Article(id=1201193878180291541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1201193876590654455, articleNumber=1009-5438(2025)04-0019-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740499200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764316537660, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764316537660, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764316537660, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764316537660, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201193876590654455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2025', volume='51', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764316537282, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764316948844, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201195602878100389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1201193876590654455, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201195602878100390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1201193876590654455, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=19, endPage=24, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201193879736377352, articleId=1201193878180291541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Analysis on Abnormal Flaw Detection of Fixed Flash Welding Joint for Heavy Rail Steel, columnId=1187100781414069182, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Production Practices and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The ultrasonic flaw detection of fixed flash welding joints for 60 kg/m-U75V rail is carried out in a welded rail base. It is found that there is excessive alarm of flaw detection at the rail bottom corner at welding line. The joints with defects are analyzed through metallographic observation, detections with scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results showed that the lack of fusion and hole defect were observed at weld bond at rail bottom of welded joint at the position marked by rail detecting as well as there were gray spots and abnormal bulk inclusions at fracture of bending. Analysis suggested that the main causes of flaw detection alarm were the lack of fusion and hole defects caused by formulating improper welding process parameters as well as excessive inclusions in base material. The defects could be reduced by optimizing welding process and improving metallurgical quality of base material.

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某焊轨基地对60 kg/m-U75V钢轨固定闪光焊接接头进行超声探伤,发现在焊缝轨底角部位存在探伤超标报警的情况。通过金相观察、扫描电镜及能谱仪(EDS)检测,对伤损接头进行分析。结果表明,在钢轨探伤标记位置,焊接接头轨底熔合线处观察到焊接未熔合以及孔洞缺陷,并且在弯曲断口处存在灰斑及异常大块夹杂物。分析认为,探伤报警的主要原因是焊接工艺参数制定不当产生的未熔合、孔洞缺陷以及母材存在超标夹杂物,可通过优化焊接工艺、提高母材冶金质量来减少此类缺陷的产生。

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文浩然(1994-),男,内蒙古通辽市人,硕士,助理工程师,现从事钢轨焊接技术研究工作。

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文浩然(1994-),男,内蒙古通辽市人,硕士,助理工程师,现从事钢轨焊接技术研究工作。

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文浩然(1994-),男,内蒙古通辽市人,硕士,助理工程师,现从事钢轨焊接技术研究工作。

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检验编号 焊缝编号 探伤位置 取样方式
1# 24102229 轨底角下表面探伤不合 取金相样
2# 24102119 轨底角上表面探伤不合 取金相样
3# 24102010 轨底南侧四区热影响区 取金相样
4# 24101903 轨底③、④区距轨底5 mm左右 取金相样
5# 24101904 轨底③、④区距轨底3 mm左右 取弯曲样
6# 24101911 轨底角上表面探伤不合 取弯曲样
), ArticleFig(id=1201193888435364286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1201193878180291541, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

接头伤损位置及取样信息

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检验编号 焊缝编号 探伤位置 取样方式
1# 24102229 轨底角下表面探伤不合 取金相样
2# 24102119 轨底角上表面探伤不合 取金相样
3# 24102010 轨底南侧四区热影响区 取金相样
4# 24101903 轨底③、④区距轨底5 mm左右 取金相样
5# 24101904 轨底③、④区距轨底3 mm左右 取弯曲样
6# 24101911 轨底角上表面探伤不合 取弯曲样
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重轨钢固定闪光焊接接头探伤异常分析
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文浩然 1 , 张凤明 1 , 梁正伟 1 , 薛虎东 1 , 周可 1 , 李涛 2 , 张鑫 1
包钢科技 | 生产实践与管理 2025,51(4): 19-24
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包钢科技 | 生产实践与管理 2025, 51(4): 19-24
重轨钢固定闪光焊接接头探伤异常分析
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文浩然1, 张凤明1, 梁正伟1, 薛虎东1, 周可1, 李涛2, 张鑫1
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2 中国铁路呼和浩特局集团有限公司集宁工务段, 内蒙古 乌兰察布 012000
  • 文浩然(1994-),男,内蒙古通辽市人,硕士,助理工程师,现从事钢轨焊接技术研究工作。

Analysis on Abnormal Flaw Detection of Fixed Flash Welding Joint for Heavy Rail Steel
Haoran Wen1, Fengming Zhang1, Zhengwei Liang1, Hudong Xue1, Ke Zhou1, Tao Li2, Xin Zhang1
Affiliations
  • 1 Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 2 Jining Track Maintenance Division of China Railway Hohhot Group Co., Ltd., Ulanqab 012000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25
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某焊轨基地对60 kg/m-U75V钢轨固定闪光焊接接头进行超声探伤,发现在焊缝轨底角部位存在探伤超标报警的情况。通过金相观察、扫描电镜及能谱仪(EDS)检测,对伤损接头进行分析。结果表明,在钢轨探伤标记位置,焊接接头轨底熔合线处观察到焊接未熔合以及孔洞缺陷,并且在弯曲断口处存在灰斑及异常大块夹杂物。分析认为,探伤报警的主要原因是焊接工艺参数制定不当产生的未熔合、孔洞缺陷以及母材存在超标夹杂物,可通过优化焊接工艺、提高母材冶金质量来减少此类缺陷的产生。

