Article(id=1198550868917322424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198550864987254948, articleNumber=1009-5438(2023)06-0051-09, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1696694400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763686395148, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1703433600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763686395148, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763686395148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763686395148, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198550864987254948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2023', volume='49', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763686394210, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764231183111, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200835875295843255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198550864987254948, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200835875300037560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198550864987254948, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=51, endPage=59, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198550869290615493, articleId=1198550868917322424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Field Observations and Numerical Simulation of Rolling Contact Fatigue of Heavy Duty Rail, columnId=1198550865733841063, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Special Issue for Manufacturing Dept. of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The field observations and collection of relevant information of curves with different radii are carried out aiming at the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) of U75V heat-treated rail on the curved section of Tangshan-Baotou heavy haul railway. The important characteristics of rolling contact fatigue of rail are obtained through statistics and comparative analysis. Further, the model for initiation of rolling contact fatigue of rail integrating heavy haul train dynamics and damage function model is established to predict the effects of axle load, speed and adhesion coefficient on rolling contact fatigue of rail. It is found that the rolling contact fatigue of rail for up going heavy haul railway is alleviated with the increase of curve radius, there is severe peeling on R600 and R800 curves, the peeling on R1000 curve disappears by and large, while there is just slight cracks on R1600 curve as well as the rail damages of up going heavy haul railway are more serious than those of down going line at no-load. On the section of entering transition curve of up going railway R600, there is obvious peeling when excess of height of inner rail is 55 mm, while there is just sporadic small-size peeling on corresponding outer rail. The numerical simulation results could well explain the phenomena of field observation, which provides the key research tools for further treatment. The curve radius, axle load and profile after wear are determined to be the main influencing factors for rolling contact fatigue of rail in Tangshan-Baotou railway combining with the previous research results.

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针对唐包重载铁路曲线段U75V热处理钢轨发生的滚动接触疲劳损伤,开展了不同半径曲线的现场观测和相关信息搜集,通过统计和对比分析,得到了钢轨滚动接触疲劳的重要特征,并建立了集成重载列车动力学和损伤函数模型的钢轨滚动接触疲劳萌生模型,预测了轴重、速度和黏着系数对钢轨滚动接触疲劳的影响。发现上行重载线钢轨滚动接触疲劳随曲线半径的增大而减轻,R600和R800曲线上存在严重剥离,R1000曲线上剥离基本消失,而R1600曲线上仅存在轻微裂纹,相同半径曲线上行重载线的钢轨损伤程度明显比下行空载线严重。上行线R600的入过渡曲线段上,内轨在超高55 mm时开始出现比较明显的剥离,而对应外轨仅存在零星的小尺寸剥离。数值仿真结果能很好地解释现场观测现象,为进一步治理提供了关键研究工具。结合前期研究成果,可确定曲线半径、轴重、磨耗后廓形等是造成唐包线钢轨滚动接触疲劳的主要影响因素。

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彭 峰(1971-),男,河北省石家庄市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事长型材质量管理工作。

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彭 峰(1971-),男,河北省石家庄市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事长型材质量管理工作。

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彭 峰(1971-),男,河北省石家庄市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事长型材质量管理工作。

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编号 半径
/m
超高
/mm
坡度
/‰
上/下
左/右
曲线
缓长
/m
圆曲线长
/m
通过速度
/(km·h-1)
钢轨上
道时间
上次打磨
时间 深度/mm
1 600 90 -7.7~-7.1 130 867.14 70 2021-04 2022-10 0.5
