Article(id=1199809971190854497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1199809968984650567, articleNumber=1009-5438(2022)05-0059-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1658160000000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763986588523, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1666627200000, pubDateStr=2022-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763986588523, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763986588523, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763986588523, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199809968984650567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2022', volume='48', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763986587997, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764034198143, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200009660469183174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1199809968984650567, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200009660469183175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1199809968984650567, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=59, endPage=64, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199809971480261481, articleId=1199809971190854497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Current Situation and Prospect of Corrosion Resistance Research for Rail, columnId=1187340471245357385, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Quality of Variety and Experiment and Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the paper, it is discussed the research progress and protection measures of corrosion for rail at home and abroad, elaborated the mechanism of corrosion failure in service process of rail lines as well as listed the chemical composition, performance parameters and industrial applications of new materials for corrosion resistant rails currently researched and developed such as the corrosion resistant rails of India and Wuhan Iron and Steel (Group) Co.. The development direction of production technology for corrosion resistant rail is proposed combining with the research and development ideas of new materials for corrosion resistant rail as well as the effects of resisting corrosion for other steels. The countermeasures taken in the research and development of corrosion protection for rail of Baotou Steel are mainly introduced as well as the future research direction of this field is expected.

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文章论述了国内外钢轨腐蚀研究进展和防护措施,阐明钢轨线路服役过程中腐蚀失效的机理,并列举了目前研发耐腐蚀钢轨新材料的化学成分、性能参数和工业化应用情况,如印度和武钢的耐腐蚀钢轨。结合耐腐蚀钢轨新材料研发思路和其他钢材耐腐蚀工作取得的成效,提出了耐腐蚀钢轨生产技术的发展方向,重点介绍包钢钢轨腐蚀防护方面研发工作所采取的对策,对该领域今后的研究方向进行了展望。

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薛虎东(1986-),男,陕西省榆林市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事钢轨新产品开发和研究工作。

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薛虎东(1986-),男,陕西省榆林市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事钢轨新产品开发和研究工作。

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薛虎东(1986-),男,陕西省榆林市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事钢轨新产品开发和研究工作。

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介质 温度
/℃
腐蚀速率
/(mm·a-1)
室温屈服
强度/MPa
室温抗拉
强度/MPa
3.4%NaCl
溶液
室温 0.43 470 970
45 0.91 451 932
65 2.92 401 824
pH=1.49酸性
(H2SO4)
溶液
室温 0.97 416 865
45 0.25 437 883
65 0.05 461 950
), ArticleFig(id=1200030237594579720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1199809971190854497, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

环境对钢轨钢机械强度的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
介质 温度
/℃
腐蚀速率
/(mm·a-1)
室温屈服
强度/MPa
室温抗拉
强度/MPa
3.4%NaCl
溶液
室温 0.43 470 970
45 0.91 451 932
65 2.92 401 824
pH=1.49酸性
(H2SO4)
溶液
室温 0.97 416 865
45 0.25 437 883
65 0.05 461 950
), ArticleFig(id=1200030237762351883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1199809971190854497, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分体系 C Mn Cu Mo Cr Ni Si S P
C-Mn 0.71 1.04 0.21 0.013 0.022
Cu-Mo 0.69 1.16 0.24 0.18 0.19 0.022 0.024
Cu-Si 0.60 1.20 0.35 0.66 0.024 0.027
Cu-Ni 0.63 1.02 0.41 0.20 0.31 0.020 0.028
Cr-Cu-Ni 0.71 1.15 0.40 0.59 0.20 0.35 0.026 0.027
Cr-Cu-Ni-Si 0.70 1.09 0.39 0.53 0.20 0.56 0.023 0.027
), ArticleFig(id=1200030237871403795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1199809971190854497, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

