Article(id=1201193880399077436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1201193876590654455, articleNumber=1009-5438(2025)04-0083-04, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740758400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764316538190, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764316538190, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764316538190, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764316538190, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201193876590654455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2025', volume='51', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764316537282, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764316948844, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201195602878100389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1201193876590654455, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201195602878100390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1201193876590654455, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=83, endPage=86, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201193880726233169, articleId=1201193880399077436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Determination of Rare Earth Sulfides, Rare Earth Sulfur Oxides and Rare Earth Oxides in Steel, columnId=1187102804364640261, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Others, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The rare earth inclusions in rare earth steel sample are separated from the matrix by electrolysis. The separations of rare earth sulfides, rare earth sulfur oxides and rare earth oxides are studied through different solvents, water bath time and chemical tests so that the scientific and reliable analytical method is established. The verification tests indicated that the results of precision for sample detection were good and relative standard deviation was less than 10%; for the comparative experiment of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and spectrophotometry, detection results of the two methods were consistent. The analytical method could provide important technical supports for mechanism studies of rare earths in steel.

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稀土钢样品通过电解,将钢中稀土夹杂物与基体分离。分别通过不同溶剂、水浴时间及化学实验研究稀土硫化物、稀土硫氧化物及稀土氧化物的分离,建立科学可靠的分析方法。验证试验表明,样品检测的精密度结果良好,相对标准偏差小于10%;等离子体质谱法与光度法比照实验两种方法的检测结果吻合。分析方法为稀土在钢中的机理研究提供重要的技术支撑。

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刘钢耀(1973-),男,内蒙古包头市人,高级工程师,现从事冶金分析工作。

, authorsList=刘钢耀, 袁晓鸣, 李智丽, 杨翰枭, 王宴秋, 张鑫)}, authors=[Author(id=1201193881644785803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1201193880399077436, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1201193881774809236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1201193880399077436, authorId=1201193881644785803, language=EN, stringName=Gangyao Liu, firstName=Gangyao, middleName=null, lastName=Liu, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
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刘钢耀(1973-),男,内蒙古包头市人,高级工程师,现从事冶金分析工作。

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刘钢耀(1973-),男,内蒙古包头市人,高级工程师,现从事冶金分析工作。

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项目 参数
功率/W 1 100
等离子气流量/(L·min-1) 15
辅助气流量/(L·min-1) 1.2
载气流量/(L·min-1) 0.85
进样速度/(L·min-1) 1.5
透镜电压 自动
采样锥/mm Φ1.1
截取锥/mm Φ0.9
扫描方式 跳峰
重复次数 3
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等离子质谱仪工作参数

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项目 参数
功率/W 1 100
等离子气流量/(L·min-1) 15
辅助气流量/(L·min-1) 1.2
载气流量/(L·min-1) 0.85
进样速度/(L·min-1) 1.5
透镜电压 自动
采样锥/mm Φ1.1
截取锥/mm Φ0.9
扫描方式 跳峰
重复次数 3
), ArticleFig(id=1201193884853428575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1201193880399077436, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
稀土含量 1% 3% 5% 7%
稀土硫化物中分离出来的La 0.000 71 0.000 85 0.000 91 0.000 90
稀土硫化物中分离出来的Ce 0.004 8 0.006 5 0.006 8 0.007 0
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碘-甲醇浓度的影响%

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稀土含量 1% 3% 5% 7%
稀土硫化物中分离出来的La 0.000 71 0.000 85 0.000 91 0.000 90
稀土硫化物中分离出来的Ce 0.004 8 0.006 5 0.006 8 0.007 0
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稀土含量 30 min 60 min 90 min 120 min
稀土硫化物中分离出来的La 0.000 41 0.000 87 0.000 90 0.000 85
稀土硫化物中分离出来的Ce 0.000 31 0.006 8 0.006 5 0.007 0
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水浴时间的影响%