2 800 80 -2.5~0.5 190 303.02 75 2020-03 2022-09 0.5
3 1 000 50 -4.6~4.8 150 422.31 68 2020-03 2022-09 0.3
4 1 600 75 1.0~3.0 190 1 402.07 90 2022-03 2022-09 0.3
5 600 80 -1.4~8.1 120 468.72 65 2020-03 2022-05 0.3
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现场观测曲线路段的相关信息

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编号 半径
/m
超高
/mm
坡度
/‰
上/下
左/右
曲线
缓长
/m
圆曲线长
/m
通过速度
/(km·h-1)
钢轨上
道时间
上次打磨
时间 深度/mm
1 600 90 -7.7~-7.1 130 867.14 70 2021-04 2022-10 0.5
2 800 80 -2.5~0.5 190 303.02 75 2020-03 2022-09 0.5
3 1 000 50 -4.6~4.8 150 422.31 68 2020-03 2022-09 0.3
4 1 600 75 1.0~3.0 190 1 402.07 90 2022-03 2022-09 0.3
5 600 80 -1.4~8.1 120 468.72 65 2020-03 2022-05 0.3
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重载钢轨滚动接触疲劳现场观测与数值模拟
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彭峰 1 , 韩玉龙 1 , 杜岳明 1 , 李静伟 1 , 张昕 2 , 赵鑫 2 , 郭艳华 3
包钢科技 | 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司制造部专辑 2023,49(6): 51-59
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包钢科技 | 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司制造部专辑 2023, 49(6): 51-59
重载钢轨滚动接触疲劳现场观测与数值模拟
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彭峰1, 韩玉龙1, 杜岳明1, 李静伟1, 张昕2, 赵鑫2, 郭艳华3
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司制造部,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2 西南交通大学轨道交通运载系统国家重点实验室,四川 成都 610031
  • 3 中国铁路呼和浩特集团有限公司工务处,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010050
  • 彭 峰(1971-),男,河北省石家庄市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事长型材质量管理工作。

Field Observations and Numerical Simulation of Rolling Contact Fatigue of Heavy Duty Rail
Feng Peng1, Yu-long Han1, Yue-ming Du1, Jing-wei Li1, Xin Zhang2, Xin Zhao2, Yan-hua Guo3
Affiliations
  • 1 Manufacturing Dept. of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China
  • 3 Job Office of China Railway Hohhot Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2023-12-25
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针对唐包重载铁路曲线段U75V热处理钢轨发生的滚动接触疲劳损伤,开展了不同半径曲线的现场观测和相关信息搜集,通过统计和对比分析,得到了钢轨滚动接触疲劳的重要特征,并建立了集成重载列车动力学和损伤函数模型的钢轨滚动接触疲劳萌生模型,预测了轴重、速度和黏着系数对钢轨滚动接触疲劳的影响。发现上行重载线钢轨滚动接触疲劳随曲线半径的增大而减轻,R600和R800曲线上存在严重剥离,R1000曲线上剥离基本消失,而R1600曲线上仅存在轻微裂纹,相同半径曲线上行重载线的钢轨损伤程度明显比下行空载线严重。上行线R600的入过渡曲线段上,内轨在超高55 mm时开始出现比较明显的剥离,而对应外轨仅存在零星的小尺寸剥离。数值仿真结果能很好地解释现场观测现象,为进一步治理提供了关键研究工具。结合前期研究成果,可确定曲线半径、轴重、磨耗后廓形等是造成唐包线钢轨滚动接触疲劳的主要影响因素。

重载铁路  /  曲线钢轨  /  滚动接触疲劳  /  列车动力学  /  曲线通过  /  损伤函数

The field observations and collection of relevant information of curves with different radii are carried out aiming at the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) of U75V heat-treated rail on the curved section of Tangshan-Baotou heavy haul railway. The important characteristics of rolling contact fatigue of rail are obtained through statistics and comparative analysis. Further, the model for initiation of rolling contact fatigue of rail integrating heavy haul train dynamics and damage function model is established to predict the effects of axle load, speed and adhesion coefficient on rolling contact fatigue of rail. It is found that the rolling contact fatigue of rail for up going heavy haul railway is alleviated with the increase of curve radius, there is severe peeling on R600 and R800 curves, the peeling on R1000 curve disappears by and large, while there is just slight cracks on R1600 curve as well as the rail damages of up going heavy haul railway are more serious than those of down going line at no-load. On the section of entering transition curve of up going railway R600, there is obvious peeling when excess of height of inner rail is 55 mm, while there is just sporadic small-size peeling on corresponding outer rail. The numerical simulation results could well explain the phenomena of field observation, which provides the key research tools for further treatment. The curve radius, axle load and profile after wear are determined to be the main influencing factors for rolling contact fatigue of rail in Tangshan-Baotou railway combining with the previous research results.

heavy haul railway  /  curve rail  /  rolling contact fatigue  /  train dynamics  /  curve negotiation  /  damage function
彭峰, 韩玉龙, 杜岳明, 李静伟, 张昕, 赵鑫, 郭艳华. 重载钢轨滚动接触疲劳现场观测与数值模拟. 包钢科技, 2023 , 49 (6) : 51 -59 .
