Article(id=1198550867193463439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198550864987254948, articleNumber=1009-5438(2023)06-0007-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1696694400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763686394737, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1703433600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763686394737, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763686394737, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763686394737, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198550864987254948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2023', volume='49', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763686394210, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764231183111, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200835875295843255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198550864987254948, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200835875300037560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198550864987254948, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198550869772960477, articleId=1198550867193463439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Control of Longitudinal Crack on Surface of Q420NQR1 Beam Blank with Single Nozzle Pouring, columnId=1198550865733841063, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Special Issue for Manufacturing Dept. of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the causes of defect of longitudinal crack on surface of Q420NQR1 continuous casting billet and rolled products with hypo-peritectic steel are analyzed as well as the control measures are put forward. The results indicated that the defect of longitudinal cracks for rolled products originated from longitudinal cracks on surface of casting blank, most of which were on the web of beam blank away from submerged entry nozzle. The inner flow field of crystallizer is studied by physical simulation. It is found that there is single circulation flow on the web of crystallizer, which directly causes the melt cinder layer of casting powder away from submerged entry nozzle to be thinner so that effective heat control is difficult to be realized at this position. The flow velocity of surface layer of liquid steel could be reduced and even distribution of melt cinder could be promoted through appropriately increasing the insertion depth of submerged entry nozzle; the quality of casting blank and rolled products could be improved combining with the uneven burden distribution mode of casting powder so that the longitudinal crack rates of casting blank and rolled products are reduced by 30% and 34% respectively.

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针对亚包晶钢Q420NQR1连铸坯及轧材的表面纵裂纹缺陷分析了纵裂纹成因并提出了控制措施。结果表明,轧材的纵裂纹缺陷源于铸坯表面纵裂纹,铸坯表面纵裂纹绝大部分位于异型坯远离水口位置的腹板。通过物理模拟对结晶器内部流场进行研究,发现结晶器内腹板位置存在单循环流,这直接导致远离水口位置的保护渣液渣层较薄,在该位置下难以实现有效控热。通过适当增加水口插入深度可以降低钢液表面流速并促进液渣均匀分布;同时结合保护渣非均匀布料方式可有效改善铸坯及轧材质量,铸坯及轧材纵裂纹率分别降低30%和34%。

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张 凯(1989-),男,内蒙古商都县人,工程师,现从事炼钢连铸工艺研究工作。

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张 凯(1989-),男,内蒙古商都县人,工程师,现从事炼钢连铸工艺研究工作。

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张 凯(1989-),男,内蒙古商都县人,工程师,现从事炼钢连铸工艺研究工作。

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(a)试样边缘处裂纹;(b)试样中心位置处裂纹

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范围 C Si Mn P S Cu Ni Cr V
上限 0.12 0.45 1.35 0.020 0.015 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.14
下限 0.08 0.35 1.25 0 0 0.28 0.26 0.28 0.10
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Q420NQR1大梁钢化学成分(质量分数)%

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范围 C Si Mn P S Cu Ni Cr V
上限 0.12 0.45 1.35 0.020 0.015 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.14
下限 0.08 0.35 1.25 0 0 0.28 0.26 0.28 0.10
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位置 试样边缘处 试样中心处
裂纹处 15.8 18.1
远离裂纹位置1 39.2 30.8
远离裂纹位置2 35.2 29.3
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试样不同位置珠光体比例(体积分数)%

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位置 试样边缘处 试样中心处
裂纹处 15.8 18.1
远离裂纹位置1 39.2 30.8
远离裂纹位置2 35.2 29.3
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裂纹发生位置 是否为渣沟
远水口侧(南侧) 10 13
近水口侧(北侧) 1 6
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南北侧不同种类裂纹数量

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裂纹发生位置 是否为渣沟
远水口侧(南侧) 10 13
近水口侧(北侧) 1 6
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项目 原型参数 模型参数
结晶器尺寸
(长×宽×高)/mm
750×383×93 450×230×56
液体流量/(m3·h-1) 5.90 1.64
水口内径/mm 30 18
水口插入深度/mm 65 39
保护渣密度/(kg·m-3) 2 500 880
保护渣动力黏度/(Pa·s) 0.79 0.28
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试验参数