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稀土含量 30 min 60 min 90 min 120 min
稀土硫化物中分离出来的La 0.000 41 0.000 87 0.000 90 0.000 85
稀土硫化物中分离出来的Ce 0.000 31 0.006 8 0.006 5 0.007 0
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稀土含量 时间
10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min
稀土硫氧化物中分离出来的La 0.003 0 0.003 6 0.004 3 0.004 5 0.004 2
稀土硫氧化物中分离出来的Ce 0.003 8 0.004 6 0.005 3 0.005 7 0.005 5
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水浴时间的影响%

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稀土含量 时间
10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min
稀土硫氧化物中分离出来的La 0.003 0 0.003 6 0.004 3 0.004 5 0.004 2
稀土硫氧化物中分离出来的Ce 0.003 8 0.004 6 0.005 3 0.005 7 0.005 5
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反应体系 稀土氧化物
中的La
稀土氧化物
中的Ce
硝酸+盐酸+过氧化氢 0.007 1 0.003 8
硝酸+高氯酸 0.006 4 0.004 0
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不同反应体系的影响%

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反应体系 稀土氧化物
中的La
稀土氧化物
中的Ce
硝酸+盐酸+过氧化氢 0.007 1 0.003 8
硝酸+高氯酸 0.006 4 0.004 0
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夹杂物 Ce RSD
测定值 平均值
稀土硫化物 0.007 2,0.006 8,0.007 2,0.008 0,0.008 2,0.007 2 0.007 4 7.34
稀土硫氧化物 0.005 8,0.006 0,0005 5,0.005 3,0.005 0,0.005 4 0.005 5 6.51
稀土氧化物 0.000 44,0.000 42,0.000 38,0.000 44,0.000 36,0.000 38 0.000 40 8.54
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精密度实验结果%

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夹杂物 Ce RSD
测定值 平均值
稀土硫化物 0.007 2,0.006 8,0.007 2,0.008 0,0.008 2,0.007 2 0.007 4 7.34
稀土硫氧化物 0.005 8,0.006 0,0005 5,0.005 3,0.005 0,0.005 4 0.005 5 6.51
稀土氧化物 0.000 44,0.000 42,0.000 38,0.000 44,0.000 36,0.000 38 0.000 40 8.54
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样品 方法 稀土硫化物中的稀土含量 稀土硫氧化物中的稀土含量 稀土氧化物中的稀土含量
26CrMo47VRE(Ce) 质谱法 0.007 2 0.005 5 0.000 42
光度法 0.007 8 0.006 0 0.000 50
Q355BRE(La) 质谱法 <0.000 2 0.004 6 0.007 2
光度法 <0.000 2 0.004 4 0.007 8
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准确度实验结果%

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样品 方法 稀土硫化物中的稀土含量 稀土硫氧化物中的稀土含量 稀土氧化物中的稀土含量
26CrMo47VRE(Ce) 质谱法 0.007 2 0.005 5 0.000 42
光度法 0.007 8 0.006 0 0.000 50
Q355BRE(La) 质谱法 <0.000 2 0.004 6 0.007 2
光度法 <0.000 2 0.004 4 0.007 8
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钢中稀土硫化物、稀土硫氧化物及稀土氧化物的测定
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刘钢耀 1, 2 , 袁晓鸣 1, 2 , 李智丽 1, 2, 3 , 杨翰枭 1, 2 , 王宴秋 1, 2 , 张鑫 1
包钢科技 | 其他 2025,51(4): 83-86
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包钢科技 | 其他 2025, 51(4): 83-86
钢中稀土硫化物、稀土硫氧化物及稀土氧化物的测定
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刘钢耀1, 2, 袁晓鸣1, 2, 李智丽1, 2, 3, 杨翰枭1, 2, 王宴秋1, 2, 张鑫1
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2 内蒙古自治区稀土钢产品研发重点实验室, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 3 北京包钢钢铁技术有限公司, 北京 100083
  • 刘钢耀(1973-),男,内蒙古包头市人,高级工程师,现从事冶金分析工作。