Feng Peng, Yu-long Han, Yue-ming Du, Jing-wei Li, Xin Zhang, Xin Zhao, Yan-hua Guo. Field Observations and Numerical Simulation of Rolling Contact Fatigue of Heavy Duty Rail[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2023 , 49 (6) : 51 -59 .
重载铁路运行车辆轴重大,年运量高,轮轨相互作用恶劣的中小半径曲线容易发生钢轨磨耗、滚动接触疲劳等伤损[1]。2018年以前,我国运煤重载铁路唐包线(原京包线)采用U75V热轧轨,在小半径曲线出现了严重的侧磨及压溃现象,于是更换成硬度更高的U75V热处理轨。之后,侧磨及压溃问题大大缓解,但在小半径曲线上出现了严重的钢轨滚动接触疲劳,已成为小半径曲线钢轨打磨和换轨的主要原因。
针对钢轨滚动接触疲劳的萌生、扩展机理和防治措施,学术和工业界已开展了大量的研究。从工程应用角度出发,Martin和Michael[2]建立了两种不同等级钢轨的损伤函数模型,确定了相应的滚动接触疲劳萌生门槛值。Tunna和Urban[3]发现货车转向架、悬挂止挡间隙、车轮锥度、空重载等因素,均对钢轨滚动接触疲劳具有不可忽略的影响。针对瑞典重载铁路严重的钢轨滚动接触疲劳,Stuart等[4]制定和优化了预防性钢轨打磨措施,通过改善轮轨接触关系来减轻钢轨损伤。
基于数值预测和室内试验结果,大量学者研究了钢材微观结构、轮轨接触载荷、轮轨蠕滑率、磨耗、界面第三介质等因素对钢轨疲劳寿命的影响。Donzella等提出了一种基于剪切应变积累计算的滚动接触疲劳模型,将磨耗对疲劳的抑制作用考虑在内。Maya等[5]在室内试验中发现,同等条件下高硬度R370CrHT钢轨的裂纹扩展速率小于传统的R260钢轨。Roumen等[6]开展了现场损伤钢轨的失效分析,发现除了白色蚀刻层外,还存在一个硬度明显较低的棕色蚀刻层。引入基于Archard磨耗模型的轨面磨耗预测,将磨耗的影响考虑在内,周宇等[7]建立了基于临界平面法的钢轨滚动接触疲劳裂纹萌生预测模型,分析了U75V热处理钢轨在磨耗下的裂纹萌生特征。王军平等[8]发现钢轨硬度(HB)每提高10,平均磨耗率降低3%~6%,滚动接触疲劳裂纹萌生寿命延长9%~12%。
需指出,鉴于钢轨滚动接触疲劳的影响因素众多,考虑现场实际运输条件的相关研究尚存在很多不足。本文以唐包线U75V热处理钢轨的滚动接触疲劳为对象,首先展示滚动接触疲劳区分布、裂纹深度等现场观测结果,重点分析了曲线半径、过渡曲线段和超高、空/重载等的影响;其次,介绍了集成重载列车动力学模型和损伤函数模型的钢轨滚动接触疲劳预测模型,以及部分变参数研究结果,为系统揭示唐包线钢轨滚动接触疲劳的典型特征与萌生机理奠定基础。
唐包线上行线为重载货运(轴重25 t,以万吨运煤列车为主),年运量大概在2.0亿~2.2亿t,下行线运行货运空车,年运量在4 000万~5000万t。上、下行均为无缝线路,铺设U75V热处理材质的60N钢轨,轨枕为ⅢA型混凝土枕,枕距0.6 m,轨底坡为1∶40。重载列车典型编组形式是轴重25 t、功率9 600 kW的8轴电力机车(两节4轴机车内重联)牵引108节轴重25 t货车。2018年,唐包线完成了扩能改造,将正线上最小曲线半径提高至600 m左右。内、外轨出现的滚动疲劳伤损形貌见图1
另外,机车装有轮缘润滑,曲线外轨轨侧润滑每天喷涂一次,由加挂到客车尾部的涂油小车实现。上行曲线大约每半年进行1次钢轨打磨,下行曲线每1.5年进行1次钢轨打磨,均在集中修期间开展,具体打磨深度视损伤程度而定。
钢轨滚动接触疲劳与曲线半径、坡度、材质、空/重载、润滑、行车速度、轮轨廓形等因素密切相关[9],现场测试制定了优先选择中小半径、大坡度曲线的选线原则,综合工务段反馈的损伤严重区段、
