Article(id=1198563181036662947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198550344985837722, articleNumber=1009-5438(2023)05-0055-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1691769600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763689330585, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1698163200000, pubDateStr=2023-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763689330585, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763689330585, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763689330585, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198550344985837722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2023', volume='49', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763686270233, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764231160152, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200835779015602647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198550344985837722, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200835779015602648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198550344985837722, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=55, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198563181317681317, articleId=1198563181036662947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Research Status of Effects of Rare Earth on Microstructure and Properties of Non-oriented Silicon Steel, columnId=1187095652984042303, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Variety Quality and Experimental Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a type of very important soft magnetic material, non-oriented silicon steel is widely used in such electrical equipment as motor and transformer. In recent years, with the continuous development of science and technology, the requirements of energy conservation and emission reduction are increasing so that the requirements for performances of iron core material are higher. As an important alloying method, the addition of rare earth elements has significant effects on the properties of non-oriented silicon steel and has been widely concerned. In this paper, the effects of rare earth elements on inclusions, texture and magnetic property of non-oriented silicon steel are summarized as well as the future development direction is proposed according to present research status.

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无取向硅钢作为一种极为重要的软磁性材料,广泛应用于电机、变压器等电器设备中。近年来随着科技的不断发展,节能减排要求的日益提高,对铁芯材料性能提出了更高的要求。稀土元素添加作为一种重要的合金化手段,对无取向硅钢的性能有着显著影响并受到广泛关注。文章总结了稀土元素对无取向硅钢夹杂物、织构及磁性能的影响,并针对目前研究现状,提出未来的发展方向。

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郝娟娟(1992-),女,内蒙古呼和浩特市人,博士,工程师,现从事硅钢研发工作。

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郝娟娟(1992-),女,内蒙古呼和浩特市人,博士,工程师,现从事硅钢研发工作。

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郝娟娟(1992-),女,内蒙古呼和浩特市人,博士,工程师,现从事硅钢研发工作。

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稀土对无取向硅钢组织和性能的影响研究现状
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郝娟娟 , 刘朋成
包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2023,49(5): 55-60
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包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2023, 49(5): 55-60
稀土对无取向硅钢组织和性能的影响研究现状
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郝娟娟, 刘朋成
作者信息
  • 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 郝娟娟(1992-),女,内蒙古呼和浩特市人,博士,工程师,现从事硅钢研发工作。

Research Status of Effects of Rare Earth on Microstructure and Properties of Non-oriented Silicon Steel
Juan-juan Hao, Peng-cheng Liu
Affiliations
  • Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2023-10-25
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无取向硅钢作为一种极为重要的软磁性材料,广泛应用于电机、变压器等电器设备中。近年来随着科技的不断发展,节能减排要求的日益提高,对铁芯材料性能提出了更高的要求。稀土元素添加作为一种重要的合金化手段,对无取向硅钢的性能有着显著影响并受到广泛关注。文章总结了稀土元素对无取向硅钢夹杂物、织构及磁性能的影响,并针对目前研究现状,提出未来的发展方向。

无取向硅钢  /  稀土  /  显微组织  /  磁性能

As a type of very important soft magnetic material, non-oriented silicon steel is widely used in such electrical equipment as motor and transformer. In recent years, with the continuous development of science and technology, the requirements of energy conservation and emission reduction are increasing so that the requirements for performances of iron core material are higher. As an important alloying method, the addition of rare earth elements has significant effects on the properties of non-oriented silicon steel and has been widely concerned. In this paper, the effects of rare earth elements on inclusions, texture and magnetic property of non-oriented silicon steel are summarized as well as the future development direction is proposed according to present research status.