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项目 原型参数 模型参数
结晶器尺寸
(长×宽×高)/mm
750×383×93 450×230×56
液体流量/(m3·h-1) 5.90 1.64
水口内径/mm 30 18
水口插入深度/mm 65 39
保护渣密度/(kg·m-3) 2 500 880
保护渣动力黏度/(Pa·s) 0.79 0.28
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单水口浇注Q420NQR1异型坯表面纵裂纹控制
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张凯 1 , 彭治强 2 , 卢雄慧 1 , 赵宏志 1 , 崔弘 1 , 侯自兵 2 , 唐萍 2
包钢科技 | 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司制造部专辑 2023,49(6): 7-12
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包钢科技 | 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司制造部专辑 2023, 49(6): 7-12
单水口浇注Q420NQR1异型坯表面纵裂纹控制
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张凯1, 彭治强2, 卢雄慧1, 赵宏志1, 崔弘1, 侯自兵2, 唐萍2
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司炼钢厂,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2 重庆大学材料科学与工程学院,重庆 400044
  • 张 凯(1989-),男,内蒙古商都县人,工程师,现从事炼钢连铸工艺研究工作。

Control of Longitudinal Crack on Surface of Q420NQR1 Beam Blank with Single Nozzle Pouring
Kai Zhang1, Zhi-qiang Peng2, Xiong-hui Lu1, Hong-zhi Zhao1, Hong Cui1, Zi-bing Hou2, Ping Tang2
Affiliations
  • 1 Steel-making Plant of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • 2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
出版时间: 2023-12-25
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针对亚包晶钢Q420NQR1连铸坯及轧材的表面纵裂纹缺陷分析了纵裂纹成因并提出了控制措施。结果表明,轧材的纵裂纹缺陷源于铸坯表面纵裂纹,铸坯表面纵裂纹绝大部分位于异型坯远离水口位置的腹板。通过物理模拟对结晶器内部流场进行研究,发现结晶器内腹板位置存在单循环流,这直接导致远离水口位置的保护渣液渣层较薄,在该位置下难以实现有效控热。通过适当增加水口插入深度可以降低钢液表面流速并促进液渣均匀分布;同时结合保护渣非均匀布料方式可有效改善铸坯及轧材质量,铸坯及轧材纵裂纹率分别降低30%和34%。

Q420NQR1异型坯  /  纵裂纹  /  物理模拟  /  插入深度  /  非均匀布料

In this paper, the causes of defect of longitudinal crack on surface of Q420NQR1 continuous casting billet and rolled products with hypo-peritectic steel are analyzed as well as the control measures are put forward. The results indicated that the defect of longitudinal cracks for rolled products originated from longitudinal cracks on surface of casting blank, most of which were on the web of beam blank away from submerged entry nozzle. The inner flow field of crystallizer is studied by physical simulation. It is found that there is single circulation flow on the web of crystallizer, which directly causes the melt cinder layer of casting powder away from submerged entry nozzle to be thinner so that effective heat control is difficult to be realized at this position. The flow velocity of surface layer of liquid steel could be reduced and even distribution of melt cinder could be promoted through appropriately increasing the insertion depth of submerged entry nozzle; the quality of casting blank and rolled products could be improved combining with the uneven burden distribution mode of casting powder so that the longitudinal crack rates of casting blank and rolled products are reduced by 30% and 34% respectively.