上线安排可行性等其他制约性条件,最终选取了5条曲线,相关信息见表1,选取了4条半径为600 m、800 m、1 000 m和1 600 m的上行曲线,及1条半径为600 m的下行曲线。
鉴于圆曲线段钢轨状态基本稳定,圆曲线段现场观测的具体测点任意选取,但入过渡曲线段的钢轨损伤逐渐加重,出过渡曲线段的钢轨损伤逐渐减轻,其测点选取考虑了超高变化。现场测试时,利用数码相机记录了轨面状态,采用Miniprof测量了钢轨实际廓形,使用涡流探伤仪测量了不同横向位置的轨面裂纹深度,并记录了过渡曲线段测点的具体超高。需强调,作者针对表1中的5条曲线钢轨开展了现场跟踪测试,本文围绕2023年3月的一次观测结果开展分析,截至观测时1—5号曲线上钢轨已分别上道服役了1年11个月、3年、3年、1年和3年(详见表1)。
鉴于车轮实际廓形对钢轨滚动接触疲劳具有重要影响,也赴相应的机务段与车辆段,对主力机、货车的车轮磨耗后廓形开展了随机观测,典型廓形见图2。由车轮观测结果发现,车轮服役状态良好。图2中横、纵坐标分别沿车轮的轴向与径向,采用了径向零点错开设置的双纵坐标形式,以为方便展示机、货车结果。
需说明,现场观测发现,表1中5条曲线的轨距、超高、轨枕、枕距、道床等均养护良好,即它们的服役状态恶化,可能对钢轨滚动接触疲劳造成一定影响,但不是造成上述钢轨损伤的主因。另外,图3展示了从工务段得到的最近一次的轨道不平顺测量结果,发现曲线的高低、轨向不平顺幅值基本在±2 mm范围内,明显低于美国5级谱的不平顺幅值,说明唐包线轨道几何状态也不错,轨道几何不平顺对钢轨滚动接触疲劳的影响不是上述钢轨损伤的主因[10],也得到了模拟验证。值得指出,图3中轨向和高低零值错开设置,以方便展示。
图4(a)对比展示了不同半径曲线圆曲线段内轨的轨面状态,相应的外轨对比图示于图4(b)中,其中行车方向均为从下至上。首先,观察内、外轨滚动接触疲劳的横向分布范围,发现R600和R800曲线上钢轨疲劳区的横向分布范围很广,根据其特征不同,可大致分为位于轨头内、外侧的两个疲劳区(图4(b)中R800轨面照片最易区分),此分区现象由钢轨磨耗后廓形决定。当半径增至1 000 m时,轨面疲劳区明显收窄,可认为仅存在1个疲劳区,内轨踏面疲劳区位置趋向轨顶中心,而外轨踏面疲劳区位置则趋向轨距角。半径进一步增至1 600 m时,内轨轨面疲劳区继续收窄,位置与R1000曲线差异不大,外轨疲劳区主要在轨距角和内侧轨肩。进一步观察钢轨损伤严重程度,发现内、外轨滚动接触疲劳均随着曲线半径的增大而减轻,R600和R800曲线上存在严重剥离,R1000曲线上剥离基本消失,而R1600曲线上仅存在轻微的裂纹。
图4(a)(b)对应的钢轨廓形和裂纹深度测量结果分别示于图4(c)(d),形象展示了磨耗和裂纹深度的横向分布。图中以60N的标准廓形作为参照,沿横向选取了5个裂纹深度测点(轨顶中心、内外侧轨肩和内外侧轨距角处)。可以看出,内、外轨磨耗均随着半径的增大而减轻,且外轨在R800和R1000曲线上存在明显的侧磨,这些均与已有认知相符。裂纹深度总体上也随着半径增大而降低,但也存在一些不符合此规律的测试结果,其原因如下,半径越小,钢轨磨耗越严重,其对滚动接触疲劳的抑制作用更强。现场采用了无损的涡流探伤仪来测量裂纹深度,其可靠的测量范围是0.5~3 mm(大于3 mm的测量不到结果),且现场测量误差受钢轨表面状态、测点横向位置不精确等很多因素影响。
以钢轨滚动接触疲劳最严重的R600曲线为例,入过渡曲线段内、外轨的滚动接触疲劳观测结果示于图5。以不同测点处的超高为主变量,以方便展示钢轨滚动接触疲劳在过渡曲线段的变化,其中90 mm超高对应圆曲线段测点。需说明,在图5(a)(b)中行车方向依然是从下至上。
图5可见,超高H从35 mm逐渐增至90 mm时,内、外轨滚动接触疲劳均逐渐加重,剥离从无到有再至严重,疲劳区也逐渐增宽,这些现象均符合预期。值得指出,内轨在超高55 mm时已开始发生比较明显的剥离,相同超高下外轨也开始发生零星剥离,但尺寸要小得多。图5(a)和(b)对应的钢轨廓形和裂纹深度测量结果分别示于图5(c)(d)。从图5中可见,钢轨磨耗随着超高的增加而越来越严重,裂纹深度也有增加的趋势。
