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The phase transformation law is analyzed through determining the transformation kinetics curve of supercooled austenite for U71Mn steel. The effects of cooling rate and finish cooling temperature on microstructure and hardness are studied with the thermal simulation tests of sectional type cooling strengthening based on the heat treatment process of rails on site. The results showed that the critical cooling rate of perlitic transformation for U71Mn steel was 7 ℃/s and temperature range allowing perlitic transformation was 500~600 ℃. The reasonable process parameters of sectional type cooling for U71Mn steel were that the starting cooling temperature was 850 ℃, cooling rates was 6~12 ℃/s and finish cooling temperature was 570 ℃. The perlite structrure could be obtained with this process parameter and it could meet the hardness requirements of rails.

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通过测定U71Mn钢的过冷奥氏体转变动力学曲线,分析其相变规律。基于现场钢轨热处理工艺进行分段式冷却强化热模拟试验,研究冷速和终冷温度对组织及硬度的影响。结果表明,U71Mn钢的珠光体转变临界冷速为7 ℃/s,允许珠光体转变的温度范围为500~600 ℃。其分段式冷却合理工艺参数为开始冷却温度为850 ℃,冷速为6~12 ℃/s,终冷温度为570 ℃,此工艺参数下可获得珠光体组织,同时满足钢轨硬度要求。

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史文义(1984-),男,内蒙古包头市人,工程师,现从事热模拟、残余应力检测及失效分析工作。

, authorsList=史文义)}, authors=[Author(id=1200024814170763379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1199810032826151487, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1200024814296592507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1199810032826151487, authorId=1200024814170763379, language=EN, stringName=Wen-yi Shi, firstName=Wen-yi, middleName=null, lastName=Shi, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1200024815517134975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1199810032826151487, authorId=1200024814170763379, language=CN, stringName=史文义, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心, 内蒙古 包头 014010, bio={"content":"

史文义(1984-),男,内蒙古包头市人,工程师,现从事热模拟、残余应力检测及失效分析工作。

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史文义(1984-),男,内蒙古包头市人,工程师,现从事热模拟、残余应力检测及失效分析工作。

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C Si Mn P S Al
0.65~0.76 0.15~0.58 0.70~1.20 ≤0.030 ≤0.025 ≤0.010
), ArticleFig(id=1200024818243432717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1199810032826151487, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

U71Mn钢的化学成分(质量分数) %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
C Si Mn P S Al
0.65~0.76 0.15~0.58 0.70~1.20 ≤0.030 ≤0.025 ≤0.010
), ArticleFig(id=1200024818407010583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1199810032826151487, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等温温度
/℃
转变开始
时间/s
转变结束
时间/s
显微组织
600 15 1 700 P
550 6 182 P
525 1 15 P+F(少)
500 1 25 P+F(少)
475 2 36 P+B
450 4 55 P+B
425 4 61 B+M
400 5 101 B+M
375 7 240 M+B
350 31 352 M+B
300 97 1 067 M+B
250 225 4 317 M
), ArticleFig(id=1200024818553811231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1199810032826151487, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同工艺条件下等温转变点及显微组织

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等温温度
/℃
转变开始
时间/s
转变结束
时间/s
显微组织
600 15 1 700 P
550 6 182 P
525 1 15 P+F(少)
500 1 25 P+F(少)
475 2 36 P+B
450 4 55 P+B
425 4 61 B+M
400 5 101 B+M
375 7 240 M+B
350 31 352 M+B
300 97 1 067 M+B
250 225 4 317 M
), ArticleFig(id=1200024818671251751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1199810032826151487, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷速
/(℃·s-1)
珠光体转变
开始温度/℃
珠光体转变
结束温度/℃
显微组织
1 563 536 P+F(少)
2 518 475 P+F(少)
7 506 430 P+F(少)
8 502 413 P+M+F(少)
10 536 419 P+M+F(少)
12 507 396 P+M+F(少)
15 514 418 M+P+F(少)
18 488 410 M+P+F(少)
20 M
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不同工艺条件下连续冷却转变点及显微组织

