Article(id=1198550348827816685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198550344985837722, articleNumber=1009-5438(2023)05-0088-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1692201600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763686271148, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1698163200000, pubDateStr=2023-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763686271148, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763686271148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763686271148, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198550344985837722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2023', volume='49', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763686270233, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764231160152, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200835779015602647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198550344985837722, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200835779015602648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198550344985837722, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=88, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198550349771535106, articleId=1198550348827816685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Comparative Analysis on National Standard Method and Actual Measurement Method for ΔKth of Rail, columnId=1187102804364640261, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Others, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The hardness of hardened layer for rails after quenching is with hardness gradient and it is difficult to accurately calculate the threshold value ΔKth of fatigue crack growth for rails. In the paper, the detection of threshold value ΔKth is carried out through software optimization based on the fatigue crack growth software. The threshold values ΔKth of U75V and U71Mn quenched rails with different stress ratios are obtained by national standard method and actual measurement method respectively. As a result, the threshold values ΔKth of quenched rails obtained by actual measurement method are more accurate through comparative analysis of data.

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钢轨经淬火后,获得的硬化层硬度有硬度梯度,通过国标法很难准确地计算出其疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值ΔKth。文章在fatigue crack growth软件的基础上,通过软件优化解决门槛值ΔKth的检测。对不同应力比下U75V、U71Mn淬火钢轨分别利用国标法和实测法获得门槛值ΔKth,通过数据对比分析,对于淬火钢轨使用实测法更能准确地确定其门槛值ΔKth

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贾鹏霞(1987-),女,内蒙古乌兰察布市人,工程师,现从事金属材料物理性能检测研究工作。

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贾鹏霞(1987-),女,内蒙古乌兰察布市人,工程师,现从事金属材料物理性能检测研究工作。

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贾鹏霞(1987-),女,内蒙古乌兰察布市人,工程师,现从事金属材料物理性能检测研究工作。

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Crack length/mm Cycles/N ΔK/(N·mm-3/2) da/dN/(mm·cycles-1) lg(ΔK) lg(da/dN)
20.77 4 446 439 211.793 2.169×10-7 2.325 9 -6.663 7
20.63 3 385 636 213.123 2.326×10-7 2.328 6 -6.633 4
20.51 2 831 223 216.887 2.749×10-7 2.336 2 -6.560 8
20.43 2 473 434 219.126 3.213×10-7 2.340 7 -6.493 1
20.05 1 954 121 221.541 3.445×10-7 2.345 5 -6.462 8
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U75V淬火轨疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值测量数据统计和计算结果

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Crack length/mm Cycles/N ΔK/(N·mm-3/2) da/dN/(mm·cycles-1) lg(ΔK) lg(da/dN)
20.77 4 446 439 211.793 2.169×10-7 2.325 9 -6.663 7
20.63 3 385 636 213.123 2.326×10-7 2.328 6 -6.633 4
20.51 2 831 223 216.887 2.749×10-7 2.336 2 -6.560 8
20.43 2 473 434 219.126 3.213×10-7 2.340 7 -6.493 1
20.05 1 954 121 221.541 3.445×10-7 2.345 5 -6.462 8
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Crack length/mm Cycles/N ΔK/(N·mm-3/2) da/dN/(mm·cycles-1) lg(ΔK) lg(da/dN)
24.16 3 724 188 208.59 2.109×10-7 2.319 3 -6.675 9
24.22 4 357 721 207.02 1.878×10-7 2.316 0 -6.726 3
24.41 5 802 580 204.91 1.641×10-7 2.311 6 -6.784 9
24.48 6 282 581 202.55 1.534×10-7 2.306 5 -6.814 2
24.56 7 061 981 200.16 1.395×10-7 2.301 4 -6.855 4
24.61 8 399 830 199.45 1.301×10-7 2.299 8 -6.885 7
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U71Mn淬火轨疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值测量数据统计和计算结果

