Article(id=1198550346671944382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198550344985837722, articleNumber=1009-5438(2023)05-0061-05, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1691769600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763686270635, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1698163200000, pubDateStr=2023-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763686270635, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763686270635, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763686270635, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198550344985837722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2023', volume='49', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763686270233, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764231160152, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200835779015602647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198550344985837722, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200835779015602648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198550344985837722, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=61, endPage=65, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198550347020071617, articleId=1198550346671944382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Brief Analysis on Deformation Failure of Welding for 420 MPa Grade Steel for Rim, columnId=1187095652984042303, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Variety Quality and Experimental Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

During the process of manufacturing automobile rims by purchased 420CL steel of one wheel plant in the winter, there is welding deformation cracking at edge of the rims with remained “rolled round edge” of steel coils. The metallographic structure and microhardness of edges with and without cracking of rim are detected with metalloscope and microhardness tester respectively as well as the causes of cracking are analyzed. The values of microhardness of weld seam, coarse grain heat affected zone, fine grain heat affected zone and parent metal at edge of the rims with remained “rolled round edge” of steel coils are 217, 215, 223 and 150 respectively, while those without “rolled round edge” of steel coils are 222, 230, 235 and 220 respectively. The difference of microhardness for welding heat affected zone and parent metal at edge of the rim with cracking is about 70, this is the main cause for cracking of rim. After flash butt welding, the difference of material hardness for welding fine grain heat affected zone and without welding heat effect along edge of rim is too large so that the deformation coordination ability at edge of rim is destroyed and the stress concentration is generated at juncture to cause cracking.

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某车轮厂冬季采购一批420CL钢加工汽车轮辋过程中保留钢卷“轧制圆边”的轮辋边缘发生焊接变形开裂。使用金相显微镜和显微硬度计检测轮辋开裂边缘和对应未开裂边缘的金相组织和显微硬度,分析开裂原因。保留钢卷“轧制圆边”的轮辋边缘的焊缝、热影响粗晶区、热影响细晶区以及母材显微硬度分别为217、215、223、150,没有钢卷“轧制圆边”的轮辋边缘的焊缝、热影响粗晶区、热影响细晶区以及母材的硬度分别为222、230、235和220,发生开裂的轮辋边部焊接热影响区与母材显微硬度相差约70,这是导致轮辋开裂的主要原因。闪光对焊后,沿轮辋边缘焊接热影响细晶区与未受焊接热影响的材料硬度相差太大,破坏了轮辋边缘变形协调能力,在结合处产生应力集中引发开裂。

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张智刚(1992-),男,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事新产品开发及稀土钢研发工作。

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张智刚(1992-),男,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事新产品开发及稀土钢研发工作。

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张智刚(1992-),男,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事新产品开发及稀土钢研发工作。

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420 MPa级轮辋用钢焊接变形失效原因浅析
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张智刚 , 宿成 , 杨维宇 , 李鹏
包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2023,49(5): 61-65
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包钢科技 | 品种质量与试验研究 2023, 49(5): 61-65
420 MPa级轮辋用钢焊接变形失效原因浅析
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张智刚, 宿成, 杨维宇, 李鹏
作者信息
  • 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 张智刚(1992-),男,内蒙古包头市人,硕士,高级工程师,现从事新产品开发及稀土钢研发工作。

Brief Analysis on Deformation Failure of Welding for 420 MPa Grade Steel for Rim
Zhi-gang Zhang, Cheng Su, Wei-yu Yang, Peng Li
Affiliations
  • Technical Center of Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2023-10-25
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某车轮厂冬季采购一批420CL钢加工汽车轮辋过程中保留钢卷“轧制圆边”的轮辋边缘发生焊接变形开裂。使用金相显微镜和显微硬度计检测轮辋开裂边缘和对应未开裂边缘的金相组织和显微硬度,分析开裂原因。保留钢卷“轧制圆边”的轮辋边缘的焊缝、热影响粗晶区、热影响细晶区以及母材显微硬度分别为217、215、223、150,没有钢卷“轧制圆边”的轮辋边缘的焊缝、热影响粗晶区、热影响细晶区以及母材的硬度分别为222、230、235和220,发生开裂的轮辋边部焊接热影响区与母材显微硬度相差约70,这是导致轮辋开裂的主要原因。闪光对焊后,沿轮辋边缘焊接热影响细晶区与未受焊接热影响的材料硬度相差太大,破坏了轮辋边缘变形协调能力,在结合处产生应力集中引发开裂。