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冷速
/(℃·s-1)
珠光体转变
开始温度/℃
珠光体转变
结束温度/℃
显微组织
1 563 536 P+F(少)
2 518 475 P+F(少)
7 506 430 P+F(少)
8 502 413 P+M+F(少)
10 536 419 P+M+F(少)
12 507 396 P+M+F(少)
15 514 418 M+P+F(少)
18 488 410 M+P+F(少)
20 M
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编号 开冷温度/℃ 冷速/(℃·s-1) 终冷温度/℃ 保温时间/s 显微组织
1 850 6 500 30 P+B+F(少)
2 850 8 500 30 P+B+F(少)
3 850 10 500 30 P+M(少)
4 850 12 500 30 B+M+P
5 850 6 550 30 P+F(少)
6 850 8 550 30 P+F(少)
7 850 10 550 30 P+B(少)+M(少)
8 850 12 550 30 P+M
9 850 6 570 30 P
10 850 8 570 30 P
11 850 10 570 30 P
12 850 12 570 30 P
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热模拟试验结果

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编号 开冷温度/℃ 冷速/(℃·s-1) 终冷温度/℃ 保温时间/s 显微组织
1 850 6 500 30 P+B+F(少)
2 850 8 500 30 P+B+F(少)
3 850 10 500 30 P+M(少)
4 850 12 500 30 B+M+P
5 850 6 550 30 P+F(少)
6 850 8 550 30 P+F(少)
7 850 10 550 30 P+B(少)+M(少)
8 850 12 550 30 P+M
9 850 6 570 30 P
10 850 8 570 30 P
11 850 10 570 30 P
12 850 12 570 30 P
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U71Mn钢分段式冷却强化工艺试验研究
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包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2022,48(6): 48-52
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包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2022, 48(6): 48-52
U71Mn钢分段式冷却强化工艺试验研究
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史文义
作者信息
  • 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 史文义(1984-),男,内蒙古包头市人,工程师,现从事热模拟、残余应力检测及失效分析工作。

Experimental Study on Sectional Type Cooling Strengthening Technology of U71Mn Steel
Wen-yi Shi
Affiliations
  • Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2022-12-25
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通过测定U71Mn钢的过冷奥氏体转变动力学曲线,分析其相变规律。基于现场钢轨热处理工艺进行分段式冷却强化热模拟试验,研究冷速和终冷温度对组织及硬度的影响。结果表明,U71Mn钢的珠光体转变临界冷速为7 ℃/s,允许珠光体转变的温度范围为500~600 ℃。其分段式冷却合理工艺参数为开始冷却温度为850 ℃,冷速为6~12 ℃/s,终冷温度为570 ℃,此工艺参数下可获得珠光体组织,同时满足钢轨硬度要求。

U71Mn钢  /  分段式冷却强化  /  热模拟  /  显微组织  /  硬度

The phase transformation law is analyzed through determining the transformation kinetics curve of supercooled austenite for U71Mn steel. The effects of cooling rate and finish cooling temperature on microstructure and hardness are studied with the thermal simulation tests of sectional type cooling strengthening based on the heat treatment process of rails on site. The results showed that the critical cooling rate of perlitic transformation for U71Mn steel was 7 ℃/s and temperature range allowing perlitic transformation was 500~600 ℃. The reasonable process parameters of sectional type cooling for U71Mn steel were that the starting cooling temperature was 850 ℃, cooling rates was 6~12 ℃/s and finish cooling temperature was 570 ℃. The perlite structrure could be obtained with this process parameter and it could meet the hardness requirements of rails.