Q420NQR1 beam blank  /  longitudinal crack  /  physical simulation  /  insertion depth  /  uneven burden distribution
张凯, 彭治强, 卢雄慧, 赵宏志, 崔弘, 侯自兵, 唐萍. 单水口浇注Q420NQR1异型坯表面纵裂纹控制. 包钢科技, 2023 , 49 (6) : 7 -12 .
Kai Zhang, Zhi-qiang Peng, Xiong-hui Lu, Hong-zhi Zhao, Hong Cui, Zi-bing Hou, Ping Tang. Control of Longitudinal Crack on Surface of Q420NQR1 Beam Blank with Single Nozzle Pouring[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2023 , 49 (6) : 7 -12 .
Q420NQR1大梁钢(以下简称Q420NQR1)因其优异的力学性能以及耐大气腐蚀性能被广泛用于铁路平板车大梁[1]。然而,由于其成分位于亚包晶钢范围,同时又含有微合金化元素,在连铸坯以及轧制后的成品H型钢表面频繁产生纵裂纹[2]。通常认为纵裂纹源于铸坯在结晶器中的初始凝固过程,这又在很大程度上依赖于结晶器内部的流场[3-4]。该型钢采用薄腹板的BB3(730 mm×370 mm×90 mm)断面异型坯进行轧制,为适应现场生产,目前采用翼缘直通型单水口的非对称浇注方式。这种浇注方式带来的直接问题是结晶器内非对称的流场以及铸坯的不均匀凝固[5],加剧了纵裂纹的产生。本文从连铸坯表面纵裂纹的特征出发,利用物理模拟的方法对结晶器流场特征进行解析,从而提出控制表面纵裂纹的优化措施。
Q420NQR1的生产工艺流程为铁水→铁水预处理→转炉→LF炉精炼→连铸→轧制。其化学成分如表1所示。浇注过程采用0.80 m/min恒定拉速浇注,过热度控制在30 ℃左右。结晶器水口采用单侧翼缘布置,详细位置以及水口尺寸如图1所示。
轧材裂纹的宏观形貌如图2所示,可以看出裂纹缺陷纵向形貌较为曲折且呈现不连续分布,存在裂纹分支的情况,且在宽度方向上裂纹宽度大小不一。由此可推断轧材上的纵向裂纹缺陷不是由于轧制生产时划伤造成的。
对轧材裂纹缺陷处的金相组织进行分析,为了排除裂纹位置选取对分析结果的影响,选取裂纹中心处、裂纹边缘处、远离裂纹处进行观察。图3为轧材裂纹中心处、裂纹边缘处以及远离裂纹处轧材表面金相组织。结果表明在裂纹处的铁素体比例较小,存在氧化脱碳的情况。统计得到的不同位置珠光体比例结果如表2所示。由表2可见,不管是试样边缘处还是试样中心处,裂纹处的珠光体比例均小于远离裂纹处的珠光体比例。其中缺陷处珠光体比例平均为16.95%,远离裂纹处珠光体的平均比例为33.63%,即缺陷处珠光体比例远远低于正常位置处,这进一步表明该轧材裂纹缺陷在轧制之前就已产生。
对于亚包晶钢而言,首要的控制措施是保证弯月面缓冷,而保护渣液渣层厚度又是决定控热程度好坏的重要因素。通过对铸坯纵裂纹缺陷进行跟踪,发现纵裂纹在内弧侧腹板位置均有出现,其典型宏观形貌如图4所示。纵裂纹主要分为渣沟裂纹和非渣沟裂纹两种,其中渣沟裂纹主要是由于液渣供应不足,渣圈与初生坯壳直接接触导致铸坯表面凹陷,从而形成坯壳薄弱区域,最终导致纵裂纹的产生;对于非渣沟裂纹,虽然有保护渣液渣的供应,但其液渣量依然无法满足控热需求,由于冷却较强引起不均匀凝固,最终导致纵裂纹的产生。
