Article(id=1202984227605279132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1202984226762219866, articleNumber=1009-5438(2022)03-0004-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1635350400000, receivedDateStr=2021-10-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764743390227, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1656086400000, pubDateStr=2022-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764743390227, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764743390227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764743390227, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1202984226762219866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2022', volume='48', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764743390026, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764744768237, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1202990007461049256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1202984226762219866, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1202990007461049257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1202984226762219866, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1202984227840160158, articleId=1202984227605279132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Research on Refining Technology of Original Austenite Grain for X80 Pipeline Steel, columnId=1187100783049851249, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Expert Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the dimensional changes of austenite grain for X80 pipeline steel with such conditions as different heating temperatures and heating times are studied with the thermal simulation method. The results showed that the austenite grain coarsening was obvious, which was from the minimum, about 35 μm to about 120 μm with the increase of heating temperature and soaking time; but if the soaking time was shorter (1 min), the austenite grain size still remained within 80 μm even if it was heated at 1 280 ℃, which showed the essence of fine grained steel. As a result, the mathematic model of austenite grain growth for X80 pipeline steel was obtained by the regression of experimental data, which could provide basis for industrial production.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=He-song Zhang, Tao Niu, Bin Chen, Cai-xia Zhang, Na Zhou), CN=ArticleExt(id=1202984229115228599, articleId=1202984227605279132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=CN, title=X80管线钢原奥氏体晶粒细化工艺研究, columnId=1185887584006844505, journalTitle=包钢科技, columnName=专家论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=文章利用热模拟的方法,研究了X80管线钢在不同加热温度、加热时间条件下的奥氏体晶粒尺寸变化。结果表明,随着加热温度的升高和保温时间的延长,奥氏体晶粒粗化明显,由最小的35 μm左右粗化至120 μm左右;但在保温时间较短(1 min)的情况下,即使在1 280 ℃加热奥氏体晶粒尺寸仍然保持在80 μm以内,体现了细晶钢的本质。利用试验数据回归了X80管线钢的奥氏体晶粒长大数学模型,为工业生产提供了依据。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Vw1sKABj2mrns+oEabmO3A==, magXml=DzrIfXATYolKvbOHn0+udA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=dwqNBFe68r0ZdtDZywUD7A==, pdfFileSize=2425710, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=r0ViIbhGB0hFYM1sudXJBw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=PRPa4HGgKTHdBT5kIhiOXA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张鹤松(1987-),男,河北省石家庄市人,博士,研究员,主要从事管线钢产品研发工作。

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张鹤松(1987-),男,河北省石家庄市人,博士,研究员,主要从事管线钢产品研发工作。

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张鹤松(1987-),男,河北省石家庄市人,博士,研究员,主要从事管线钢产品研发工作。

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C Si Mn P S Nb+Ti+V Mo、Ni、Cu、Al
<0.06 <0.20 1.75~1.85 <0.01 <0.002 0.11 0.48
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化学成分(质量分数)%

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C Si Mn P S Nb+Ti+V Mo、Ni、Cu、Al
<0.06 <0.20 1.75~1.85 <0.01 <0.002 0.11 0.48
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X80管线钢原奥氏体晶粒细化工艺研究
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张鹤松 1 , 牛涛 1 , 陈斌 1 , 张彩霞 2 , 周娜 2
包钢科技 | 专家论坛 2022,48(3): 4-9
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包钢科技 | 专家论坛 2022, 48(3): 4-9
X80管线钢原奥氏体晶粒细化工艺研究
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张鹤松1, 牛涛1, 陈斌1, 张彩霞2, 周娜2
作者信息
  • 1 首钢集团有限公司技术研究院,北京 100043
  • 2 首钢股份迁安钢铁公司,河北 迁安 064404
  • 张鹤松(1987-),男,河北省石家庄市人,博士,研究员,主要从事管线钢产品研发工作。