Determination of Rare Earth Sulfides, Rare Earth Sulfur Oxides and Rare Earth Oxides in Steel
Gangyao Liu1, 2, Xiaoming Yuan1, 2, Zhili Li1, 2, 3, Hanxiao Yang1, 2, Yanqiu Wang1, 2, Xin Zhang1
Affiliations
  • 1 Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 2 Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Steel Products Research & Development, Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 3 Beijing Baotou Steel Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25
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稀土钢样品通过电解,将钢中稀土夹杂物与基体分离。分别通过不同溶剂、水浴时间及化学实验研究稀土硫化物、稀土硫氧化物及稀土氧化物的分离,建立科学可靠的分析方法。验证试验表明,样品检测的精密度结果良好,相对标准偏差小于10%;等离子体质谱法与光度法比照实验两种方法的检测结果吻合。分析方法为稀土在钢中的机理研究提供重要的技术支撑。

稀土硫化物  /  稀土硫氧化物  /  稀土氧化物  /  电感耦合等离子体质谱法

The rare earth inclusions in rare earth steel sample are separated from the matrix by electrolysis. The separations of rare earth sulfides, rare earth sulfur oxides and rare earth oxides are studied through different solvents, water bath time and chemical tests so that the scientific and reliable analytical method is established. The verification tests indicated that the results of precision for sample detection were good and relative standard deviation was less than 10%; for the comparative experiment of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and spectrophotometry, detection results of the two methods were consistent. The analytical method could provide important technical supports for mechanism studies of rare earths in steel.