non-oriented silicon steel  /  rare earth  /  microstructure  /  magnetic property
郝娟娟, 刘朋成. 稀土对无取向硅钢组织和性能的影响研究现状. 包钢科技, 2023 , 49 (5) : 55 -60 .
Juan-juan Hao, Peng-cheng Liu. Research Status of Effects of Rare Earth on Microstructure and Properties of Non-oriented Silicon Steel[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2023 , 49 (5) : 55 -60 .
我国有丰富的稀土矿产资源,稀土在钢铁材料中得到广泛应用,研究表明其能够起到净化钢液、夹杂物改性等作用,对改善钢铁材料的性能起到重要作用,拥有“工业味精”“工业维生素”等称号[1]。稀土在无取向硅钢的应用始于日本川崎制铁,研究发现少量混合稀土能够粗化无取向硅钢中硫化物,开辟了稀土应用于无取向硅钢的先例。随后,研究工作者针对稀土对无取向硅钢性能的影响展开广泛研究。常用的稀土元素有镧(La)、铈(Ce)和钇(Y),研究发现稀土元素对无取向硅钢钢液洁净度、铸态组织、再结晶晶粒尺寸、夹杂物形貌及织构等均有影响,从而影响磁性能[2]。本文通过介绍稀土元素在无取向硅钢中的应用,总结其对无取向硅钢中夹杂物、织构及磁性能的影响规律,为以后稀土元素在无取向硅钢中应用的研究方向提出展望。
无取向硅钢中夹杂物的数量、尺寸、形状及分布规律均对无取向硅钢磁性能有影响,而稀土元素对夹杂物有变质作用,可以通过改变夹杂物的形态、尺寸及分布规律,从而对无取向硅钢的性能产生影响。Wan等人[3]研究发现退火后La能够有效抑制MnS的析出,同时La和S能够以LaS和La2O2S的形式析出并作为AlN形核载体或与其形成更大尺寸的复合夹杂物,如图1所示。La的加入能够增大晶粒尺寸,有益于磁性能的提高和铁损的降低。Ren等人[4]研究表明在全氧含量为0.001 0%和全硫含量为0.001%的条件下,稀土Ce影响无取向硅钢中夹杂物瞬态存在形式。Ce含量为0.003 5%时,MgO-Al2O3夹杂物转变为球形的Ce2O2S和Ce-Al-Mg-Ca-S-O双相夹杂物。同时,随着时间的延长,双相夹杂物会转变为CeAlO3,冷却过程中CeAlO3会进一步转变为MgO-CexS,实现夹杂物的改性。
Hou等人[5]研究了Ce含量对无取向硅钢磁性能的影响,结果表明0.003 0%的铈能够减少所有尺寸范围的夹杂物的数量从而提高磁性能。Li等人[6]在Si含量为6.5%高硅无取向硅钢中添加Ce,发现适量的Ce能够在晶内形成铈氧化物、铈氧硫化物和铈磷化物作为凝固核,同时在晶界形成的铈氧化物和铈磷化物能够阻碍晶粒长大。晶内及晶界生成的稀土氧化物和稀土磷化物实现凝固组织的细化,同时,由于Ce的有效净化钢液作用及成品退火晶粒尺寸较大,使其铁损P10/50P10/400接近商业产品。Li等人[7]研究发现在Si含量为1.2%、Al含量为0.4%的无取向硅钢中添加0.005 1%的Ce,能够促进再结晶晶粒长大,加快再结晶率,同时能够净化钢液、减小细小MnS、改性并粗化Al2O3、球化AlN夹杂物,如图2所示。
李娜等人[8]通过研究获得了相似的结论,在Si含量为2.9%、Al含量为0.8%的无取向硅钢中添加Ce,能够提高再结晶率和增大再结晶晶粒尺寸。同时,Ce能够有效抑制MnS等微细夹杂物的析出,并可使AlN和Al2O3等夹杂物球化,如图3所示。Zhang等人[9]研究表明稀土处理对无取向硅钢非金属夹杂物有显著影响,添加0.6~0.9 kg/t稀土时,能够有效抑制AlN和MnS的析出并促进非金属夹杂物的聚集、上浮和去除,从而提高钢液的洁净度。与此同时,稀土还具有良好的脱硫脱氧能力和夹杂物改性能力,稀土处理后非金属夹杂物为以稀土自由基为核心的球形或椭圆形夹杂物。
Takashima等人[10]发现由于Ce良好的脱氧脱硫能力,可以减少夹杂物数量并增大夹杂物尺寸,并能够在去应力退火过程中通过与Al复合,显著改善晶粒生长情况,降低无取向硅钢的铁损。Fan等人[11]通过研究发现稀土元素La对无取向硅钢不仅对夹杂物有影响而且对各个生产工序组织均有影响,适量添加La能够改性AlN夹杂物,使其由块状转变为球状,并使数量和密度明显下降。与此同时,添加Ce能够细化柱状晶、改善热轧板中心带状组织,这些组织上的改善有利于最终成品性能的提高。
综上,在无取向硅钢中添加稀土元素,能够净化钢液、改善铸态及热轧态组织、改善显微组织和增大再结晶晶粒尺寸。除此之外,稀土元素最显著的作用是能够抑制细小夹杂物的析出、降低夹杂物的密度,同时对夹杂物进行改性,从而改善无取向硅钢的性能。
无取向硅钢中织构的分布及各组分强度对其性能有显著影响,稀土元素通过影响夹杂物形貌、数量和分布从而影响织构的种类和强度[12-14]。师彩娟等人[15]研究发现稀土La能够影响再结晶行为,如图4图5所示,添加稀土La后再结晶形核位置由{111}<110>和{113}<031>转变为{110}<110>和{112}<132>,即La的加入能够改变新晶粒与基体之间的取向关系。
