Article(id=1199661550207332965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1199661546335994621, articleNumber=1009-5438(2022)01-0006-05, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1637769600000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763951202202, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1645718400000, pubDateStr=2022-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763951202202, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763951202202, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763951202202, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199661546335994621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2022', volume='48', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763951201279, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763959528511, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199696473341391309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1199661546335994621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199696473341391310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1199661546335994621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199661550664512103, articleId=1199661550207332965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Applications of Four-roll Finished Pass in Rail Production, columnId=1187100783049851249, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Expert Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the improvement is from the point of view of deformation process by increasing the number of roll in finished pass to form four-roll finished pass, increasing the constraint in direction of depth of rail and limiting free spread of rail surface so as to improve dimensional accuracy of depth of rail aiming at the existing problems in universal rolling of rail. The numerical calculation is performed using ANSYS/LS-dyna, deformation states in different conditions are analyzed, defects are amended so that the optimal solution is obtained. The better effects are obtained by applying it in production line of rail, fluctuation range of depth within the full length range of rail is reduced and defect of “high zone” caused by local depth fluctuation is solved so that the safety of running for high-speed train is improved.

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文章针对钢轨万能轧制中存在的问题,从变形工艺的角度进行改进,增加成品孔型轧辊数量,形成四辊成品孔型,增加钢轨高度方向的约束,限制钢轨表面的自由展宽,实现轨高尺寸精度的提高。使用ANSYS/LS-dyna进行了数值计算,分析了不同情况下的变形状况,对出现的缺陷进行了修正,得到了最优的解决方案。通过在钢轨生产线上应用,取得了较好的效果,降低了钢轨全长范围内高度尺寸的波动范围,解决了局部高度波动造成的“高点”缺陷,提高了高铁运行的安全性。

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王永明(1969-),男,内蒙古托克托县人,硕士,正高级工程师,现从事钢轨生产工艺设计、型钢孔型设计、钢材热处理工作。

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王永明(1969-),男,内蒙古托克托县人,硕士,正高级工程师,现从事钢轨生产工艺设计、型钢孔型设计、钢材热处理工作。

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王永明(1969-),男,内蒙古托克托县人,硕士,正高级工程师,现从事钢轨生产工艺设计、型钢孔型设计、钢材热处理工作。

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四辊成品孔型在钢轨生产中的应用
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王永明 1 , 郭利宏 2 , 吴迪 3
包钢科技 | 专家论坛 2022,48(1): 6-10
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包钢科技 | 专家论坛 2022, 48(1): 6-10
四辊成品孔型在钢轨生产中的应用
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王永明1, 郭利宏2, 吴迪3
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司总工室,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司轨梁厂,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 3 东北大学连轧及自动化国家重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110819
  • 王永明(1969-),男,内蒙古托克托县人,硕士,正高级工程师,现从事钢轨生产工艺设计、型钢孔型设计、钢材热处理工作。

Applications of Four-roll Finished Pass in Rail Production
Yong-ming Wang1, Li-hong Guo2, Di Wu3
Affiliations
  • 1 Chief Engineer Office of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 2 Rail and Beam Rolling Plant of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China
出版时间: 2022-02-25
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文章针对钢轨万能轧制中存在的问题,从变形工艺的角度进行改进,增加成品孔型轧辊数量,形成四辊成品孔型,增加钢轨高度方向的约束,限制钢轨表面的自由展宽,实现轨高尺寸精度的提高。使用ANSYS/LS-dyna进行了数值计算,分析了不同情况下的变形状况,对出现的缺陷进行了修正,得到了最优的解决方案。通过在钢轨生产线上应用,取得了较好的效果,降低了钢轨全长范围内高度尺寸的波动范围,解决了局部高度波动造成的“高点”缺陷,提高了高铁运行的安全性。