印度C-Mn、Cu-Mo及四种新型钢轨钢的化学成分(质量分数) %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分体系 C Mn Cu Mo Cr Ni Si S P
C-Mn 0.71 1.04 0.21 0.013 0.022
Cu-Mo 0.69 1.16 0.24 0.18 0.19 0.022 0.024
Cu-Si 0.60 1.20 0.35 0.66 0.024 0.027
Cu-Ni 0.63 1.02 0.41 0.20 0.31 0.020 0.028
Cr-Cu-Ni 0.71 1.15 0.40 0.59 0.20 0.35 0.026 0.027
Cr-Cu-Ni-Si 0.70 1.09 0.39 0.53 0.20 0.56 0.023 0.027
), ArticleFig(id=1200030237963678484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1199809971190854497, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
C Si Mn P S Cu Cr Nb
0.65~0.75 0.400~0.680 1.00~1.30 ≤0.030 ≤0.025 ≤0.50 ≤0.50 ≤0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1200030238047564566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1199809971190854497, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

U68CuCr钢轨的化学成分(质量分数) %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
C Si Mn P S Cu Cr Nb
0.65~0.75 0.400~0.680 1.00~1.30 ≤0.030 ≤0.025 ≤0.50 ≤0.50 ≤0.05
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钢轨耐腐蚀研究现状及展望
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薛虎东 , 郑瑞
包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2022,48(5): 59-64
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包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2022, 48(5): 59-64
钢轨耐腐蚀研究现状及展望
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薛虎东, 郑瑞
作者信息
  • 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 薛虎东(1986-),男,陕西省榆林市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事钢轨新产品开发和研究工作。

Current Situation and Prospect of Corrosion Resistance Research for Rail
Hu-dong Xue, Rui Zheng
Affiliations
  • Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2022-10-25
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文章论述了国内外钢轨腐蚀研究进展和防护措施,阐明钢轨线路服役过程中腐蚀失效的机理,并列举了目前研发耐腐蚀钢轨新材料的化学成分、性能参数和工业化应用情况,如印度和武钢的耐腐蚀钢轨。结合耐腐蚀钢轨新材料研发思路和其他钢材耐腐蚀工作取得的成效,提出了耐腐蚀钢轨生产技术的发展方向,重点介绍包钢钢轨腐蚀防护方面研发工作所采取的对策,对该领域今后的研究方向进行了展望。

材料学  /  钢轨  /  腐蚀  /  防护

In the paper, it is discussed the research progress and protection measures of corrosion for rail at home and abroad, elaborated the mechanism of corrosion failure in service process of rail lines as well as listed the chemical composition, performance parameters and industrial applications of new materials for corrosion resistant rails currently researched and developed such as the corrosion resistant rails of India and Wuhan Iron and Steel (Group) Co.. The development direction of production technology for corrosion resistant rail is proposed combining with the research and development ideas of new materials for corrosion resistant rail as well as the effects of resisting corrosion for other steels. The countermeasures taken in the research and development of corrosion protection for rail of Baotou Steel are mainly introduced as well as the future research direction of this field is expected.