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Crack length/mm Cycles/N ΔK/(N·mm-3/2) da/dN/(mm·cycles-1) lg(ΔK) lg(da/dN)
24.16 3 724 188 208.59 2.109×10-7 2.319 3 -6.675 9
24.22 4 357 721 207.02 1.878×10-7 2.316 0 -6.726 3
24.41 5 802 580 204.91 1.641×10-7 2.311 6 -6.784 9
24.48 6 282 581 202.55 1.534×10-7 2.306 5 -6.814 2
24.56 7 061 981 200.16 1.395×10-7 2.301 4 -6.855 4
24.61 8 399 830 199.45 1.301×10-7 2.299 8 -6.885 7
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试样材质 编号 R 材料
系数n1
lgC1
/(m·cycle-1)
相关
系数
n1平均值 lgC1平均值
/(m·cycle-1)
ΔKth计算值
/(N·mm-3/2)
ΔKth平均值
/(N·mm-3/2)
U75V 1-1 0.1 11.423 -33.23 0.990 1 11.40 -33.19 219.12 218.00
1-2 11.382 -33.15 0.989 2 216.89
1-3 0.3 10.928 -32.07 0.987 1 10.92 -32.06 213.13 215.34
1-4 10.909 -32.04 0.991 3 217.54
1-5 0.5 10.584 -31.28 0.990 8 10.50 -31.12 214.04 212.96
1-6 10.425 -30.97 0.980 8 211.89
1-7 0.8 9.328 -28.39 0.984 1 9.31 -28.34 212.22 210.79
1-8 9.296 -28.29 0.981 0 209.36
U71Mn 2-1 0.1 10.316 -30.54 0.990 8 10.28 -30.48 207.55 208.07
2-2 10.241 -30.43 0.988 6 208.59
2-3 0.3 9.913 -29.68 0.991 2 9.91 -29.68 207.02 205.96
2-4 9.908 -29.69 0.992 4 204.91
2-5 0.5 9.324 -28.32 0.991 7 9.34 -28.35 202.55 201.36
2-6 9.351 -28.37 0.989 7 200.16
2-7 0.8 8.692 -26.88 0.989 3 8.61 -26.86 199.45 199.31
2-8 8.531 -26.85 0.991 1 199.17
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国标GB/T 6398—2000方法计算门槛值ΔKth

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试样材质 编号 R 材料
系数n1
lgC1
/(m·cycle-1)
相关
系数
n1平均值 lgC1平均值
/(m·cycle-1)
ΔKth计算值
/(N·mm-3/2)
ΔKth平均值
/(N·mm-3/2)
U75V 1-1 0.1 11.423 -33.23 0.990 1 11.40 -33.19 219.12 218.00
1-2 11.382 -33.15 0.989 2 216.89
1-3 0.3 10.928 -32.07 0.987 1 10.92 -32.06 213.13 215.34
1-4 10.909 -32.04 0.991 3 217.54
1-5 0.5 10.584 -31.28 0.990 8 10.50 -31.12 214.04 212.96
1-6 10.425 -30.97 0.980 8 211.89
1-7 0.8 9.328 -28.39 0.984 1 9.31 -28.34 212.22 210.79
1-8 9.296 -28.29 0.981 0 209.36
U71Mn 2-1 0.1 10.316 -30.54 0.990 8 10.28 -30.48 207.55 208.07
2-2 10.241 -30.43 0.988 6 208.59
2-3 0.3 9.913 -29.68 0.991 2 9.91 -29.68 207.02 205.96
2-4 9.908 -29.69 0.992 4 204.91
2-5 0.5 9.324 -28.32 0.991 7 9.34 -28.35 202.55 201.36
2-6 9.351 -28.37 0.989 7 200.16
2-7 0.8 8.692 -26.88 0.989 3 8.61 -26.86 199.45 199.31
2-8 8.531 -26.85 0.991 1 199.17
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编号 R 实测ΔKth
/(N·mm-3/2)
ΔKth平均值
/(N·mm-3/2)
1-1 0.1 223.36 221.32
1-2 219.28
1-3 0.3 218.41 219.31
1-4 220.21
1-5 0.5 218.35 216.91
1-6 215.47
1-7 0.8 213.81 214.72
1-8 215.64
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MTS实测法U75V淬火轨门槛值ΔKth

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编号 R 实测ΔKth
/(N·mm-3/2)
ΔKth平均值
/(N·mm-3/2)
1-1 0.1 223.36 221.32
1-2 219.28
1-3 0.3 218.41 219.31
1-4 220.21
1-5 0.5 218.35 216.91
1-6 215.47
1-7 0.8 213.81 214.72
1-8 215.64
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编号 R 实测ΔKth
/(N·mm-3/2)
ΔKth平均值
/(N·mm-3/2)
2-1 0.1 211.52 210.82
2-2 210.13
2-3 0.3 208.14 207.50
2-4 206.86
2-5 0.5 205.59 204.74
2-6 203.89
2-7 0.8 201.47 201.95
2-8 202.43
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MTS实测法U71Mn淬火轨门槛值ΔKth