钢轨  /  四辊成品孔型  /  轧制  /  LS-dyna  /  仿真计算

In this paper, the improvement is from the point of view of deformation process by increasing the number of roll in finished pass to form four-roll finished pass, increasing the constraint in direction of depth of rail and limiting free spread of rail surface so as to improve dimensional accuracy of depth of rail aiming at the existing problems in universal rolling of rail. The numerical calculation is performed using ANSYS/LS-dyna, deformation states in different conditions are analyzed, defects are amended so that the optimal solution is obtained. The better effects are obtained by applying it in production line of rail, fluctuation range of depth within the full length range of rail is reduced and defect of “high zone” caused by local depth fluctuation is solved so that the safety of running for high-speed train is improved.

rail  /  four-roll finished pass  /  rolling  /  LS-dyna  /  simulating calculation
王永明, 郭利宏, 吴迪. 四辊成品孔型在钢轨生产中的应用. 包钢科技, 2022 , 48 (1) : 6 -10 .
Yong-ming Wang, Li-hong Guo, Di Wu. Applications of Four-roll Finished Pass in Rail Production[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2022 , 48 (1) : 6 -10 .
钢轨是铁路运输的基础材料,随着铁路运输速度和载重量的增加,对钢轨的尺寸精度提出了更高的要求。特别是高速铁路对钢轨平顺性提出了每3 m弯曲波动不大于0.3 mm的技术要求。钢轨高度方向的平顺性尤为重要,直接影响列车运行的舒适性和安全性,包含高度方向的弯曲性以及尺寸波动两个方面,弯曲性由钢轨矫直工艺决定,波动性由钢轨轧制工艺决定。
为了生产高质量的钢轨,国内技术人员进行了大量研究[1-3],针对轨高的波动,通过控制连轧参数、孔型尺寸调整、导卫调整、增加导轮等措施,在连轧状态下取得了一定效果,但都没有从根本上彻底解决问题。
钢轨是型钢产品中比较特殊的品种,钢轨万能轧制法采用三辊成品孔型(图1)进行轧制,钢轨轨头形状控制与二辊孔型(图2)变形规律相似,表面自由变形,受温度波动、轧机晃动、张力变化、磨损影响,孔型充填程度变化,导致钢轨轨头踏面形状变化(图3),从而影响钢轨高度尺寸,在尾部时称为“高点”。“高点”是轨高波动的特殊、局部情况,指特定位置处1 m长度范围内钢轨轨高波动[4]
总结大量实践经验后,采取增加头部立辊改变成品轧制方式来彻底解决钢轨变形时自由展宽带来的尺寸波动[5-7],从而提高了钢轨高度方向尺寸精度,降低通长轨高波动。
钢轨成品孔型增加一支轧辊,由三辊孔型变为四辊孔型,必然带来轨头立辊辊缝配置在何处的问题,这直接影响着孔型设计参数和轧机调整的问题。为了最大限度的利用既有资源,采取最小的改动来实现钢轨四辊全万能轧制,辊缝设计分两种情况考虑,轨头侧面中央开口和轨头角部圆弧处开口[8-9],两种情况下的成品孔型见图4
根据成品孔型辊缝设置位置不同,成品孔前孔设计相应的控制结构,以保证成品孔轧件的形状、尺寸合格。成品辊缝在轨头侧面中央开口时,前孔相应位置采用凹形圆弧,成品辊缝在轨头轨距角部圆弧处开口时,前孔相应位置采用凸形圆弧,以保证成品孔和前孔之间的匹配关系,获得饱满、光滑、合格的钢轨形状。
为了更好地生产高质量钢轨,进一步提高轨底宽度和轨高的尺寸精度,更加精准地进行孔型设计,对设计好的孔型使用ANSYS/LS-dyna进行了变形模拟仿真分析,对孔型充满程度进行了风险评估。由于钢轨断面单轴对称,取上半部分进行计算,成品道次参数如表1所示。
