Article(id=1201193882596892876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1201193876590654455, articleNumber=1009-5438(2025)04-0095-04, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740758400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764316538713, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764316538713, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764316538713, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764316538713, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201193876590654455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2025', volume='51', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764316537282, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764316948844, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201195602878100389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1201193876590654455, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201195602878100390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1201193876590654455, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=95, endPage=98, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201193882965991656, articleId=1201193882596892876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Research on Operation Technology of Ultra Low Emission for Regenerative Heating Furnace, columnId=1187102804364640261, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Others, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this article, it is introduced the nitrogen content and oxygen concentration in heating furnace are reduced to inhibit NOx to be generated through taking such specific measures as strictly implementing cooling system for rolling delay, improving hot charging rate and strengthening furnace body maintenance from the aspect of strengthening management of heating furnace as well as such means as taking minimum coefficient of excess air, refining air-fuel ratio, reasonably distributing thermal load, accurately controlling combustion temperature, prohibit negative pressure operations and increasing preheating temperature through analyzing the generation mechanism and influencing factors of NOx based on current thought and methods of treatment for NOx combining with working principle and characteristics of regenerative heating furnace. As a result, the accuracy of production operation is improved, generation of NOx is reduced so that ultra low emission of NOx is achieved.

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文章通过对NOx生成机理及影响因素分析,依据现阶段NOx治理思路和治理方法,结合蓄热式加热炉工作原理及特点,从加强加热炉管理方面采取了严格执行待轧降温制度、提高热装率、加强炉体维护等具体措施,减少加热炉内氮含量与氧浓度抑制NOx生成,实行最小空气过剩系数、细化空燃配比、合理分配热负荷、精准控制燃烧温度、杜绝负压操作、提高预热温度等手段,提高生产操作精度,降低NOx生成,实现NOx超低排放。

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张庆峰(1975-),男,辽宁省黑山市人,高级技师,现从事加热炉操作、维检修管理工作。

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张庆峰(1975-),男,辽宁省黑山市人,高级技师,现从事加热炉操作、维检修管理工作。

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张庆峰(1975-),男,辽宁省黑山市人,高级技师,现从事加热炉操作、维检修管理工作。

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保温时间/h 均热段 加热段
0.25 低于正常温度80 ℃ 低于正常温度50 ℃
0.5 温度控制在880~980 ℃ 温度控制在850~980 ℃
1 温度控制在830~880 ℃ 温度控制在800~850 ℃
3 温度控制在700~750 ℃ 温度控制在700~750 ℃
>4 开2个点火烧嘴 蓄热烧嘴全关
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加热炉待轧降温制度

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保温时间/h 均热段 加热段
0.25 低于正常温度80 ℃ 低于正常温度50 ℃
0.5 温度控制在880~980 ℃ 温度控制在850~980 ℃
1 温度控制在830~880 ℃ 温度控制在800~850 ℃
3 温度控制在700~750 ℃ 温度控制在700~750 ℃
>4 开2个点火烧嘴 蓄热烧嘴全关
), ArticleFig(id=1201193886086553996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1201193882596892876, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
煤气热值(Kcal·m-3) 空燃比 空气过剩系数
7 942 1.85∶1 1.03
8 360 1.95∶1 1.03
9 196 2.20∶1 1.03
10 032 2.39∶1 1.03
10 868 2.62∶1 1.03
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不同煤气热值时的空然比

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煤气热值(Kcal·m-3) 空燃比 空气过剩系数
7 942 1.85∶1 1.03
8 360 1.95∶1 1.03
9 196 2.20∶1 1.03
10 032 2.39∶1 1.03
10 868 2.62∶1 1.03
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蓄热式加热炉超低排放操作技术研究
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张庆峰 , 王海燕 , 胡波 , 蔺继东
包钢科技 | 其他 2025,51(4): 95-98
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包钢科技 | 其他 2025, 51(4): 95-98
蓄热式加热炉超低排放操作技术研究
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张庆峰, 王海燕, 胡波, 蔺继东
作者信息
  • 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司长材厂, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 张庆峰(1975-),男,辽宁省黑山市人,高级技师,现从事加热炉操作、维检修管理工作。