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编号 R 实测ΔKth
/(N·mm-3/2)
ΔKth平均值
/(N·mm-3/2)
2-1 0.1 211.52 210.82
2-2 210.13
2-3 0.3 208.14 207.50
2-4 206.86
2-5 0.5 205.59 204.74
2-6 203.89
2-7 0.8 201.47 201.95
2-8 202.43
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试样材质 编号 R 国标法 实测法 国标法与
实测法差值
/(N·mm-3/2)
计算ΔKth
/(N·mm-3/2)
ΔKth平均值
/(N·mm-3/2)
实测ΔKth
/(N·mm-3/2)
ΔKth平均
/(N·mm-3/2)
U75V 1-1 0.1 219.12 218.00 223.36 221.32 -3.32
1-2 216.89 219.28
1-3 0.3 213.13 215.34 218.41 219.31 -3.97
1-4 217.54 220.21
1-5 0.5 214.04 212.96 218.35 216.91 -3.95
1-6 211.89 215.47
1-7 0.8 212.22 210.79 213.81 214.72 -3.93
1-8 209.36 215.64
U71Mn 2-1 0.1 207.55 208.07 211.52 210.82 -2.75
2-2 208.59 210.13
2-3 0.3 207.02 205.96 208.14 207.50 -1.54
2-4 204.91 206.86
2-5 0.5 202.55 201.36 205.59 204.74 -3.38
2-6 200.16 203.89
2-7 0.8 199.45 199.31 201.47 201.95 -2.64
2-8 199.17 202.43
), ArticleFig(id=1198570143862325818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, articleId=1198550348827816685, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

国标法计算门槛值与实测法测定门槛值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样材质 编号 R 国标法 实测法 国标法与
实测法差值
/(N·mm-3/2)
计算ΔKth
/(N·mm-3/2)
ΔKth平均值
/(N·mm-3/2)
实测ΔKth
/(N·mm-3/2)
ΔKth平均
/(N·mm-3/2)
U75V 1-1 0.1 219.12 218.00 223.36 221.32 -3.32
1-2 216.89 219.28
1-3 0.3 213.13 215.34 218.41 219.31 -3.97
1-4 217.54 220.21
1-5 0.5 214.04 212.96 218.35 216.91 -3.95
1-6 211.89 215.47
1-7 0.8 212.22 210.79 213.81 214.72 -3.93
1-8 209.36 215.64
U71Mn 2-1 0.1 207.55 208.07 211.52 210.82 -2.75
2-2 208.59 210.13
2-3 0.3 207.02 205.96 208.14 207.50 -1.54
2-4 204.91 206.86
2-5 0.5 202.55 201.36 205.59 204.74 -3.38
2-6 200.16 203.89
2-7 0.8 199.45 199.31 201.47 201.95 -2.64
2-8 199.17 202.43
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钢轨ΔKth国标法与实测法对比分析
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贾鹏霞 , 李培德 , 王婷 , 杨静 , 苏丽丽
包钢科技 | 其他 2023,49(5): 88-93
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包钢科技 | 其他 2023, 49(5): 88-93
钢轨ΔKth国标法与实测法对比分析
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贾鹏霞, 李培德, 王婷, 杨静, 苏丽丽
作者信息
  • 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 贾鹏霞(1987-),女,内蒙古乌兰察布市人,工程师,现从事金属材料物理性能检测研究工作。

Comparative Analysis on National Standard Method and Actual Measurement Method for ΔKth of Rail
Peng-xia Jia, Pei-de Li, Ting Wang, Jing Yang, Li-li Su
Affiliations
  • Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2023-10-25
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钢轨经淬火后,获得的硬化层硬度有硬度梯度,通过国标法很难准确地计算出其疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值ΔKth。文章在fatigue crack growth软件的基础上,通过软件优化解决门槛值ΔKth的检测。对不同应力比下U75V、U71Mn淬火钢轨分别利用国标法和实测法获得门槛值ΔKth,通过数据对比分析,对于淬火钢轨使用实测法更能准确地确定其门槛值ΔKth

钢轨  /  疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值ΔKth  /  疲劳裂纹扩展速率  /  实测法