进入CCS机组轧件温度950 ℃,出CCS机组轧件温度930 ℃,UF道次的应变速率1.2 s-1,对应的应力-应变曲线如图5
边部开口时,对应的前孔轧边孔设计有相应半径(R)的圆弧形凹陷,以防止成品开口处出现过充满缺陷,计算了两种圆弧半径的情况,结果如图6所示。
图6计算结果看,圆弧半径为50 mm时,成品轨头侧面比较平直,半径小于50 mm侧面会有凹陷缺陷出现。设计时轧边孔侧面圆弧半径不应小于50 mm为优选。
由于钢轨轨头侧表面是质量评价的关键位置,任何异常变化都会影响钢轨质量,在钢轨生产中属于禁忌之地,为避免意外,最好不选侧面开口。
轨距角部开口时,对应的前孔轧边孔设计有相应半径(R)的圆弧形过渡,以防止成品开口处出现欠充满缺陷,计算了四种圆弧半径的情况,结果如图7所示。
来料轨头轨距角部圆弧半径较大时,成品角部容易未充满,见图7(a—c),随着前孔圆弧半径减小,欠充满逐步改善。当半径达到15 mm时成品孔角部充填基本饱满,但顶面略有不足,来料轨头侧壁由直线变为弧线时,成品角部形状比较完美,见图7(d)
对轨距角部开口孔型计算结果表面轮廓点与标准断面轮廓进行比对,如图8所示,二者吻合程度良好,表明孔型结构设计是可靠的,能满足断面成型的要求。可以认为在既有轧辊条件下,保持UR、EF轧辊孔型主体尺寸不动的条件下,仅仅改动EF、UF孔型局部尺寸就可以实现简单的全万能轧制,达到控制钢轨高度方向的尺寸、提高轨高精度的目的,同时消除尾部局部高度过大(通常说的“高点”)的缺陷。
2019年采用轨距角部开口成品万能孔型,在万能机列供料不变的条件下进行了试轧,成品实物表面状况如图9所示,采用手持接触式断面轮廓仪测量结果见图10,实物轮廓与标准断面吻合较好。
在线轮廓仪测量尺寸形状见图11,与标准断面吻合,表面过渡光滑。
轧机调整精度直接影响水平轧辊轧制线与立辊中心线对齐效果,对钢轨尺寸精度和外观形状会造成严重影响,因此设备保证精度需要高于产品精度。
图12为传统万能轧制和全万能轧制钢轨时在线轮廓仪测量的多支热态钢轨轨高波动情况。图中数据表明,无论哪种轧制方法,不同轧件的轨高变化沿107 m长度方向是不相同的,随机的。传统万能轧制每支钢轨南北端为自由端,端头尺寸波动相对较大,最大可达1.5 mm,见图12(a);中部相对比较稳定,但是受孔型轨头顶部开口影响,温度变化、压下量变化都会导致轨高变化,波动能控制在1.0 mm以内。全万能轧制方法生产的钢轨,由于高度方向受到控制,消除了自由展宽的影响,轨高波动范围明显比传统万能轧制方法小,且波动范围相对稳定。因为轧件存在温度不均和变形不均的现象,不可能消除尺寸波动,但能控制107 m长钢轨轨高波动在0.4 mm以下,见图12(b),去掉两端切头的影响,钢轨本体轨高波动可以达到0.2 mm的水平,但比率低于100%。目前各厂家可以控制“高点”在每米0.2 mm以下;采用全万能成品孔型可以达到每米0.16 mm以下,配合其他措施有望达到每米0.1 mm以下。
(1)对比侧边开口、轨距角开口两种成品孔型,认为角部开口最优,可控性好,断面尺寸精度高,表面过渡光滑,无凸起棱角。
(2)全万能轧制钢轨轨高尺寸精度提高,107 m长度范围内轨高波动可以减小到0.4 mm以下,配合其它措施有望达到0.2 mm以下,可最大程度满足高速铁路发展的需要。
(3)万能成品孔型控制钢轨轨高尺寸精度在±0.1 mm水平,对设备维护精度提出更高要求,设备维护是钢轨全万能轧制顺利应用的基础。
(4)理论研究和现场试验表明,使用四辊成品孔型的全万能轧制方法比传统万能轧制有明显优势,可以推广使用。
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2022年第48卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2021-11-25
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2022-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-11-25
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    1 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司总工室,内蒙古 包头 014010
    2 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司轨梁厂,内蒙古 包头 014010
    3 东北大学连轧及自动化国家重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110819
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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