Research on Operation Technology of Ultra Low Emission for Regenerative Heating Furnace
Qingfeng Zhang, Haiyan Wang, Bo Hu, Jidong Lin
Affiliations
  • Long Products Plant of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25
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文章通过对NOx生成机理及影响因素分析,依据现阶段NOx治理思路和治理方法,结合蓄热式加热炉工作原理及特点,从加强加热炉管理方面采取了严格执行待轧降温制度、提高热装率、加强炉体维护等具体措施,减少加热炉内氮含量与氧浓度抑制NOx生成,实行最小空气过剩系数、细化空燃配比、合理分配热负荷、精准控制燃烧温度、杜绝负压操作、提高预热温度等手段,提高生产操作精度,降低NOx生成,实现NOx超低排放。

蓄热式加热炉  /  超低排放  /  操作技术

In this article, it is introduced the nitrogen content and oxygen concentration in heating furnace are reduced to inhibit NOx to be generated through taking such specific measures as strictly implementing cooling system for rolling delay, improving hot charging rate and strengthening furnace body maintenance from the aspect of strengthening management of heating furnace as well as such means as taking minimum coefficient of excess air, refining air-fuel ratio, reasonably distributing thermal load, accurately controlling combustion temperature, prohibit negative pressure operations and increasing preheating temperature through analyzing the generation mechanism and influencing factors of NOx based on current thought and methods of treatment for NOx combining with working principle and characteristics of regenerative heating furnace. As a result, the accuracy of production operation is improved, generation of NOx is reduced so that ultra low emission of NOx is achieved.