420CL钢  /  闪光对焊  /  变形开裂  /  显微硬度  /  金相组织

During the process of manufacturing automobile rims by purchased 420CL steel of one wheel plant in the winter, there is welding deformation cracking at edge of the rims with remained “rolled round edge” of steel coils. The metallographic structure and microhardness of edges with and without cracking of rim are detected with metalloscope and microhardness tester respectively as well as the causes of cracking are analyzed. The values of microhardness of weld seam, coarse grain heat affected zone, fine grain heat affected zone and parent metal at edge of the rims with remained “rolled round edge” of steel coils are 217, 215, 223 and 150 respectively, while those without “rolled round edge” of steel coils are 222, 230, 235 and 220 respectively. The difference of microhardness for welding heat affected zone and parent metal at edge of the rim with cracking is about 70, this is the main cause for cracking of rim. After flash butt welding, the difference of material hardness for welding fine grain heat affected zone and without welding heat effect along edge of rim is too large so that the deformation coordination ability at edge of rim is destroyed and the stress concentration is generated at juncture to cause cracking.

420CL steel  /  flash butt welding  /  deformation and cracking  /  microhardness  /  metallographic structure
张智刚, 宿成, 杨维宇, 李鹏. 420 MPa级轮辋用钢焊接变形失效原因浅析. 包钢科技, 2023 , 49 (5) : 61 -65 .
Zhi-gang Zhang, Cheng Su, Wei-yu Yang, Peng Li. Brief Analysis on Deformation Failure of Welding for 420 MPa Grade Steel for Rim[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2023 , 49 (5) : 61 -65 .
