用下,加热炉内的氧化性气氛使铸坯裂纹附近的硅、锰元素发生内氧化。由于硅、锰元素的氧化物韧性差,且不易在外力作用下与基体粘合,因此在加热过程中如果加热速度过高,热应力过大,已经存在的裂纹会沿着析出物富集的方向扩展,使裂纹尺寸进一步加大[7]。该缺陷不是因轧制过程中的冷变形导致的,并且裂纹缺陷处斜向钢基体内部延伸,说明腹板表面的直线型裂纹是由铸坯裂纹所致,并非在轧制过程中因铸坯划伤造成的,存在裂纹的铸坯经加热炉加热后不能焊合,并在轧制过程中暴露出来而引起腹板表面裂纹。
裂纹附近夹杂物的能谱分析中还检测到钠元素,钠是连铸保护渣的特有成分,不是钢中应有的化学元素,裂纹处存在连铸坯保护渣的成分,说明该H型钢腹板的表面裂纹产生于连铸坯在结晶器内部凝结时。卷入钢液中的连铸保护渣被凝固坯壳捕获后,造成了局部传热不均匀,铸坯表面粘有保护渣残留物会进一步的加剧传热不均的问题,由于其与周围冷却速度不一致,先凝固和后凝固部分之间存在应力,当应力足够大时,凝固坯壳就会产生裂纹[8-9]
为了减少H型钢腹板裂纹发生率,需要提高其连铸坯质量,防止钢水在结晶器内凝固时在铸坯表面形成原始裂纹,经加热、轧制遗传至腹板表面。建议在生产H型钢连铸坯时采取如下措施:
(1)保持结晶器液面稳定。防止因拉速改变或者液面波动过大,造成铸坯表面振痕不规则、凝固坯壳厚度不均、铸坯表面温度波动大等形成的表面裂纹。
(2)选用合适的保护渣。在铸坯实际生产过程中,当脱出结晶器时,铸坯表面温度一般在1 200~1 250 ℃。使用的保护渣熔点温度应低于铸坯表面温度,才能使残渣脱落,因此对保护渣理化性能调整为控制保护渣的熔点在1 150 ℃以下,并且熔化速度及黏度等主要物理化学性质应与所浇注的钢种及采用的拉速相匹配。
(3)降低过热度。钢水过热度高低与初生坯壳能否正常生长有直接联系。钢水过热度越高,相同冷却条件下,坯壳减薄,又因钢水自重、坯壳承受的压力大,从而更易产生裂纹。在生产过程中,钢水过热度按15~30 ℃控制。
(4)稳定生产节奏。生产中如果拉速过高,会使凝固坯壳变薄,钢水自重使变薄的凝固坯壳产生鼓肚易引起表面裂纹的产生。而当拉速过低时,结晶器内部易产生较厚的坯壳,较厚的坯壳在凝固收缩时表面受张力、钢水静压力、摩擦力作用,就会导致坯壳薄弱处产生裂纹。在生产过程中,拉速稳定在1.5 m/min,以避免发生卷渣现象,从而提高钢水洁净度。
(5)提高铸坯判定标准,严把工序质量关。对存在表面夹渣或者表面裂纹的铸坯,应及时清理表面或者判废处理,避免有表面质量缺陷的铸坯进入下道工序。
通过对裂纹附近的显微组织及夹杂物进行扫描电镜及能谱分析,裂纹周围的基体存在脱碳及氧化圆点,并检测到保护渣特征元素钠,可以确定此类裂纹是连铸坯在结晶器凝固过程中产生原始裂纹,在后续轧制时最终形成腹板纵裂纹。通过工艺优化,消除了H型钢腹板表面裂纹缺陷。
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2022年第48卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2021-12-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2022-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-10
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    内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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