regenerative heating furnace  /  ultra low emission  /  operation technology
张庆峰, 王海燕, 胡波, 蔺继东. 蓄热式加热炉超低排放操作技术研究. 包钢科技, 2025 , 51 (4) : 95 -98 .
Qingfeng Zhang, Haiyan Wang, Bo Hu, Jidong Lin. Research on Operation Technology of Ultra Low Emission for Regenerative Heating Furnace[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2025 , 51 (4) : 95 -98 .
国家正在钢铁行业推进以颗粒物、SO2NOx为代表的污染物超低排放,2023年底召开的中央经济工作会议提出,要持续深入打好蓝天、碧水、净土保卫战。作为轧钢厂大气污染物主要来源的加热炉应率先实现超低排放。
目前轧钢厂加热炉超低排放治理过程中,进行了大量超低排放设备设施的改造及建设,如何提高加热炉管理操作水平,最大限度发挥设备优势,实现超低排放,成为广大技术人员与操作人员急需解决的问题。
NOx的生成可分为三种,为热力型、燃料型、快速型。
(1)热力型NOx。在高温下,氮气与氧气反应生成NOx。这一过程对温度的依赖性很高,随着温度的升高,NOx的生成量显著增加,其中温度、空气过剩系数和高温区停留时间都会影响热力型NOx的生成。
(2)燃料型NOx。由燃料中所含有的氮元素在燃料燃烧时形成的。燃料中含氮的有机化合物通过热裂解,生成CN、HCN及NH等中间产物,进一步氧化生成NOx。温度对燃料型NOx的生成影响并不明显,主要是由于燃料含氮化合物的热裂解所需温度不高,约为600~800 ℃[1]
(3)快速型NOx。由碳氢化合物在燃烧时产生的烃与空气中的N2分子发生反应,形成CN、HCN,继而氧化成NOx,其生成机理非常复杂,中间反应过程存在时间非常短暂。其生成主要受碳氢化合物燃料中碳氢化合物的浓度、炉膛压力、燃烧区内N2浓度的影响。
(1)燃烧温度。温度是影响热力型NOx生成的关键因素,其随着燃烧温度的升高而显著增加,在1 200 ℃以下时,温度升高其生成量明显增加,温度在1 200 ℃以上时,增加相对平缓。
(2)空气过剩系数。空气过剩系数a对燃料型NOx的生成影响很大[2],a<1时,氧被充分耗尽,破坏了氮与氧反应的物质条件,使其生成量急剧降低;在a>1.1时,燃料中的氮转化成NOx的转化率随a值变大而增加。空气过剩系数过大也会对快速型NOx的生成产生影响, 当a>1.4时,快速型NOx的生成量达到最大值。
(3)氧与氮在高温中滞留时间。在高温条件下,氧与氮的滞留时间越长,越有利于NOx的生成。
(4)燃料性质。燃料的种类和性质对NOx的生成有重要影响。不同种类的燃料含氮量不同,且燃料中氮的存在形式也会影响NOx的生成。
(5)燃烧方式。空气与燃气的混合比例,对NOx的生成有显著影响。降低火焰温度和改变空气与燃气混合比例可以实现低NOx燃烧。现在新建加热炉大都采用多次送风的烧嘴降低火焰温度和混合比例实现低NOx燃烧。
超低排放是指在工业生产过程中,通过对污染物种类和排放浓度进行限制,将排放物减少至最小限度。根据《关于推进实施钢铁行业超低排放的意见》环大气[2019]35号文要求,轧钢加热炉NOx超低排放指标为小于200 mg/m3
现阶段轧钢厂加热炉NOx治理的主要思路有三种,分别为:
(1)前端治理。使用低硫低氮燃料燃烧实现超低排放,将尽量去除煤气中NH3、HCN、吡啶、喹啉等含氮成分。
(2)生成端治理。使用新型低氮烧嘴、富氧燃烧等技术,对燃烧过程及燃烧温度进行控制,实现超低排放。
(3)末端治理。烟气排放前使用各种催化剂、反应物或吸附物将SO2NOx固化去除,以实现超低排放。1#蓄热式加热炉烟气治理为末端治理,采用固定床干法脱硫脱硝工艺。
(1)在煤气生产净化环节,提高焦油捕集率与脱苯吸收率,加大氨的去除,采取脱硫脱氰新技术,为加热炉提供成分稳定的煤气,控制燃料型NOx的生成。
(2)改造加热炉燃烧系统及燃烧方式,使用分级燃烧器、低氮烧嘴、富氧燃烧等新技术新设备,减少热力型NOx与快速型NOx的生成,新建改建加热炉中多采用此技术。
(3)烟气排放控制技术,通过安装烟气脱硫、脱硝和除尘设备,对NOx排放进行有效控制。这些设备可以分别去除烟气中的SO2NOx和粉尘颗粒物,从而降低NOx的排放浓度,暂无改造计划的加热炉正在使用这种方法实现超低排放。
蓄热烧嘴一般成对工作,空气、煤气经过换向器进入一侧蓄热烧嘴,通过蓄热体时常温的空气、煤气被加热到1 000 ℃左右进入炉内进行弥漫混合燃烧,产生的高温烟气通过另一侧蓄热烧嘴将热量传递到蓄热体[3],烟气温度由1 100~1 200 ℃降到200 ℃以下,由引风机排出厂房外。经过40~90 s时间,换向器将蓄热烧嘴在工作状态Ⅰ和Ⅱ(图1)之间自动转换,使一个处于燃烧状态,而另一个处于排烟状态,就这样循环往复,从而将高温烟气中90%的热量由空气及煤气重新带入炉内,达到高效节能的目的。