rare earth sulfides  /  rare earth sulfur oxides  /  rare earth oxides  /  inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
刘钢耀, 袁晓鸣, 李智丽, 杨翰枭, 王宴秋, 张鑫. 钢中稀土硫化物、稀土硫氧化物及稀土氧化物的测定. 包钢科技, 2025 , 51 (4) : 83 -86 .
Gangyao Liu, Xiaoming Yuan, Zhili Li, Hanxiao Yang, Yanqiu Wang, Xin Zhang. Determination of Rare Earth Sulfides, Rare Earth Sulfur Oxides and Rare Earth Oxides in Steel[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2025 , 51 (4) : 83 -86 .
稀土在钢中以夹杂物、固溶态和金属间化合物的形态存在,其在炼钢过程中具有变质夹杂、净化钢液、微合金化等作用。与此同时,它还可以减少钢中条状硫化物夹杂的数量,改善钢的机械性能,尤其是耐磨性能、耐蚀性能,同时在提高冲击韧性方面作用尤为明显。稀土钢的成分和冶炼工艺固然会影响夹杂物的类型、组成和形态等,其不容忽视的是稀土与氧和硫等亲和力强的非金属元素的结合。由于稀土元素具有很强的金属性,因此极易与这些非金属元素结合,从而改变钢中夹杂物的种类,使其转变为稀土氧化物、稀土硫氧化物、稀土硫化物等稀土类夹杂物。稀土含量的变化会对夹杂物的类型、组成和形态产生影响,也会对炼钢的连铸工艺产生直接影响。除此之外,在钢中添加稀土还可以明显改变钢中夹杂物的分布,当钢中稀土总含量较低时,稀土大部分以氧化物、硫化物或硫氧化物存在,很难形成金属间化合物,其夹杂物具有分布弥散和颗粒细小的特点。
本文梳理了关于钢中稀土夹杂物检测分析的研究报道。文献[1]以试样为阳极,不锈钢为阴极,在外加电流和非水电解液中,进行阳极电化学溶解,从基体中分离碳化物和夹杂物,由稀土夹杂物与碳化物等组成的阳极残渣,经化学处理,转化成溶液,最后用DBC-偶氮胂显色剂直接分光光度测定稀土夹杂物的总量。文献[2]采用电化学法对稀土夹杂物、固溶稀土分离及测定进行系统研究。在稀土钢化学检测领域,包钢自研完成钢中稀土分量、稀土夹杂总量和固溶稀土检测分析的作业指导书。开展稀土在钢中的作用机理研究,了解稀土夹杂物的种类和含量的变化及其相关物理性能的关系,有助于优化钢中稀土加入工艺,合理调控稀土夹杂物组成,拓展稀土钢的研究内容,大力推动稀土钢的开发。
本文主要围绕加入镧铁和铈铁合金的稀土钢中稀土硫化物、稀土硫氧化物及稀土氧化物的分离和检测进行研究,采用等离子体质谱法完成了稀土类夹杂物的检测,夹杂物含量以镧和铈含量表征,填补了包钢在稀土夹杂物分离及检测领域的空白。
实验仪器为美国PE公司生产的ELAN DRC-e四级杆等离子质谱仪,配置动态反应池,工作参数见表1。选用干扰少、丰度高的138.906La和139.905Ce作为实验用同位素。
主要试剂包括电解液:1%氯化锂+5%三乙醇胺+5%乙二醇的乙醇溶液;盐酸: ρ约1.19g/mL;硝酸: ρ约1.42g/mL;高氯酸: ρ约1.68g/mL:30%过氧化氢;5%碘-甲醇溶液;1%醇钠;1.00 mg/mL镧标准溶液;1.00 mg/mL铈标准溶液;实验用水为去离子水。
试样取自现场生产的Q355BRE(加入稀土La)钢样、26CrMo47VRE(加入稀土Ce)钢样,全部机加工为Φ8 mm×100 mm的电解用柱状试样。
250 mL玻璃烧杯中加入250 mL电解液,放入不锈钢阴极,将其放在冷藏柜中冷却至-15 ℃。用导线将称量过的电解试样(作为阳极)和不锈钢阴极与硅整流器连接,接通电源,电流调节为0.3~0.6 A,电解约1 h,取出试样,用胶皮擦棒将试样上的附着物(稀土夹杂物)擦洗至烧杯中,洗净试样,过滤掉烧杯中的残渣,试样干燥后称量。
稀土硫化物的分离:将残渣转移到烧杯中,加入40 mL碘-甲醇溶液和1 mL甲醇钠溶液,于50 ℃水浴中静置1 h,然后过滤,滤液蒸干后,加入5 mL硝酸直至近干后,再加2 mL高氯酸,加热至冒烟,冷却转移至100 mL容量瓶中,定容,采用质谱仪测定稀土硫化物中的稀土含量。
稀土硫氧化物的分离:将分解稀土硫化物的残渣置于烧杯中,加入50 mL硝酸溶液(2%)于50 ℃水浴中静置30 min,过滤,洗涤残渣,收集滤液,转移至100 mL容量瓶中,定容,采用质谱仪测定稀土硫氧化物中的稀土含量。
稀土氧化物的分离:将分解稀土硫氧化物残渣转移至250 mL烧杯中,加入5 mL硝酸分解残渣,然后分别再加入5 mL盐酸和5 mL过氧化氢,待反应溶液澄清后,转移至100 mL容量瓶定容,采用质谱仪测定稀土氧化物中的稀土含量。