Research on Refining Technology of Original Austenite Grain for X80 Pipeline Steel
He-song Zhang1, Tao Niu1, Bin Chen1, Cai-xia Zhang2, Na Zhou2
Affiliations
  • 1 Shougang Research Institute of Technology, Beijing 100043, China
  • 2 Shougang Qian’an Steel Corp., Qian’an 064404, Hebei, China
出版时间: 2022-06-25
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文章利用热模拟的方法,研究了X80管线钢在不同加热温度、加热时间条件下的奥氏体晶粒尺寸变化。结果表明,随着加热温度的升高和保温时间的延长,奥氏体晶粒粗化明显,由最小的35 μm左右粗化至120 μm左右;但在保温时间较短(1 min)的情况下,即使在1 280 ℃加热奥氏体晶粒尺寸仍然保持在80 μm以内,体现了细晶钢的本质。利用试验数据回归了X80管线钢的奥氏体晶粒长大数学模型,为工业生产提供了依据。
X80管线钢  /  奥氏体  /  晶粒  /  加热  /  模型

In this paper, the dimensional changes of austenite grain for X80 pipeline steel with such conditions as different heating temperatures and heating times are studied with the thermal simulation method. The results showed that the austenite grain coarsening was obvious, which was from the minimum, about 35 μm to about 120 μm with the increase of heating temperature and soaking time; but if the soaking time was shorter (1 min), the austenite grain size still remained within 80 μm even if it was heated at 1 280 ℃, which showed the essence of fine grained steel. As a result, the mathematic model of austenite grain growth for X80 pipeline steel was obtained by the regression of experimental data, which could provide basis for industrial production.

X80 pipeline steel  /  austenite  /  grain  /  heating  /  model
张鹤松, 牛涛, 陈斌, 张彩霞, 周娜. X80管线钢原奥氏体晶粒细化工艺研究. 包钢科技, 2022 , 48 (3) : 4 -9 .
He-song Zhang, Tao Niu, Bin Chen, Cai-xia Zhang, Na Zhou. Research on Refining Technology of Original Austenite Grain for X80 Pipeline Steel[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2022 , 48 (3) : 4 -9 .
X80管线钢在具有高强度、高韧性、低的包辛格效应和良好焊接性能的同时,还要求有高的韧性止裂性能[1-3]。在西气东输二线、西气东输三线等国家重点管道建设项目中得到了广泛的应用。奥氏体晶粒尺寸的控制对管线钢性能具有举足轻重的作用。高级别管线钢生产中,铸坯的均热温度和保温时间是轧制工艺中重要的控制参数。均热温度的高低和保温时间的长短影响着钢的原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸、晶粒均匀化程度和加入微合金元素的固溶量。为控制轧制过程形成晶粒度均匀的再结晶奥氏体,并最终得到具有优异综合性能的钢材,希望合理的控制均热温度和保温时间,保证微合金元素的固溶。在轧制中通过溶质拖曳机制阻止奥氏体再结晶,并抑制晶粒长大[4-5]。因此,对铸坯制定合理的加热制度和保温时间十分重要。
若加热过程中的原始奥氏体晶粒过于粗大,发生动态再结晶的临界变形量增大[6-7],对形变奥氏体的细化以及相变后室温组织的细化都有直接影响,因此,研究原始奥氏体的晶粒细化措施,对X80管线钢综合力学性能控制具有重要意义。
原始奥氏体晶粒细化主要是通过加热温度、加热时间、成分设计优化等方面来实现。在以往的文献报道中,加热温度、保温时间对高级别管线钢原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸的影响已经开展了相关研究[8]。但在相关晶粒长大模型建立等方面研究较少。本文通过对X80在不同加热温度、保温时间条件下的奥氏体组织演变的研究,建立奥氏体晶粒长大的数学模型,为X80管线钢实际生产提供理论依据。
从工业生产X80管线钢热轧板取样,采用线切割的方式进行试样加工,试样尺寸为Φ6 mm×11 mm,化学成分如表1所示。在Gleeble 2000热模拟试验机上进行试验,见图1。为了研究不同加热温度、保温时间对X80管线钢奥氏体组织的影响,将试样分别加热到不同温度(1 180、1 230、1 250和1 280 ℃),保温1、5、10 min后淬火,保留原始奥氏体晶界。对试样进行磨抛,用饱和苦味酸进行腐蚀,并进行奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸测量。利用不同加热温度、保温时间条件下得到的奥氏体晶粒尺寸数据进行回归分析,得到X80管线钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸长大的数学模型。
为了研究粗大奥氏体对相变的影响,选取研究的三个奥氏体组织,进行两阶段轧制模拟,分别选取奥氏体晶粒尺寸,最大的1 280 ℃保温10 min、1 230 ℃保温5 min,以及最小的1 180 ℃保温1 min。
首先,利用经典的公式对此成分下的主要相变点进行计算,结果如下。