The hardness of hardened layer for rails after quenching is with hardness gradient and it is difficult to accurately calculate the threshold value ΔKth of fatigue crack growth for rails. In the paper, the detection of threshold value ΔKth is carried out through software optimization based on the fatigue crack growth software. The threshold values ΔKth of U75V and U71Mn quenched rails with different stress ratios are obtained by national standard method and actual measurement method respectively. As a result, the threshold values ΔKth of quenched rails obtained by actual measurement method are more accurate through comparative analysis of data.

rail  /  threshold value ΔKth of fatigue crack growth  /  fatigue crack growth rate  /  actual measurement method
贾鹏霞, 李培德, 王婷, 杨静, 苏丽丽. 钢轨ΔKth国标法与实测法对比分析. 包钢科技, 2023 , 49 (5) : 88 -93 .
Peng-xia Jia, Pei-de Li, Ting Wang, Jing Yang, Li-li Su. Comparative Analysis on National Standard Method and Actual Measurement Method for ΔKth of Rail[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2023 , 49 (5) : 88 -93 .
随着我国铁路重载、提速的迅猛发展,钢轨的负担日益加重,对钢轨的安全性提出更高要求。钢轨在使用过程中,裂纹的出现是不可避免的,因此,用断裂力学研究裂纹的扩展特性。疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值(简称门槛值)ΔKth是钢轨损伤容限设计的一个重要参量,随着科技的发展,原先检测到da/dN=10-8 mm/周次已经很困难,现在通过柔度法和多周平均法可以检测更小的裂纹扩展速率da/dN
目前工程中规定用da/dN=10-7 mm/周次所对应的△K值作为门槛值,称之为实用门槛值ΔKthO,国标GB/T 6398—2000《金属材料疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验方法》[1]也采用了实用门槛值ΔKthO,有试验发现,当△K≤△KthO时,仍能观测到裂纹的明显扩展[2]。在这样的情况下,淬火钢轨硬化层存在硬度梯度,国标法不能够准确的反映材料的门槛值,因此,找到一种较为可靠的确定真实门槛值的方
法显得非常重要。
试样选择包钢轨梁厂生产的60 kg/m淬火轨U75V和U71Mn,严格按照TB/T 2344—2020《43 kg/m~75 kg/m热轧钢轨订货技术条件》[3]规定选取制样位置和试样尺寸。图1为疲劳裂纹扩展试样尺寸。
按照GB/T 6398—2000要求,首先对试验试样缺口进行线切割,然后在MTS810上预制疲劳裂纹,参数Kmax选为450 N/mm3/2,频率为30 Hz,预制长度为0.1 B,B代表试样的厚度。疲劳裂纹扩展试验采用降K法,控制方式采用△K控制,应力比R分别选0.1、0.3、0.5、0.8。
按照GB/T 6398—2000方法进行门槛值ΔKth试验,近门槛值附近的da/dN用割线法处理,用表达式(da/dN)i=(ai+1-ai)/(Ni+1-Ni)算出各个编号的da/dN值。
对于三点弯曲试样,ΔK的表达式如下:
ΔK= Δ P m a x B W 1 / 2 6 α 1 / 2 ( 1 + 2 α ) ( 1 - α ) 3 / 2[1.99-α(1-α)(2.15-3.93α+2.7α2)]
式中:α=a/W;B代表试样的厚度;W代表试样的宽度;ΔPmax代表最大力的力值范围;a代表计算裂纹长度;ΔK代表应力强度因子范围。
da/dN从10-6 mm/周次到10-7 mm/周次,选取(da/dN)i和△Ki五组以上数据,对组数据按paris公式[1]:
da/dN=C1K)n1
两边取对数,得到:
lg(da/dN)=lgC1+n1lg(△K)
以lg(da/dN)为自变量,用线性回归法拟合曲线。求出Paris公式中常数C1n1。取标准要求的da/dN=10-7 mm/周次为门槛值,计算疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值ΔKth。本文给出了应力比为0.5的U75V淬火轨和应力比为0.3的U71Mn淬火轨门槛值测量数据统计和计算结果,见表1表2
表1结果,对U75V淬火轨疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值测量数据用线性回归法拟合,得出计算lg(da/dN)的关系式如下:
R=0.1时:lg(da/dN)=11.40lg(ΔK)-33.19
R=0.3时:lg(da/dN)=10.92lg(ΔK)-32.06
R=0.5时:lg(da/dN)=10.58lg(ΔK)-31.28