materials science  /  rail  /  corrosion  /  protection
薛虎东, 郑瑞. 钢轨耐腐蚀研究现状及展望. 包钢科技, 2022 , 48 (5) : 59 -64 .
Hu-dong Xue, Rui Zheng. Current Situation and Prospect of Corrosion Resistance Research for Rail[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2022 , 48 (5) : 59 -64 .
随着我国铁路建设的快速发展,钢轨服役的环境特点也更加复杂,造成钢轨的失效形式也更加多样化、复合化。目前,钢轨研发工作主要集中在研发抗拉强度1 300 MPa级别以上的高强高韧重载铁路用钢轨和时速350 km/h以上的高速铁路钢轨。除了铁路的需求外,这些钢轨研发也着力解决服役过程中钢轨出现的剥离掉块、接触疲劳、磨损等问题。近年来,我国南方铁路、北方长隧道、地铁等线路应用过程中钢轨出现腐蚀的问题越来越严重,钢轨腐蚀会造成严重的经济问题[1]。美国Robles等[2]的研究指出,钢轨基面(钢轨与底面垫板接触面)在湿润的空气、盐离子和杂散电流存在时会发生严重的腐蚀,使钢轨寿命迅速缩短至一年甚至以下。在衬垫下方的轨底出现点蚀或间隙腐蚀,会缩短钢轨的服役寿命,可能在预测服役周期寿命之前发生失效,影响列车运行安全[3],本文在总结钢轨腐蚀产生及失效机理的基础上,介绍了国内外主要耐腐蚀钢轨新材料研发应用的情况,并借鉴其他钢材在腐蚀防护方面的应用,介绍包钢耐腐蚀钢轨研发工作,并对未来铁路钢材腐蚀防护工作提出几点建议。
针对铁路用钢轨腐蚀的问题,学者主要从钢轨腐蚀机理研究、钢轨材质的腐蚀性对比研究、杂散电流对钢轨腐蚀影响等方面进行了研究。
目前,我国潮湿地区铁路腐蚀主要是钢轨轨腰、基面以及配件发生了均匀的腐蚀,出现了较致密的氧化物层;另外,一些机械疲劳损伤的钢轨也发生了腐蚀。钢轨腐蚀主要为两类,一是钢轨基体金属与空气中腐蚀介质发生化学反应造成钢轨表面生锈,尤其是在钢轨受机械力后产生剥离裂纹或压溃等伤损处与腐蚀介质发生化学反应,腐蚀更为严重。如某隧道内钢轨轨腰腐蚀(图1a)。二是以地铁为代表的,钢轨与杂散电流形成电化学腐蚀(图1b)。
所有这些环境腐蚀因素综合作用于钢轨上,不同程度地参与钢轨的电化学反应,形成了以机械损伤为主要腐蚀源,一种或多种腐蚀介质引发钢轨电化学反应,其他腐蚀介质叠加影响(加快电化学反应速度),从而进一步降低了钢轨力学性能,加剧机械损伤的腐蚀,钢轨的腐蚀机理如图2所示[4]
S.Samal研究了珠光体钢轨在含盐(3.4%NaCl)和pH为1.49酸性(H2SO4)溶液中钢轨腐蚀行为[5]。钢轨材料为IRS-T 12/96标准中抗拉强度为880 MPa的C-Mn钢,具体试验样品成分为C含量为0.66%、Mn含量为1.04%、Si含量为0.24%。在不同温度下,腐蚀后进行力学性能和组织检测,见表1。研究结果表明,在海洋环境中,屈服强度和抗拉强度均随腐蚀速率的增加而降低。且在酸性环境中,屈服强度与腐蚀速率和抗拉强度成反比关系[5]
Muhammet Emre Turan对EN 13674标准中R260、R260 Mn、R260(槽型轨)、R350 HT钢轨进行对比耐腐蚀试验研究[6]。采用电位动态极化法对钢轨试样进行电化学腐蚀和浸泡试验,见图3。研究表明,R260 Mn钢轨表现出最佳的耐蚀性。这是由于较低的碳含量,可以显示阴极效应,降低腐蚀速率。当钢轨的化学成分基本相同时,R350 HT钢轨的腐蚀速率较低。因此,热处理对钢轨的力学性能和腐蚀性能都有积极的影响。
国内学者模拟了U75V、U76CrRE钢轨在大气环境中腐蚀行为。研究得出,两种钢轨在不同腐蚀周期下锈层产物主要由γ-FeOOH和α-FeOOH组成。随着腐蚀周期时间的增加,两种钢中α-FeOOH与γ-FeOOH的比值逐渐增大,在同周期内,发现U76CrRE钢轨的年平均腐蚀速率低于U75V钢轨,具有比U75V钢轨更好的耐腐蚀性能。