钢轨闪光焊接  /  探伤  /  焊接缺陷

The ultrasonic flaw detection of fixed flash welding joints for 60 kg/m-U75V rail is carried out in a welded rail base. It is found that there is excessive alarm of flaw detection at the rail bottom corner at welding line. The joints with defects are analyzed through metallographic observation, detections with scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results showed that the lack of fusion and hole defect were observed at weld bond at rail bottom of welded joint at the position marked by rail detecting as well as there were gray spots and abnormal bulk inclusions at fracture of bending. Analysis suggested that the main causes of flaw detection alarm were the lack of fusion and hole defects caused by formulating improper welding process parameters as well as excessive inclusions in base material. The defects could be reduced by optimizing welding process and improving metallurgical quality of base material.

flash welding of rail  /  flaw detection  /  welding defect
文浩然, 张凤明, 梁正伟, 薛虎东, 周可, 李涛, 张鑫. 重轨钢固定闪光焊接接头探伤异常分析. 包钢科技, 2025 , 51 (4) : 19 -24 .
Haoran Wen, Fengming Zhang, Zhengwei Liang, Hudong Xue, Ke Zhou, Tao Li, Xin Zhang. Analysis on Abnormal Flaw Detection of Fixed Flash Welding Joint for Heavy Rail Steel[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2025 , 51 (4) : 19 -24 .
我国铁路在运营速度、运量及规模上均处于世界领先地位。随着铁路的迅速发展,对轨道线路的要求不断提高。为保证舒适性和安全性,我国铁路普遍采用无缝钢轨,钢轨焊接是无缝线路的基础,焊接质量对无缝线路的正常运行至关重要。目前国内外常用的钢轨焊接方法有闪光焊、气压焊、铝热焊和电弧焊[1]。据统计,我国无缝线路接头中,约90%的接头采用闪光焊[2]。国内铁路钢轨的基地焊接普遍采用闪光焊,并要求进行焊后热处理[3]。钢轨焊接接头是线路的薄弱环节,其焊接质量直接关系到铁路的安全运行[4-5]
对国内某焊轨基地,在焊接生产500米60 kg/m-U75V长钢轨时,焊接接头轨底区域出现批量探伤异常回波现象,部分波形已达100%。针对接头批次伤损问题开展实验室检测分析,查明本批次焊接的U75V钢轨轨底探伤异常回波成因,对提高钢轨焊接质量具有重要意义。
根据探伤报警位置选取6个典型试样,进行实验室检测分析。60 kg/m-U75V长钢轨采用国内通用的GAAS80/580焊机进行固定闪光焊接,接头采用双频正火机进行焊缝热处理,接头经过时效处理、矫直、精铣后,进行超声波探伤。超声波探伤发现在焊缝轨底角三角区距离轨底3~7 mm的位置以及轨底角的上下表面存在伤波,反射波高在60%~100%之间。按照焊轨企业内部探伤标准,焊接接头质量判定为不合格。
在探伤确定的伤损位置处取金相试样及弯曲试样,具体取样位置信息见表1
金相试样尺寸为15 mm×15 mm,采用研磨纵向面进行制备,并通过光学显微镜观察伤损位置的显微组织及微区形貌。弯曲样加工成断面尺寸为8 mm×8 mm的长条试样,使用弯曲试验机将压头与伤损位置接触,进行三点弯曲试验,直至试样发生断裂,具体试样伤损位置见图1图2。采用显微镜观察金相组织,使用扫描电镜(SEM)观察断口的形貌和断裂特征,同时利用能谱仪(EDS)测定断口特征点的典型化学成分。根据检验结果,对送检的固定闪光焊接接头焊缝探伤出现伤波的原因进行分析讨论。
针对1#—4#四个接头的伤损试样,按照探伤标定位置进行取样。试样经过打磨和抛光处理后,使用4%的硝酸酒精溶液进行侵蚀,以观察其宏观形貌和微观组织。对1#试样纵向面表面进行研磨、抛光、腐蚀后,肉眼可见在焊接接头熔合线位置存在明显腐蚀黑线,通过光学显微镜观察,黑线位置存在裂纹缺陷,经测量该裂纹长度大约4 mm,见图3图4。分析认为在焊接过程中熔合线部分区域产生未熔合缺陷,调直后裂纹扩大,由于腐蚀液渗入缺陷内部,导致缺陷位置腐蚀严重,在熔合线上存在肉眼可见的黑线。