U71Mn steel  /  sectional type cooling strengthening  /  thermal simulation  /  microstructure  /  hardness
史文义. U71Mn钢分段式冷却强化工艺试验研究. 包钢科技, 2022 , 48 (6) : 48 -52 .
Wen-yi Shi. Experimental Study on Sectional Type Cooling Strengthening Technology of U71Mn Steel[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2022 , 48 (6) : 48 -52 .
随着世界铁路运输的发展,原有钢轨已无法满足铁路的高速、重载、大运量和高密度要求,导致钢轨磨耗、剥离掉块现象日益严重,特别是弯道和大坡道地段,大大缩短了钢轨的寿命。大量研究表明,提高钢轨强度及耐磨性是改善钢轨使用性能,延长钢轨使用寿命的根本途径[1-2]。钢轨的强化方法主要有三种,即合金化、热处理和热处理与合金化相结合[3-4]。在线余热淬火是在钢轨热处理强化基础上逐渐发展起来的一项新工艺,与以往的强化工艺相比,该工艺具有成本低、效率高和产品性能优良等特点[5]。通过不断研究创新,该工艺由最早的单介质强冷却发展到现在的不同介质分段式冷却[6]。文章基于U71Mn钢的过冷奥氏体转变动力学曲线测定结果,即过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变曲线(TTT)与过冷奥氏体等温转变曲线(CCT),采用分段式冷却对该钢种进行热模拟试验,分析了不同工艺冷却强化后的组织和硬度,并与TB/T 2344—2012[7]进行比较,确定合理工艺参数。
试验用钢为某钢厂生产的U71Mn轧态轨钢,其化学成分如表1所示。其中过冷奥氏体转变动力学曲线测试所用试样尺寸为Φ3 mm×10 mm,分段式冷却热模拟试样尺寸为11 mm×11 mm×70 mm。
TTT曲线测定工艺。将试样加热到850 ℃,保温30 min,然后以200 ℃/s的冷速冷却至250~600 ℃不同的温度下开始等温,待相变完成后炉冷至室温,采用膨胀法绘制TTT曲线。CCT曲线测定工艺为将试样加热到900 ℃,保温10 min,然后分别以1~20 ℃/s不同的冷速冷却到室温,采用膨胀法绘制CCT曲线。利用蔡司Axio Observer.D1m金相显微镜观察相应显微组织演变规律。
在过冷奥氏体转变动力学曲线的基础上,制定不同的热模拟试验方案,将试验钢加热使其完全奥氏体化后,在MMS-200热力模拟试验机上对试验钢进行分段式冷却热模拟试验,热模拟工艺制定原理如图1所示。试验完成后对所有试样利用蔡司Axio Observer.D1m金相显微镜观察显微组织,用岛津显微硬度计测量试样显微硬度。
根据所测膨胀—温度曲线,结合金相法,绘制出U71Mn钢的过冷奥氏体转变动力学曲线,即CCT和TTT曲线,如图2所示。试验钢不同工艺参数下的相变点及对应微观组织见表2表3
结合图2(a)表2可知,试验钢的TTT曲线呈“C”形,且每个等温转变都存在一定的孕育期。当等温温度不低于500 ℃时,主要发生珠光体转变,组织产物中存在极少的铁素体。且当温度为525 ℃时,珠光体转变所需孕育期最短,转变时间也最短,此温度为TTT曲线的“鼻尖”温度。当等温温度小于500 ℃时,依次进入到贝氏体转变区和马氏体转变区,组织产物中开始出现贝氏体和马氏体。因此,允许珠光体转变的温度范围为500~600 ℃。
结合图2(b)表3可知,试验钢的CCT曲线图主要分2个区域(珠光体高温转变区和马氏体低温转变区),没有铁素体高温转变区和贝氏体中温转变区。这主要是因为钢中加入硅、锰合金元素使共析点左移,导致过冷奥氏体在临界转变温度主要发生共析转变,产生的先共析铁素体量极少,组织转变时体积变化不明显,采用膨胀法所测CCT曲线无法反映铁素体转变温度区间[8]。而U71Mn钢碳含量在共析成分范围属于一种共析钢,所以无贝氏体转变。当冷速不大于7 ℃/s时,过冷奥氏体发生珠光体转变,且有极少量的铁素体生成,组织产物为珠光体+少量铁素体。当冷速大于7 ℃/s时,冷却曲线依次与珠光体转变开始线和马氏体转变开始线相交,且有极少量的铁素体生成,组织产物为珠光体+马氏体+少量铁素体,且珠光体量随冷速的增大逐渐减少,马氏体量随冷速的增大逐渐增多。因此,U71Mn钢的珠光体转变临界冷速为7 ℃/s。
根据过冷奥氏体转变动力学曲线分析结果,按图1中的工艺原理制定热模拟工艺试验方案,如表4所示。