Ac3=910-203×ω(C)0.5-15.ω(Ni)+44.ω(Si)+104×ω(V)+31.ω(Mo)+13.ω(W)-30×ω(Mn)-11×ω(Cr)-20×ω(Cu)+700×ω(P)+120×ω(As)=883 ℃

Ac1=723-10.ω(Mn)-16.ω(Ni)+29.ω(Si)+16.ω(Cr)+290×ω(As)+6.38×ω(W)=713 ℃

Bs=830-270×ω(C)-90×ω(Mn)-37×ω(Ni)-70×ω(Cr)-83×ω(Mo)=616 ℃

Bf=Bs-120=496 ℃

实际相变点采用膨胀曲线进行确定。奥氏体转变过程分为两个部分,其中第一次收缩是由于碳化物的溶解,使其周围组织优先转变成为奥氏体。随着温度的进一步升高,剩余的铁素体继续向奥氏体转变,体积进一步的收缩[8-9]。由图2可以看出,在20 ℃/s的加热速度下,部分针状铁素体组织开始向奥氏体发生转变,相变开始温度为700 ℃左右;随着相变的进行,最终奥氏体转变完成温度为920 ℃左右。奥氏体化温度与经典理论计算值相比有所提高,这可能是由于X80钢中Nb、V、Ti的碳氮化物析出对晶界的钉扎作用,抑制了奥氏体形核后的长大过程,Mo、Cr元素也具有相似的作用。
在保温时间较短的情况下,奥氏体晶粒尺寸即使在1 280 ℃时仍能够保证在80 μm以内,显示了本质细晶钢的特征。随着保温时间的延长,奥氏体晶粒总体有增大的趋势,但在较低温度加热时,晶粒长大的趋势并不明显,而当加热温度达到1 230 ℃以上时,加热5 min即表现出了较强的晶粒粗化倾向,保温10 min后奥氏体晶粒尺寸已经基本达到了100 μm,而加热到1 280 ℃时晶粒的粗化倾向更加明显,保温10 min后已经达到了120 μm,见图3。晶粒长大是系统为使总的界面自由能降低而进行的自发过程,在晶粒长大驱动力作用下,晶粒通过晶界的迁移实现长大。随着均热温度的升高,钢中微合金元素的M(C,N)逐渐溶解,降低了其对奥氏体晶界移动的“钉扎”作用[10]
在等温时,奥氏体晶粒的长大动力学可由下式表示:
D1/n- D 0 1 / n=Kt=M0exp - Q g R T·t
式中:D为奥氏体晶粒平均直径;D0为奥氏体晶粒在t=0 s时的平均直径;n为时间指数;K为速率常数。通常认为当D0D相比差距较大时,可以当做零或常数处理。因此可以由另一种简化的公式进行代替。
D=ktn
两边取对数得:
lnD=lnk+nlnt
因此可以根据试验数据进行拟合回归,得到n的平均值为0.164 98,拟合系数分别达到了0.998和0.999。
通过对不同温度下的试验数据回归,可以最终得到奥氏体长大静态激活能为749 416 J/mol;常数M0为1.00×1035。因此,奥氏体晶粒长大模型可以描述为:
D1/0.165- D 0 1 / 0.165=1×1035×exp - 749416 R T·t
众所周知,TiN的析出温度和溶解温度都很高,在正常的板坯加热过程中很难全部溶解,TiN的溶解度积公式通常用以下两式进行计算。
lg(ω(Ti)·ω(N))=3.94-15.190/T
lg(ω(Ti)·ω(N))=0.32-8 000/T
计算可知,对于ω(Ti)=0.012%ω(N)=0.003 4%的成分体系,TiN的溶解温度分别为1 556.62 ℃和1 425.75 ℃,因此在现有的板坯加热条件下,TiN是不可能全部溶解的。
Mn对Nb元素在奥氏体中固溶度影响较大。由于N元素基本被Ti完全固定,因此钢中Nb及C的含量满足以下关系:
lg(ω(Nb)·ω(C))=3.555-8 000/T+(1 369/T-0.899)ω(Mn)
ω ( N b ) - ω ( N b ) γ ω ( C ) - ω ( C ) γ= A N b A C
按照前面所述的方法可以计算出其完全固溶温度为1 180 ℃左右。因此,在1 180 ℃以上加热时,NbC基本已经完全回溶,起到的钉扎作用有限。而主要依靠TiN对奥氏体晶界进行钉扎。