通过统计大量的铸坯纵裂纹形貌特征,得到近水口侧(北侧)与远水口侧(南侧)两种典型裂纹类型的数量如表3所示。结果表明,在统计的样本中裂纹发生在远水口侧(南侧)的比例为76.7%,北侧为23.3%;远水口侧(南侧)裂纹中为渣沟裂纹的比例为43.5%,非渣沟裂纹的比例为56.5%;近水口侧(北侧)裂纹为渣沟裂纹的比例为14.3%,非渣沟裂纹的比例为85.7%,远水口侧(南侧)发生裂纹的频率显著大于近水口侧(北侧)。同时,由于目前为单水口浇注,结晶器内流场的均匀性是影响裂纹发生的重要因素。故本文接下来将通过物理模拟对结晶器流场进行研究,以分析远近水口侧结晶器内流场特征的差异,从而针对性地对裂纹进行控制。
由物理模拟的基础理论可知,结晶器内的钢液流动行为的物理模拟主要考虑几何相似和动力相似,涉及的相似准数有雷诺准数(Re)、弗鲁德准数(Fr)和韦伯准数(We)。因为结晶器内的流场大部分区域处于紊流状态,Re大于第二临界值,流体的湍流程度及速度分布不再受Re的影响,所以主要考虑惯性力和重力的关系,即保证Fr的相似。对结晶器内自由液面钢液的流动行为进行研究,钢液与液态保护渣的界面张力对物理模拟的影响程度较大,需要考虑韦伯准数(We)的相等。因此,本研究需要保证模型和原型的FrWe两个准数相等,如式(1)和式(2)所示。
弗鲁德准数:
Fr= v 2 g l= ρ l 3 · ( v 2 / l ) ρ g l 3=
韦伯准数:
We= ρ v 2 l σ
式中:FrWe分别为弗鲁德准数和韦伯准数;ρ为液体密度,kg/m3;v为流体流速,m/s;l为流体长度,m;σ为流体表面张力,N/m;g为重力加速度,m/s2
为了观察结晶器流场中渣层的分布情况,利用真空泵油与煤油的混合物来模拟液渣。试验的保护渣黏度根据实际的保护渣成分计算得到,相似比公式如式(3)及式(4)所示。通过调节真空泵油和煤油的比例,得到试验所需的保护渣黏度。
v/v=v/v
μ / ρ μ / ρ = μ / ρ μ / ρ
式中:v为实际液渣的运动黏度,m2/s;v为实际钢液的运动黏度,m2/s;v为试验模拟液渣的混合油的运动黏度,m2/s;v为试验模拟钢液的水的运动黏度,m2/s;μμμμ表示液渣、混合油、钢液和水的动力黏度,Pa·s;ρρρρ表示液渣、混合油、钢液及水的密度,kg/m3。原型和模型的几何相似比为1∶0.6,其他相关参数如表4所示。
利用示踪剂可观察钢液在结晶器内部的流场形态。图5为水口插入深度在65 mm条件下不同时刻示踪剂在结晶器内的分布。结果表明,模拟钢液从浸入式水口出来之后在5 s之内达到冲击深度位置,此外一部分钢液沿着腹板向远离水口的位置(南侧)扩散;在10 s内,模拟钢液到达远离水口的位置(南侧)翼缘位置,一部分流股沿着水口方向回流,另外一部分钢液朝着钢液表面运动,在腹板中部附近位置形成了较大的涡流;在20 s之内,向结晶器表面方向运动的流股在抵达钢液表面之后,沿着腹板向近水口侧(北侧)运动,在弯月面附近的钢液其总体流动方向向右,有着明显的方向一致性;在30 s之内,示踪剂达到完全混匀状态。总体来看,钢液表面腹板位置存在单向的钢液流动,可能导致液渣在钢液黏性力作用下向近水口侧(北侧)流动。
根据3.2节,单水口浇注条件下结晶器内腹板位置存在大区域循环流,为进一步分析循环流对液渣分布的影响,在水模型模拟钢液表面加入混合油,以模拟保护渣液渣在不同位置的分布,稳定条件下液渣分布如图6所示。从图6中结果来看,位于腹板南侧区域的液渣厚度低于腹板北侧。图7为从结晶器上方观察到的远水口侧(南侧)保护渣液渣分布的情况,可以看到该位置存在一定面积的裸露区域,在现场也观察到该位置火苗较为旺盛,这主要是由于粉渣层直接与高温钢液接触导致粉渣中的碳质材料燃烧引起的,验证了结晶器远水口侧(南侧)位置液渣总体偏薄的情况。
利用双丝法[6]对结晶器远近水口侧各位置液渣层厚度进行测量,测得的结果如图8所示。可以看出,远水口侧(南侧)除4点和5点液渣层稍厚,1点的液渣层较薄(接近0 mm,基本上无液渣)。且从远水口侧到近水口侧,液渣层厚度整体呈现出增加的趋势,这与物理模拟观察到的结果一致,验证了物理模型的准确性。