图3为试验钢按编号1—12不同工艺条件进行热模拟后的显微组织。由图3(a)—(d)可知,试验钢在终冷温度为500 ℃时,冷速从6 ℃/s增大到12 ℃/s,所得组织中除珠光体外还含有贝氏体和马氏体,且随着冷速的增大,贝氏体和马氏体含量逐渐增多。终冷温度为550 ℃时,冷速从6 ℃/s增大到8 ℃/s所得组织为珠光体+少量铁素体,冷速从10 ℃/s增大到12 ℃/s所得组织除珠光体外还含有贝氏体和马氏体,其含量随着冷速的增大而增多。U71Mn钢属于珠光体轨钢,组织中存在贝氏体和马氏体会降低该类钢种的韧性,所以应避免出现。由U71Mn钢的TTT曲线可知,等温温度不低于500 ℃时只发生珠光体转变,而此处终冷温度为500 ℃和550 ℃时,发生了贝氏体和马氏体转变,原因是第一阶段冷速较大,冷到指定终冷温度时温度下冲到贝氏体和马氏体转变温度区域,导致组织中出现贝氏体和马氏体。终冷温度为570 ℃时,冷速从6 ℃/s增大到12 ℃/s所得组织均为珠光体。因此,以570 ℃为终冷温度时,U71Mn钢对冷速的适应性较强。
图4为热模拟后试验钢的硬度变化曲线。在终冷温度为570 ℃、冷速为6~12 ℃/s时,试验钢的显微组织为珠光体,硬度值(HRC)在35.6~37.5范围内,满足TB/T 2344—2012[7]标准中U71Mn热处理钢轨的组织和硬度要求。终冷温度为550 ℃时,随冷速的增大,试验钢硬度总体呈增大趋势。冷速为6 ℃/s和8 ℃/s时,试验钢的硬度值(HRC)分别为35.7和35.9,显微组织为珠光体,满足TB/T 2344—2012要求,但在冷速为10 ℃/s和12 ℃/s时,硬度有所增大,原因是显微组织中出现少量贝氏体和马氏体。终冷温度为500 ℃时,试验钢冷速在6~12 ℃/s范围内所获组织中均存在贝氏体或马氏体或两者混合组织,且随冷速的增大,贝氏体和马氏体含量逐渐增加,导致硬度总体呈增大趋势。
U71Mn钢CCT曲线的测试研究报道较多,但针对其TTT曲线方面还少有报道。连续冷却转变时,随着温度不断降低,钢中的碳及其合金元素扩散不充分,延长了珠光体转变孕育期和转变时间。而等温转变时,因等温温度不变,时间足够长,碳及合金元素得到充分扩散,珠光体转变孕育期和转变时间也相应缩短。由图2可知,当等温温度为525 ℃时,珠光体转变所需孕育期最短,转变时间也最短,此时珠光体片间距最细。
由于钢轨在线余热淬火工艺的研究主要以应用为基础,所以对其组织性能的变化比较关心。研究表明[9-11],钢轨热处理时先快冷使过冷奥氏体快速通过粗珠光体转变区,然后在细片状珠光体转变区保温足够长的时间,可获得极细的片状珠光体组织,大大提高了钢轨的强度和韧性。钢轨珠光体转变在慢冷阶段完成,因此需要严格控制冷却速度和终冷温度,使其全部转变为细片状珠光体。在热模拟试验结果中,终冷温度为570 ℃时对冷速的适应性较强,6~12 ℃/s时所获组织均为珠光体,硬度满足标准要求。终冷温度小于570 ℃时,个别冷速下出现贝氏体或马氏体或两者混合脆性组织。
综上数据与分析,满足U71Mn热处理钢轨组织性能要求的分段式冷却工艺为开始冷却温度为850 ℃,冷速为6~12 ℃/s,终冷温度为570 ℃。
(1)U711Mn钢的珠光体转变临界冷速为7 ℃/s,允许珠光体转变的温度范围为500~600 ℃,温度为525 ℃时,珠光体转变所需孕育期最短,转变时间也最短,此时珠光体片间距最细。
(2)热模拟试验中,在开冷温度为850 ℃条件下,终冷温度小于570 ℃时,试验钢硬度随冷速的增大整体呈增大趋势,个别冷速下出现贝氏体或马氏体或两者混合脆性组织;终冷温度为570 ℃,冷速在6~12 ℃/s范围内,试验钢所获组织均为珠光体,硬度满足标准要求,为分段式冷却强化合理工艺参数。
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2022年第48卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2022-09-16
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2022-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-16
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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