Wan等人[3]研究发现随着La含量的增加,{001}<110>、{111}<110>和{111}<112>织构的强度提高,La的添加量为0.006 6%时,有利织构{110}<110>的强度最强,不利织构{112}<110>的强度最弱,利于磁性能的提高。Wan等人[16]研究表明,添加适量的La能够有效抑制MnS夹杂物的析出,促进晶粒长大,增大成品的平均晶粒尺寸[11],当La的添加量为0.005 5%时,获得最强的{100}和{111}纤维织构和最弱的{112}<110>织构,有效提高磁性能,获得最佳的磁性能为P1.5/50=4.268 W/kg和B50=1.768 T。
除稀土元素La外,大量研究表明稀土元素Ce对无取向硅钢的织构有显著的影响。Li等人[7]通过在无取向硅钢中添加0.005 1%的Ce,提高再结晶过程中有利织构的比例,降低不利织构{111}的比例,从而提高产品的磁性能。李娜等人[8]发现0.005 5%的Ce能够抑制细小夹杂物的析出并能够对夹杂物改性,最终减少对磁性能不利的{111}晶粒的优先形核,降低其组分强度,有利织构{100}和{110}的强度增加,从而提高无取向硅硅钢的磁性能。Hou等人[5]发现适量增加Ce的含量,能够增大退火后晶粒尺寸,提高磁通密度并降低铁损,Ce含量为0.003%时,有利织构{110}<001>强度最大。此外,添加Ce的同时,如果能够适当的降低热轧温度,提高退火温度,更有利于磁通密度的提高和铁损的降低。张年迪等人[17]通过加入稀土Ce改变50W470热轧板和冷轧板中的织构类型和强度,增加Ce含量,热轧板表层Goss织构强度降低,心部{001}<uvw>织构强度逐渐降低。冷轧板表层和心部织构类型相同,如图6图7所示。随着Ce含量增加,有利织构{100}+{110}比例增加,不利织构{111}占比减少,磁性能改善。
周情耀等人[18]研究发现在无取向硅钢中添加钇(Y),能够生成细小弥散的稀土钇氧化物阻碍晶界迁移,从而细化晶粒。同时,Y能够促进剪切带形核。添加Y能够削弱Si含量为6.5%高硅钢热轧、常化板中整体织构强度,并削弱相同退火温度下温轧板的λ织构和α*织构的强度。He等人[19]从宏观和微观角度研究了稀土元素对Si含量为3.1%无取向硅钢再结晶织构的影响,再结晶织构随稀土元素含量增加呈非线性变化,稀土的加入能够适当抑制晶界迁移、改善晶核和有效晶粒长大,增强有利织构{113}<361>和λ纤维(<001>//ND),减弱不利织构γ。
综上,关于稀土对无取向硅钢织构的影响,主要集中在轻稀土元素La和Ce上,对于重稀土元素Y的研究较少。适量添加稀土元素,通过改善显微组织、晶粒尺寸,最终达到增强有利织构、减弱不利织构的目的。
影响无取向硅钢磁性能的因素包括显微组织、夹杂物形貌、尺寸及分布规律及有利织构强度等,因此,稀土对无取向硅钢性能的影响是综合了对夹杂物的影响及对织构的影响的结果。这里对以上研究结果进行总结,说明稀土元素对无取向硅钢磁性能的影响。无论是高硅无取向硅钢还是中低硅无取向硅钢,适量添加稀土元素,均能够起到净化钢液、改性夹杂物、增大再结晶晶粒尺寸的作用。钢液的净化能够有效减少无取向硅钢中夹杂物的数量,同时能够抑制细小弥散夹杂物的析出,从而增大成品的平均晶粒尺寸,从而利于磁性能的提高。此外,夹杂物的减少、晶粒尺寸的增大,利于有利织构比例的增加,不利织构比例的减少,从而提高磁性能。综上所述,稀土元素提高无取向硅钢磁性能是多方面影响的综合结果。
稀土在钢中具有净化钢液、变质夹杂物及微合金化的作用而被广泛应用,通过以上对稀土元素在无取向硅钢中应用及对性能影响研究总结可知,适量的稀土元素能够抑制无取向硅钢中细小夹杂物的析出、粗化晶粒、改变夹杂物形状为球状或椭圆形,通过改变夹杂物数量、形状及尺寸可以抑制不利织构的形核,提高有利织构强度,从而提高无取向硅钢的磁性能。但是目前研究主要集中在轻稀土La和Ce,而对于重稀土Y的研究较少。与此同时,对于稀土元素对无取向硅钢的影响多集中于对成品夹杂物、组织、织构的检测,没有从无取向硅钢本身的组织结构及稀土本身特征出发更深层次的揭示稀土的作用机理,并且没有分中低牌号、高牌号进行系统研究。
在未来的研究中,可以从稀土元素对各个工艺流程如热轧、常化、酸轧、退火中组织和织构的影响的角度出发,研究各工艺过程组织、性能对稀土元素种类和含量的敏感性,通过试验研究与理论计算等手段结合深入揭示稀土的作用机理。同时可以分中低牌号、高牌号分别研究,为开发性能优良、应用广泛的稀土无取向硅钢奠定基础。
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2023年第49卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2023-08-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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