第二相粒子对奥氏体晶界的钉扎力,可以由以下公式进行描述:
Fm= 3 f σ 2 r
式中:Fm为钉扎力,f为第二相体积分数,σ为界面能,r为析出相尺寸。
由此可以看出,本试验中在1 230 ℃以下加热时,奥氏体晶粒尺寸都没有发生剧烈长大的现象;当温度达到1 280 ℃左右,随着加热温度的提高,小尺寸TiN首先回溶,而整体体积分数也随之下降,对晶界的钉扎作用减弱,奥氏体晶粒尺寸粗化程度提高。
由三种加热工艺在低冷速下的显微组织对比可以看出,随着原始奥氏体晶粒的细化,原始奥氏体最粗大的室温组织为板条贝氏体+马氏体/奥氏体岛(M/A岛),奥氏体晶粒细化后,组织以粒状贝氏体(GB)为主,部分位置还有一定的板条贝氏体特征;随着奥氏体晶粒的进一步细化,最终得到的组织中以粒状贝氏体为主,还有少量的等轴的先共析铁素体,整个组织向高温转变方向发展,晶粒细化程度提高,M/A岛的细化程度随之提高。这主要是由于随着奥氏体晶粒细化,晶界面积提高,不稳定性增强,为先共析铁素体的生成提供了更多的形核点,从而促进了高温转变的发生。图5为三种加热工艺在低冷速下的显微组织对比。
图6的组织对比可以看出,当冷速为10 ℃/s时,加热温度1 280 ℃、保温时间10 min、冷却速度10 ℃/s工艺条件下,粗大奥氏体的最终相变组织中板条贝氏体(LB)特征更加明显;而原始奥氏体晶粒最细小的加热温度1 180 ℃、保温时间1 min、冷却速度10 ℃/s工艺,组织以典型的针状铁素体(AF)为主,体现出转变温度相对略高的特征。
由相变温度可以看出,同样在10 ℃/s冷速下,三种不同的原始奥氏体组织的相变开始温度并无明显变化,而相变终了温度随着奥氏体的细化而提高,这可能是由于奥氏体晶粒越粗大,晶界面积越小,形核部位越少,贝氏体的孕育期越长,长大速率降低,转变速度减慢。
图7可以看出,当冷速为30 ℃/s时,三种不同的原始奥氏体组织下的最终相变组织均以板条贝氏体为主,当原始奥氏体晶粒较粗时其组织中还含有少量的板条马氏体,而随着奥氏体晶粒的细化被少量的粒状贝氏体替代,晶粒也得到了一定程度的细化。总体来看组织差别较小,而从相变点温度也可以看出此时不同原奥氏体晶粒尺寸的影响较小。
(1)随着加热温度的升高和保温时间的延长,奥氏体晶粒粗化明显,由最小的35 μm左右粗化至120 μm左右。
(2)在保温时间较短(1 min)的情况下,即使在1 280 ℃加热奥氏体晶粒尺寸仍然保持在80 μm以内,体现了细晶钢的本质。
(3)利用试验数据回归了X80管线钢的奥氏体晶粒长大数学模型,为工业生产提供了依据。
(4)随着原始奥氏体晶粒的细化,低冷速下的相变开始温度差别较大,终了温度基本接近,主要是由于铁素体相变的差异造成的;而随着冷却速度的提高,相变温度差距缩小而转变组织类型与晶粒细化程度有所差别。
  • 国家重点研发计划“21.4 mm X80低温管线钢钢带生产技术”课题(2017YFB0304903)
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  • 接收时间:2021-10-28
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2022-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-10-28
基金
国家重点研发计划“21.4 mm X80低温管线钢钢带生产技术”课题(2017YFB0304903)
作者信息
    1 首钢集团有限公司技术研究院,北京 100043
    2 首钢股份迁安钢铁公司,河北 迁安 064404
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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