某线材厂1#蓄热式加热炉,近几年暂无燃烧系统更新改造,现阶段主要以烟气排放控制技术与加热炉操作管理相结合的方式实现加热炉超低排放。
某线材厂1#蓄热式加热炉烟气排放控制是利用固定床干法脱硫脱硝工艺,烟气中的氧气和一氧化氮在催化剂上催化反应生成二氧化氮,二氧化氮被烟气中存在的CO还原成为氮气并生成二氧化碳[4]
催化反应式:
$\text{2NO+}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\text{+4CO}\to {{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}\text{+4C}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}$
(1)严格执行待轧降温制度。细化不同煤气热值时空燃比,制定操作性强的待轧降温与提温制度,重点对短时间停轧与轧前提温的管理。改变原15分钟以内短停轧不降温的错误操作,实行停轧即降温,先减量空气后减量煤气;杜绝开轧前大煤气量、大空气量、超长时间提温的错误操作,实行缓慢适时操作,先供给煤气后供给空气,两种方法相结合来减少停轧时炉内强氧化性气氛的形成,控制燃料型与快速型NOx的生成。表1为加热炉待轧降温制度。
(2)提高计划排产与来料匹配度,提高热装率。热送热装既是节约煤气、降低燃耗有效方法,也是减少NOx排放的重要措施。加强与炼钢厂沟通,根据来料情况,有针对性地合理安排生产计划,最大限度提高热装率,尽可能将坯料从运输车上直接上料。从测温统计数据看,从运输车直接上料比坯料落垛30 min后上料坯料温度高150 ℃以上,能够大幅降低坯料对加热温度的要求,可以实现下限温度加热与减少煤气、空气使用量,进而减少NOx生成总量。
(3)加强炉体维护,提高加热炉气密性。加热炉一般为微正压操作,炉体气密性不佳,极易造成过量空气进入炉膛,增加炉内氮含量和氧浓度,生成大量NOx。日常操作时,炉门使用后立即关闭,经常检查炉内辊道及人孔封堵情况,炉内情况查看后及时堵严观察孔,减少多余空气进入炉内。
(1)设置最小空气过剩系数,严格遵守空燃配比,降低炉内氮含量与氧浓度。生产实践表明,空气过剩系数控制在1.01~1.03范围内就可以保证煤气完全燃烧。依据煤气成分和热值,制定切实可行的空燃比,控制炉内氮含量与氧浓度,减少氮、氧结合几率,从源头上减少NOx生成。具体操作时要求根据煤气压力、热值变化,及时增减空气用量,将过剩空气对温度影响降到最小。表2为不同煤气热值时的空然比。
(2)合理分配热负荷,实现燃烧温度的精准控制。操作中根据轧制品种规格、热装情况及生产工况,合理分配各燃烧段的煤气、空气使用量,轧制高碳钢时,精准控制加热段的上限温度,杜绝炉内超高温点的形成,减少NOx生成。
(3)保证炉膛压力,杜绝负压操作。加热炉负压时,大量空气从炉门及孔洞进入炉内,炉内氧浓度急剧增加,NOx随之大量生成。操作时要严格执行“三勤”“三同时”操作,保证炉膛压力稳定在20 Pa左右,停轧前、煤气压力波动,更应保证加热炉正压操作,杜绝多余空气进入炉膛,将炉内氮含量与氧浓度控制在最低值。
(4)提高空气、煤气预热温度。空气、煤气预热温度越高,对空气、煤气的消耗就越低,炉内生成NOx总量就越少。操作时加强蓄热烧嘴前阀的调节,控制蓄热箱温度在150 ℃左右,既保证脱硝催化剂正常使用,又能充分预热空气、煤气。
超低排放不仅对环境治理有意义,对企业的发展也有着重要的意义。加热炉生产中从管理与操作两方面采取细化空燃比、提高预热温度,精准控制燃烧等措施和方法,可以有效降低炉内氮含量与氧浓度,减少NOx排放总量与强度,同时可以减少煤气消耗,有助于降低企业投入的环保成本,提高企业的经济效益。
参考文献 引证文献
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曹少敏. 燃气工业炉旋流燃烧应用研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2014.
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刘义忠. 加热炉燃烧器在线低氮改造[J]. 石油化工设备技术, 2022, 43(6):10-12,31.
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2025年第51卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2025-03-01
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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    内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司长材厂, 内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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