稀土硫化物属于不稳定稀土夹杂物,通常采用碘的甲醇溶液进行分离提取。经测定,甲醇的pH值约为7.0,浓度5%的碘-甲醇溶液的pH值约为3.0,可能形成H2O与HI,提高溶液的酸度,可以将稀土硫化物进行置换分离。在实际测定中,为了防止在高酸度下浸蚀其他夹杂物,在碘-甲醇溶液中加入适量碱性的甲醇钠溶液。甲醇的沸点为64.7 ℃,为了提高反应速率,实验方案将水浴温度设定为50 ℃,水浴时间设定为30 min、60 min、90 min和120 min,碘-甲醇浓度分别取1%、3%、5%和7%,分别以碘-甲醇浓度和水浴时间为研究变量进行稀土硫化物分离试验,结果见表2表3
表2表3的实验结果可知,随着碘-甲醇浓度的增加和水浴时间的增加,稀土硫化物中分离出来的稀土含量逐渐趋于一致。当碘-甲醇浓度在3%~7%,水浴时间在60 min~90 min的条件下,实验结果的标准偏差均小于10%。在实际测定中,由于碘-甲醇溶液水浴时挥发较快,溶液容易蒸干,会影响下一步稀土硫氧化物的分离,所以确定稀土硫化物分离采用“5%浓度的碘-甲醇溶液+60 min水浴”的检测方法。
采用酸溶法分离钢中一些稳定的氧化物,酸溶液一般常用硝酸和盐酸。由于硝酸具有强氧化性和强酸性,可以分解钢中的渗碳体,因此在夹杂物的分离方面得到了广泛应用。文献[3]采用浓度2%的硝酸溶液在50 ℃下分离稀土硫氧化物。本文采用文献[3]的分析方法研究水浴时间对分离结果的影响,结果如表4所示。
表4可知,实验在水浴30 min后,稀土硫氧化物中分离出来的稀土含量结果趋于稳定,可以表明稀土硫氧化物已全部溶解。
稀土硫氧化物经过分离后,通过醋酸纤维膜进行过滤,获得稀土氧化物残渣。将残渣转移至250 mL玻璃烧杯中,分别加入“5 mL硝酸、5 mL盐酸和5 mL过氧化氢”与“5 mL硝酸和2 mL高氯酸”混合溶液分解残渣,待溶液清亮无浑浊和高氯酸冒烟后,取下烧杯冷却后,转移溶液至100 mL容量瓶中,定容,通过质谱仪测定稀土氧化物中的稀土含量,结果见表5
采用“硝酸+盐酸+过氧化氢”反应体系与“硝酸+高氯酸”反应体系均可测定稀土氧化物的夹杂物含量。高氯酸属于强氧化剂,反应前需要加入浓硝酸破坏有机物后,才能加入高氯酸继续反应,由于二者反应剧烈存在一定的危险性,因此选择“硝酸+盐酸+过氧化氢”反应体系测定稀土氧化物的夹杂物含量。
连续10次测定空白溶液,检测的稀土La、Ce空白平均值分别为0.000 001 5%和0.000 001 8%,标准偏差为0.000 007%和0.000 006%。以空白实验标准偏差的3倍计算,得到La和Ce的检出限为0.000 021%和0.000 018%,以空白实验标准偏差的10倍计算出La、Ce的测定下限为0.000 21%、0.000 18%。
26CrMo47VRE稀土钢样按照上述样品处理方法,分别独立6次电解分离提取稀土硫化物、稀土硫氧化物、稀土氧化物,通过等离子体质谱仪测定各分离产物中的稀土Ce含量,测定结果和相对标准偏差见表6。结果表明,以单一稀土元素含量表征微量稀土夹杂物的相对标准偏差(RSD)≤10%,方法具有良好的精密度,满足测定要求。
目前,稀土夹杂物的分离检测方面还没有标准物质,为了验证方法的准确度,分别采用等离子体质谱法和DBC-偶氮胂分光光度法,选取加入铈铁合金的26CrMo47VRE和加入镧铁合金的Q355BRE钢种进行方法比对,以Ce和La表征钢中稀土硫化物、稀土硫氧化物及稀土氧化物的含量,实验结果见表7。两种方法测定结果在偏差范围内,满足检测的准确度要求。
采用碘-甲醇和甲醇钠溶液分离测定稀土硫化物、2%硝酸分离测定稀土硫氧化物与“硝酸+盐酸+过氧化氢”混合溶液分离测定稀土氧化物,实现了稀土硫化物、稀土硫氧化物及稀土氧化物等稀土类夹杂物中的单一稀土La含量与Ce含量的测定,为钢中稀土加入工艺优化及稀土在钢中的机理研究提供了重要技术支持。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
宋月芳, 罗伟. 低合金钢中稀土夹杂物总量的测定[J]. 宝钢技术, 1994(2):37-41.
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朱惠兰. 钢中固溶稀土的分离与分析方法[J]. 冶金分析, 1990, 10(1):56-57.
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实用冶金分析-方法与基础[M]. 沈阳: 辽宁科学技术出版社, 1990.
2025年第51卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2025-03-01
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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    1 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心, 内蒙古 包头 014010
    2 内蒙古自治区稀土钢产品研发重点实验室, 内蒙古 包头 014010
    3 北京包钢钢铁技术有限公司, 北京 100083
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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