以R600曲线的圆曲线段为例,图6对比展示了上/下行(重/空载)线上内、外轨滚动接触疲劳观测结果,图6(a)中行车方向仍为从下至上。很明显,重载线的钢轨磨耗、滚动接触疲劳分布范围和损伤程度、裂纹深度等均比空载线严重得多。具体而言,空载线内轨上仅在轨顶中心附近存在裂纹,而重载线内轨的内侧轨肩发生了严重剥离,轨顶中心至外侧轨肩区域也存在裂纹;空载线外轨仅在内侧轨肩存在裂纹,重载线在外、内侧轨肩之间的区域均存在严重的疲劳裂纹,且伴有剥离。
列车通过时轮轨动力相互作用,是产生钢轨滚动接触疲劳的根本原因。为准确预测车轮施加于钢轨的载荷边界,在SIMPACK环境中建立了唐包线的典型万吨列车的动力学模型,实现不同速度、载重、曲线半径、界面黏着系数等条件下的列车曲线通过行为模拟,输出所有轮轨的动态、时变接触结果。模型中考虑了一台8轴电力机车和1节货车,与动力学相关的机车车辆结构和参数均准确考虑在内,另107节货车以等效载荷的形式施加于货车模型尾部车钩处,轨道曲线的直线、过渡曲线和圆曲线段均考虑在内,可方便施加轨道不平顺和实测轮轨廓形。本文采用了上道1个月以后的实测钢轨廓形和图2所示的车轮廓形。
基于上述列车动力学模型的动态轮轨接触行为模拟结果,采用损伤函数模型来预测钢轨滚动接触疲劳的萌生。损伤函数主变量磨耗数(Tγ)随时间变化,其定义为:
Tγ=Txγx+Tyγy
式中,Tγ分别表示任一车轮作用下的蠕滑力和蠕滑率,下标xy分别表示纵向和横向。
英国BS11钢(平均硬度(HB)约240)的损伤函数模型见图7中黑色实线,假设损伤函数关键门槛值AB(下标区分不同钢种)与硬度正相关,且损伤速率(图中折线斜率)不随材质变化,则可得到U75V热处理钢(平均硬度(HB)约369)的损伤函数模型,见图7红色虚线。英国BS11钢:A1=15 N,B1=65 N,C1=175 N;U75V热处理钢:A2=23 N,B2=100 N,C2=253 N。
需指出,鉴于相关研究结果[10],滚动接触疲劳的具体计算中不再假设纵向蠕滑力与车轮滚动同向时裂纹不扩展,即任何方向的蠕滑力均可导致滚动接触疲劳,得到任一车轮通过造成的钢轨滚动接触疲劳总损伤。按照文献介绍的方法,将时变总损伤离散到不同时刻的接触斑内,沿时间积分得到滚动接触疲劳损伤在钢轨表面上的三维分布。具体离散时,采用0.1 mm的空间离散尺寸,时间积分等效为沿纵向的空间积分,其中隐含了时间步(短时)内稳态损伤分布的假设。再线性叠加不同车轮导致的三维损伤,得到列车通过后钢轨纵向任一位置处的滚动接触疲劳损伤。
利用上述预测模型,已在前期研究中分析了曲线半径、过渡段超高、轮轨廓形、机/货车贡献等因素对钢轨滚动接触疲劳的影响,可部分解释上述现场观测结果。在考虑实测轨道不平顺、实际轮轨廓形及列车匀速通过的前提下,本节开展更多参数变化,重在分析货车重量、列车速度、界面黏着系数等对圆曲线钢轨滚动接触疲劳的影响。
之前研究表明,唐包上行线钢轨滚动接触疲劳由货车主导,本节通过改变货物装载量p,来分析不同货车轴重对重载线钢轨滚动接触疲劳的影响,具体选取满载(100%)直至空载(0)。不同轴重工况下,上行R600圆曲线段钢轨滚动接触疲劳损伤的横向分布结果示于图8,其中黏着系数取0.3,运行速度等参数见表1。图中纵坐标为整列车单次通过后,钢轨某横截面的损伤量,具体取100 m长圆曲线段内的平均值。选取图8中损伤峰值作为特征参数,得到上行R600圆曲线段钢轨滚动接触疲劳峰值随装载量的变化,如图9所示。
可见,随着载重量的增加,滚动接触疲劳损伤量显著增大,意味着裂纹萌生时间缩短。例如,内轨疲劳峰值从满载下7.3×10-5-1降至空载下3.4×10-6-1,同时,疲劳区变窄,且损伤峰值位置也沿横向移动;外轨滚动接触疲劳也呈现类似的现象,损伤峰值从满载下1.05×10-4-1降至空载下1.9×10-6-1。另外,当装载量高于约40%时,其对内轨滚动接触疲具有重要的影响,装载量越大,疲劳越严重;对外轨滚动接触疲劳的影响同样存在,但上述临界装载量大约在20%~40%之间。