R=0.8时:lg(da/dN)=9.31lg(ΔK)-28.34
表2结果,对U71Mn淬火轨疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值测量数据用线性回归法拟合,得出计算lg(da/dN)的关系式如下:
R=0.1时:lg(da/dN)=10.28lg(ΔK)-30.49
R=0.3时:lg(da/dN)=9.90lg(ΔK)-29.69
R=0.5时:lg(da/dN)=9.34lg(ΔK)-28.35
R=0.8时:lg(da/dN)=8.61lg(ΔK)-26.86
对U75V淬火轨和U71Mn淬火轨,分别选取R为0.1、0.3、0.5、0.8,测量疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值ΔKth,每个R值取两个试样,数据根据线性回归法拟合关系式计算,取其平均值,结果见表3
国标法需要取da/dN从10-6 mm/周次到10-7 mm/周次的(da/dN)i和△Ki五组以上数据,对数组按paris公式计算,它属于一种估算疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值△Kth,对轧制状态下没有硬度梯度的钢轨,非常实用,对有硬度梯度的淬火轨随着距离踏面深度的增加,裂纹形成难易情况也随着发生变化,很难真实反映淬火轨的门槛值。
严格按照GB/T 6398—2000门槛值ΔKth试验要求,进行疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验,门槛值ΔKth值直接从设置好的软件图表中读出,图2为软件显示结果。
按照实测法,对U75V淬火轨和U71Mn淬火轨分别选取R为0.1、0.3、0.5、0.8,测量疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值△Kth,读出的门槛值△Kth表4表5
实测法是通过软件实测疲劳裂纹扩展速率,直到da/dN达到10-7 mm/周次,选取对应的△K值作为钢轨的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值△Kth,反映的是真实检测到的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值△Kth,能准确的判断出材料的门槛值,对于淬火钢轨门槛值的测定,更有指导意义。
表6为分别取四组U75V淬火轨和U71Mn淬火轨试样,应力比分别选0.1、0.3、0.5、0.8,运用国标法计算的门槛值ΔKth和使用实测法测得的门槛值ΔKth
表6不难看出,淬火轨通过国标法计算出的门槛值与实测值相差最高达3.97 N/mm3/2。因为钢轨经淬火后,轨头受热和内部组织形态变化的不均匀,轨头温度分布不均匀,从而使淬火钢轨获得的硬化层硬度有硬度梯度。钢轨经淬火后珠光体细化,经过淬火处理的试样珠光体片层间距比轧态试样片层间距小[4],片层间距小的珠光体片层会增加裂纹扩展的能量,从而使试样裂纹扩展更难。因此沿着硬度梯度方向裂纹形成的难易程度是不一样的,继续利用国标法来计算门槛值就会与实际门槛值出现较大的差值。轧态下的轨头没有硬度梯度,国标法和实测法ΔKth接近,对于淬火轨在国标法求得的结果与实测法的值相差比较大,所以对于淬火轨实测法更适合,更能反映出钢轨真实的门槛值。
图3图4为U75V淬火轨和U71Mn淬火轨不同应力比门槛值变化趋势图。
图3图4可以看出U75V和U71Mn淬火轨在不同应力比的门槛值变化趋势,随着应力比R的增加,疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN增加,疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值呈逐渐降低的趋势[5]
(1)钢轨经淬火后,获得的硬化层硬度有硬度梯度,通过国标法很难准确的计算出其疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值ΔKth,而实测法能真实反映轨头不同硬度值下的门槛值,所以实测法对淬火钢轨损伤容限设计更有指导意义。
(2)疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值ΔKth随着应力比R增加,门槛值ΔKth变小。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
GB/T 6398—2000,金属材料疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验方法[S].
[2]
王永廉. 对确定疲劳裂纹扩展理论门槛值方法的评介[J]. 南京工程学院学报, 2002, 2(1):1-5.
[3]
TB/T 2344—2020,43 kg/m-75 kg/m热轧钢轨订货技术条件[S].
[4]
周庆飞. 75 kg/m重载用钢轨淬火工艺及疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究[D]. 包头: 内蒙古科技大学, 2019.
[5]
王博, 张骁勇, 马晶, 等. 一种X80管线钢焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的研究[J]. 焊管, 2014, 37(3):8-13.
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  • 接收时间:2023-08-17
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-10-25
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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