图5展示了2#试样的金相照片。从抛光后的金相照片中可以观察到,在同一水平线上存在断续的点状缺陷,其他位置未见明显的裂纹、孔洞等缺陷。试样经过腐蚀处理后,发现这些点状缺陷位于焊缝熔合线位置。分析认为,可能由于探伤定位偏差导致金相试样铣磨过量,从而使缺陷不明显或缺失。
3#试样的探伤不合位置位于热影响区附近。经过显微镜观察,在探伤位置附近发现了总长度超过400 μm、宽度20 μm以上的B类粗系2级夹杂物,具体情况见图6。根据TB/T 2344.1—2020标准,该夹杂物评级已超出规定允许范围。通过能谱分析,夹杂物主要由C、O、Mg、Al、Si、Ca等元素组成,属于典型的硅酸盐氧化物。其他位置未发现明显缺陷或超标夹杂物。
4#试样在磨制后,探伤异常位置发现了多处明显的孔洞缺陷。试样经过腐蚀处理后,发现孔洞缺陷位于熔合线处,而接头其他位置未见明显缺陷,见图7
通过对1#—4#金相试样观察发现,在伤损部位均存在焊接未熔合及孔洞缺陷,并且其中一块试样检测到超标的B类夹杂物,表明焊接过程中存在焊接工艺参数制定不当的问题。
分析表明,焊接端面局部加热不足,导致金属未能完全软化或熔化,在顶锻阶段无法形成良好结合,从而产生未熔合缺陷。此外,母材中含有超标氧化物,在焊接加热过程中释放气体,在未能充分塑性流动并有效挤出的情况下,容易在焊接接头中形成孔洞缺陷。
通过三点弯曲试验,三个弯曲试样均在焊缝位置(探伤异常标记位置)断裂,见图8。观察断口宏观形貌,5#和6#试样弯曲断口裂纹传播方向清晰,反映了裂纹沿材料内部弱结合面迅速扩展的特性,属于典型脆性断裂的失效形式。在5#试样距离轨底2~4 mm位置以及6#试样轨底角近上表面均存在与基体周围断裂形貌不同的光滑界面,这些界面的出现可能是因为材料内部的夹杂物、氧化产物或其他不均匀成分引起的,并且以上光滑界面位置与探伤缺陷回波定位基本相同。为了确定断口的起裂源及原因,对图9中断口红色标记位置进行扫描电镜观察以及能谱分析(EDS),通过对断口特征点的典型化学成分分析,进一步探究试样断裂原因。
将5#和6#试样的弯曲断口用丙酮浸泡后进行超声波清洗,清洗后烘干,并通过扫描电镜观察其断口形貌。电镜下明显看到,断口的裂纹源均在图9中红色圆圈内部(探伤异常标记位置),断口为脆性断裂,断裂面整体形貌光滑、平整,无明显塑性变形痕迹,并且伴有河流状及放射状纹理。扫描电镜下显示,光滑界面与基体断口形貌存在明显不同,光滑界面的断口形貌主要表现为韧窝组织以及白亮块状物质,见图10。这些白亮块状物质的存在表明该区域可能存在夹杂物、气孔或其他缺陷,这些缺陷可能成为裂纹萌生的起始点。
对上述白亮块状物质进行了能谱分析(EDS),5#试样断口扫描照片及能谱结果如图11所示。裂纹源区域的白亮块状物质主要包括O、Si、Mn、Fe等元素,表明该非金属夹杂物主要为氧化锰和硅酸盐,属于典型的灰斑缺陷。6#试样断口的白亮块状物质相对较大,并且出现在轨底上表面位置。对该区域进行的能谱分析,结果如图12所示。该区域的化学成分除O、Si、Mn、Fe外,还包含Ca、Na、Mg、K等元素。由于Na、K元素是典型的炼钢过程中保护渣的成分,这表明钢液在浇注过程中可能存在结晶器保护渣的卷入,进而导致母材中出现超标夹杂物。
异常大块夹杂物的产生应归因于母材在冶炼过程中,由于卷渣作用,导致内部存在较多氧化夹杂物。在焊接过程中,母材在热输入的作用下发生熔化,与母材相比,氧化夹杂物具有较高的熔点[6],因此未能完全熔化,并以细小块状形式存在于焊缝金属溶液中,由于焊缝金属溶液的流动性较差,这些较为分散的夹杂物逐渐聚集,在焊接过程的顶锻阶段,由于顶锻压力不足,部分聚集成块的夹杂物未能随母材金属溶液挤出焊缝,最终被留在轨底表面位置,从而形成裂纹源。
(1)接头探伤报警异常的主要原因为焊接工艺参数制定不当,导致了未熔合、孔洞缺陷的产生,以及母材中存在异常夹杂物。
(2)在接头热影响区发现超标夹杂物,其总长度超过400 μm,宽度在20 μm以上,评级为B类粗系2级夹杂物。通过能谱分析,夹杂物的化学成分主要为C、O、Mg、Al、Si、Ca,属于典型的硅酸盐氧化物。
(3)断口处观察到异常大型夹杂物。钢轨母材中存在外来夹杂物是导致断口轨底角上表面出现异常大型夹杂物的一个重要原因。
参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第51卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2025-02-26
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-26
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    1 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心, 内蒙古 包头 014010
    2 中国铁路呼和浩特局集团有限公司集宁工务段, 内蒙古 乌兰察布 012000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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