水口插入深度的改变对于现场而言是最容易实现且最有效的流场优化方式,故首先对水口插入深度进行优化。通过3.2节对于流场形态的分析,结晶器内部存在单向的钢液流动,此时钢液流速的大小决定着液渣厚度分布的均匀性。由于纵裂纹主要发生在腹板位置,故接下来对不同插入深度下1点、2点和3点三个位置下的表面流速和液渣厚度进行对比分析。对不同插入深度条件下的模拟钢液表面流速以及对应的模拟液渣厚度进行测量,结果如图9所示。从图9(a)可以看出,随着插入深度增加,结晶器腹板位置处钢液表面流速整体表现出逐渐降低的趋势,说明结晶器上部循环流强度逐渐降低;图9(b)结果表明,当插入深度从55 mm增加至65 mm时,1点位置液渣厚度有所增加,但其他位置厚度增加不明显。但当插入深度从65 mm增加至75 mm时,腹板三个点位置的液渣厚度均有一定程度的增加,且靠近南侧的1点位置液渣层厚度相对较高,满足保护渣控热的需求。因此,钢液表面流速是决定液渣厚度的重要因素,为促进液渣的均匀分布,应当适当地增大水口插入深度,但插入深度不宜过深,否则容易导致上循环流强度过低,不利于保护渣化渣以及弯月面的缓冷[7]。根据物理模拟结果,将现场的水口插入深度从原来的65 mm提高至75 mm。
优化前,7#铸机采用自动加渣的方式对保护渣进行均匀布料,布料点分别在南侧翼缘、腹板中心和水口位置处,且三个位置处的保护渣加渣量相当。随着浇注过程的进行,南侧保护渣颗粒熔化之后形成的液渣一部分流入结晶器壁与坯壳之间的通道,而更多的液渣在结晶器流场的作用下向结晶器北侧聚集。此外,对于异型坯浇注而言,现有的自动加渣方式难以保证连铸过程中相对恒定的粉渣层厚度,若不采取人工补渣操作,粉渣层厚度将逐渐降低,这就导致南侧液渣受到粉渣的压力降低更容易流向结晶器北侧,难以实现腹板南侧位置的有效控热[8]。故对现有的7#铸机采用非均匀布料制度,即增加南侧保护渣加入量,降低北侧加入量,从而弥补南侧液渣量较少的问题。同时,在人工补渣时,尽量保证南侧多而北侧少的补渣原则。
优化前,铸坯及轧材的纵裂纹率均在10%以上。通过采取优化水口插入深度以及非均匀布料措施,纵裂纹率均降至10%以内,铸坯以及轧材纵裂纹率分别降低30%和34%,工艺优化的效果较为明显,如图10所示。
(1)Q420NQR1大梁钢的纵裂纹源于铸坯,且铸坯裂纹中南侧腹板裂纹占比为76.7%。物理模拟结果表明,结晶器内部腹板位置存在较强的单循环流,导致液渣在腹板南侧的液渣层厚度较低,不利于亚包晶钢钢种的控热。
(2)通过采取合适的水口插入深度可以有效减小表面钢液流速对液渣分布不均匀性的影响,采用保护渣非均匀布料的措施可以促进渣层的均匀分布。生产实践表明,以上措施均能有效降低铸坯及轧材的裂纹率。
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2023年第49卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2023-10-08
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-08
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    1 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司炼钢厂,内蒙古 包头 014010
    2 重庆大学材料科学与工程学院,重庆 400044
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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