考虑到列车运行速度对轮轨蠕滑力(率)及滚动接触疲劳的影响,本节以上行R600曲线为例,货车取满载,黏着系数取0.3,改变列车速度以分析其对重载钢轨滚动接触疲劳的影响,图10图11展示了圆曲线段的损伤预测结果,所采用的数据处理方法与上节相同。可见,对于上行R600圆曲线段,在所研究的速度范围内,低运行速度大致会加速内轨滚动接触疲劳的萌生,降低外轨的萌生速率,但变化幅度都不大,即列车通过速度不具有重要的影响。
考虑到合理润滑有助于减轻轮轨黏着系数和钢轨滚动接触疲劳,本节针对不同半径圆曲线段,开展了黏着系数对钢轨滚动接触疲劳的影响研究,黏着系数在0.35~0.5之间变化。关键模拟参数依然取自表1,货车取满载工况,结果如图1213所示,依然采用上述数据处理方法。
图12可见,上行R600曲线内轨的滚动接触疲劳峰值,随着黏着系数的增大而增大,但外轨的影响可忽略。类似的现象也可以在图13中看到,但影响可能存在于钢轨不同侧,例如,R800曲线上,其影响更多在外轨。需强调,当曲线半径足够大时,滚动接触疲劳损伤峰值趋于零,轮轨黏着系数的影响不再重要。
(1)线路轨道结构、轨道不平顺等状态良好,不是造成钢轨滚动接触疲劳的重要原因。
(2)随着曲线半径增大,钢轨滚动接触疲劳逐渐减轻,上行(重载)R600和R800曲线上存在严重剥离,R1000曲线上剥离基本消失,而R1600曲线上仅存在轻微裂纹。曲线半径由600 m增至1 600 m时,上行线外、内轨轨面疲劳区均由2个降至1个,内轨疲劳区逐渐向轨顶中心移动,而外轨疲劳区向轨距角移动,轨面裂纹深度大致呈降低趋势,但降幅较小。
(3)上行线R600曲线的入过渡曲线段上,随着超高的增大,内、外轨滚动接触疲劳均逐渐加重,裂纹深度相应增加,剥离从无到有再至严重,内、外轨的疲劳区逐渐由1个增至2个。内轨在超高55 mm时已开始发生比较明显的剥离,相同超高下外轨开始发生零星剥离,但尺寸要小得多。
(4)与下行空载线相比,上行重载线的钢轨磨耗、滚动接触疲劳分布范围和损伤程度、裂纹深度等要严重得多。下行线R600曲线上内、外轨仅分别在轨顶中心和内侧轨肩附近存在裂纹,内轨存在轻度剥离。
(5)集成列车动力学和损伤函数模型,重点预测了轴重、速度和黏着系数的影响,结合前期研究成果,发现曲线半径、轴重、磨耗后廓形等是造成唐包线钢轨滚动接触疲劳的主要影响因素。模拟结果能很好的解释现场观测的现象,为进一步治理措施研究提供了关键研究工具。
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2023年第49卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2023-10-08
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-08
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    1 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司制造部,内蒙古 包头 014010
    2 西南交通大学轨道交通运载系统国家重点实验室,四川 成都 610031
    3 中国铁路呼和浩特集团有限公司工务处,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010050
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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