以上文献研究表明,腐蚀直接影响钢轨的材料性能,在酸性环境下影响更严重。钢轨材质在其他成分相似的情况下,C含量越低,腐蚀速率越小,且通过热处理细化珠光体片层间距,有助于提高钢轨耐腐蚀性能,此外,Cr等合金元素的加入对钢轨的耐腐蚀性也有一定的影响。
城市轨道交通一般采用直流牵引供电,电流通过钢轨返回牵引变电所。由于钢轨存在纵向电阻,且钢轨无法与大地完全绝缘,所以当钢轨上电流流过时,钢轨与大地之间产生钢轨电位,部分电流流入大地,从而对乘客、工作人员的人身安全以及设备运行安全造成危害[7]。因此采取有效的措施减少杂散电流腐蚀,确保系统正常运营是主要研究内容之一。
对地铁杂散电流进行研究[8-9],得出地铁杂散电流腐蚀主要是由于走行轨道与地下金属结构形成的两个串接的腐蚀短路原电池。杂散电流的大小与泄漏电阻、钢轨电位的大小有关,即走行轨道相对大地电位差和走行轨道相对大地绝缘电阻这两者缺一不可。降低钢轨电位、提高轨道与道床间的泄漏电阻将有效降低杂散电流;另外,钢轨电位是由流过钢轨的牵引电流在钢轨的纵向电阻上的压降造成的,要降低钢轨电位宜使用截面较大的无缝钢轨。
铁路用钢轨主要是C-Mn钢(碳含量为0.7%~0.8%),这些钢微观组织以珠光体为主,因此称为珠光体钢轨[10]。但线路应用表面易锈蚀,尤其是在沿海地区。这是由于珠光体组织中存在大量渗碳体相,它的微观结构易腐蚀[11]。因此,研究学者通过加入一些合金元素来提高钢轨的耐腐蚀性和材料力学性能。
印度拥有庞大的铁路网和广阔的海岸线,钢轨锈蚀对经济发展影响很大。根据印度铁路永久道路规范,60 kg/m钢轨在正常的交通条件下,服役周期大约12~13年。然而,腐蚀让钢轨的寿命几乎降低50%[1]。印度铁路起初采取简单的腐蚀控制理念,即是在表面涂上一层保护涂层。为此,印度铁路公司在维萨卡帕纳姆附近一个易腐蚀的地点进行了广泛的实地试验,以检查不同涂层的效果,由于聚合物涂层在大气环境中的降解而无效,所以,印度进行了耐腐蚀钢轨新材料研发[10]。试验钢轨钢成分体系(Cu-Si、Cu-Ni,Cr-Cu-Ni-Si和C-Mn、Cu-Mo、Cr-Mn)组成见表2。通过对试验钢各种测试和评估,特别是局部耐腐蚀性,得出所有试样的内外锈层均为非晶态γ-FeOOH、Fe3-xO4、α-FeOOH和非晶态δ-FeOOH。所有钢轨腐蚀产物中Fe3-xO4被确定为主要的锈蚀相。Cu-Ni、Cr-Cu-Ni-Si和Cr-Cu-Ni不同成分体系内层均含有较高的Fe3-xO4,而只有Cr-Cu-Ni成分体系在外层中表现出较高的Fe3-xO4含量。因此,最终选择Cr-Cu-Ni(命名为NCC)成分体系,并于2007年6月在比莱钢铁厂进行工业试制。最近,Cr-Cu-Ni钢轨成分被纳入印度铁路标准IRS-T 12。
我国铁道科学研究院对隧道内金属部件进行过腐蚀防护研究,主要包括研制防锈油膏、热浸镀锌、渗锌、涂料等防锈试验,但效果不显著。1993年在沈阳铁路局采用喷砂除锈工艺并涂刷环氧富锌锈漆对风叶岭隧道钢轨进行防腐蚀试验,并取得了好的效果[12]。但市场对耐大气潮湿钢轨需求也越来越多。
武汉科技大学[13]以C-Si-Mn合金体系为基础,考虑不同C含量,在实验室展开研究Cu-Cr系、Cu-Nb系和Cr-Cu-Nb系3种耐腐蚀试验钢。得出Cr-Cu-Nb系耐腐蚀相对速率约为U75V钢轨的40%。北京科技大学[14]在参考U75V成分基础上,添加微量Cr、Nb等合金元素,研究表明加入0.45%Cr和0.028%Nb时,钢的力学性能和耐腐蚀最好。
2011年8月,国内武钢生产出首批400 t耐蚀钢轨U68CuCr。性能等级为980 MPa,钢轨材质化学成分见表3[15],耐腐蚀性能优于同一强度级别的U75V钢轨。2%NaCl溶液腐蚀试验显示,耐蚀钢轨U68CuCr腐蚀速率为U75V钢轨的57%。在京广线使用3年,通过总重量超过3亿t。
我国有比较丰富的稀土资源,以此研发并生产了多种以稀土为合金元素的耐候钢,如09CuPTiRE、08CuPVRE等。适量稀土的加入不仅使材料力学性能和耐蚀性得到保证,并且能减少Cu、Cr、Ni等合金元素的加入量,降低了钢的生产成本,对我国耐腐蚀、耐候钢的广泛应用起到重要的作用。
研究表明[16],稀土可以改善多种不锈钢的耐点蚀能力。稀土元素改变钢中硫化物夹杂的成分、形态并降低钢中硫含量是其改善钢耐点蚀性的主要原因。通过实验室加速腐蚀研究稀土对Cu-P系耐候钢耐蚀性的影响[17],结果表明稀土可以使长条状的MnS夹杂变为球状或纺锤状的稀土夹杂物,从而改善了夹杂物作为阴极区的作用,提高了耐候钢耐大气腐蚀性能。此外,试验结果表明稀土可以提高钢的耐大气腐蚀性[17],且随着稀土含量的提高,材料的耐蚀性增强;通过腐蚀电位以及电化学阻抗谱的研究,表明稀土可以提高钢铁锈层的保护能力。应用周浸试验手段研究了La、Ce混合稀土对碳钢的耐大气腐蚀性能,结果表明[18],碳钢中加入适量的稀土也可以有效提高其耐大气腐蚀性能,XRD分析结果发现稀土有利于锈层中致密α-FeOOH的生成。
稀土是包钢的资源优势,研发人员在研究普通钢轨耐腐性基础上,设计不同合金成分体系,并研究加入稀土和稀土量对试验钢腐蚀的影响。根据试验结果,进行工业试制。图4为试制的耐腐蚀稀土轨与U75V钢轨周期浸润腐蚀对比试验,图5为耐腐蚀稀土轨与U75V钢轨露天耐腐蚀对比试验。
喷涂防锈是指将具有流动性的防锈材料喷涂到金属制品需防锈面上的防锈。使用中,高压喷气枪将防锈油或者漆喷涂于干净的金属制件表面。此方法适用于大面积的平面、立柱面、大型机械设备的内、外裸露的涂覆。在喷涂过程中,应适当的选择设备,同时需要具有与金属良好粘接力的喷涂材料,并控制好喷涂过程中的各个环节。
钢轨断面较其他钢材复杂,工业在线喷涂还未见相关报道。包钢早期通过机械设备对钢轨轨底、轨腰进行喷涂,进行工业化批量生产并出口,国内铺设在神华铁路。为进一步完善喷涂防腐工作,包钢近年进一步优化涂料性能,在25 m钢轨轨底进行喷涂,并在生产线辊道上进行往返滚动试验。试验结果显示轨底涂料与辊道接触后发生摩擦,部分涂料磨损,露出轨底。
钢轨是轨道结构中的重要部件之一,在轨道系统中起着至关重要的作用。随着铁路建设的发展,将对钢轨提出更髙的腐蚀防护要求。根据目前研究现状,提出以下建议:
(1)耐腐蚀材质的钢轨研发。成分上通过降低碳含量,添加耐腐蚀合金元素(Cu、Cr、Ni等)来提高钢材耐腐蚀性。其中碳含量可控制在0.60%~0.70%之间。通过合理设计成分体系、添加低成本的稀土元素实现耐腐蚀效果是材质研发的方向之一,也是降本增效的体现。
(2)发挥稀土元素实现耐腐蚀效果是材质研发的方向之一,相比添加Cu、Ni等合金元素更具有明显的经济性。从加入种类、加入量等方面研究稀土对钢轨片间距细化、夹杂物改善等影响,阐明稀土对钢轨耐蚀的作用机理。
(3)表面喷涂技术需要在型钢方面进一步完善。钢轨的使用特点要求表面喷涂工艺后还具有标准要求的质量。研发强附着力、高耐磨、耐腐蚀、不易分解的涂料也是关键。此外,钢轨的生产、运输、施工等过程需要完善对喷涂钢轨的保护措施。
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2022年第48卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2022-07-19
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2022-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-19
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    内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心, 内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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