钢制车轮主要应用在商用汽车领域,作为行驶系统的重要组成部分,其中420CL钢是用于加工轮辋主要材质之一。轮辋生产一般流程为钢板→剪条料→滚边→卷圆→压平→焊接→刨渣→滚压焊缝→切断头→校圆→扩口→一次滚型→二次滚型→三次滚型→扩口精整→冲气门孔→检验。其中焊接多采用闪光对焊的方法,其具有热效率高,焊接时无需添加焊接材料,焊接件成型质量好等优势,然而,闪光对焊后轮辋常发生焊缝变形开裂问题,给加工企业及上游钢厂造成经济损失。对此相关人员做了大量工作,分析解决轮辋焊接变形开裂问题。李敏等人[1]通过研究分析裂纹起源及演变和微观组织,认为焊缝铁素体异常长大是导致开裂的主要原因,并提出优化闪光对焊工艺、降低焊接时焊缝中心高温停留时间、控制焊缝晶粒尺寸是降低轮辋焊缝开裂比率的解决方法。黄东男等人[2]对焊接头组织性能及其滚弯成型失效机制进行了研究,认为焊缝存在由Fe、Al、Si和O元素组成的外来夹杂物和富含Mn元素的内生夹杂物是导致开裂的主要原因,并提出降低原始车轮钢表面氧化层厚度和降低Mn含量的解决措施。惠亚军等人[3]通过分析微观组织认为焊缝区晶粒异常长大及焊后冷速较快而产生的粗大魏氏组织是导致开裂的主要原因,并提出降低焊接时焊缝中心高温停留时间、调整顶锻参数等解决方法。
北方某钢厂冬季生产的420 MPa级轮辋用钢加工轮辋时出现焊接变形开裂,与普遍在轮辋焊缝位置开裂不同,此次开裂全部集中在钢卷轧边的焊接热影响区,非钢卷轧边开裂现象很少,而针对类似开裂特点的轮辋失效原因分析目前鲜有报到。本文针对此问题开展了相关检测分析,阐明了导致轮辋开裂的主要原因,对车轮钢产品应用具有指导意义。
材料规格为5.5 mm×1 560 mm,化学成分见表1,力学性能见表2。产品化学成分采用低C+Mn+Nb的设计,强度控制适中,具有良好的塑性。
材料宽度方向4等分纵剪成条料,因钢卷不切边缘故,两个边条有一测保留了钢卷的“轧制圆边”。每个条料按流程加工成轮辋,闪光对焊后在进行扩口时,用边条加工的轮辋在保留“轧制圆边”的一侧出现开裂,开裂位置在焊接热影响区,开裂率为5%~8%,超出了开裂率不大于0.8%的行业要求。而在相同工艺下,两个边条的“剪切边”一侧变形情况良好,没有发生开裂。使用边条加工的开裂轮辋形貌见图1
钢卷4等分纵剪成条料如图2(a)所示,在边条两侧取样检测“轧制圆边”和“剪切边”金相组织和显微维氏硬度,试样编号分别为1#和2#。使用边条料制作成的轮辋如图2(b)所示,在其开裂一侧(即原钢卷轧制圆边)和未开裂一侧(即原钢卷剪切边)焊缝处取样检测焊缝垂直面焊缝和热影响区金相组织和显微维氏硬度,试样编号分别为3#和4#。金相组织试样研磨、抛光后用4%硝酸酒精溶液腐蚀,在OLMYPUS正置式光学显微镜进行观察,使用显微硬度计检测试样显微维氏硬度,载荷为10 kg。
1#试样和2#试样金相组织形貌见图3。从图3可以看出,1#试样金相组织为铁素体+少量珠光体,铁素体晶界光滑,尺寸大小均匀,约10 μm;2#试样金相组织为铁素体+少量珠光体,铁素体晶界不规则,尺寸大小不均匀,小则几微米,大则20 μm左右。造成2#试样铁素体晶界不规则和尺寸大小不均匀的原因分析认为是第二相析出影响所致。钢中添加微量Nb、V、Ti等合金元素后会在晶界析出纳米级尺寸的第二相,在晶粒长大过程中这些第二相对晶界迁移产生拖拽和钉扎作用,致使晶粒无规则长大或被抑制长大。1#试样铁素体形貌说明其受第二相拖拽和钉扎作用影响较小。
1#和2#试样显微维氏硬度见图4。从图4可以看出,1#试样硬度(HV)为150,2#试样硬度(HV)为220,两试样硬度相差70。1#、2#试样化学成分、组织类型和晶粒度相近,说明固溶强化、组织强化和细晶强化对强度贡献相近,从材料强化理论角度分析认为造成1#、2#试样硬度差的主要原因为析出强化作用不同所致。
金相组织和硬度检测结果均表明,代表钢卷“轧制圆边”的1#试样内部第二相析出数量少,而远离边部“剪切边”的2#试样内部析出物数量相对较多,结合产品化学成分设计判定该析出物为NbC。NbC析出温度一般在880~1 050 ℃,恰好处于热轧精轧阶段。北方冬季环境温度较低,轧薄的钢卷的“轧制圆边”较其他位置散热较快,冷却速度大,抑制了NbC的析出[4]
3#和4#试样焊缝及热影响区金相组织形貌见图5。从图5可以看出,3#和4#试样焊缝组织为块状铁素体+针状铁素体+少量珠光体,热影响区组织为等轴状铁素体+少量珠光体,4#试样热影响区等轴铁素体晶粒尺寸相比3#试样细小,前者为5~10 μm,后者为10~15 μm。分析认为造成3#和4#试样晶粒尺寸差异的主要原因是NbC含量不同。在闪光对焊过程中,材料热影响区温度迅速升高,3#试样中NbC析出数量少,基本全部回溶,4#试样中NbC析出数量多,未全部回溶,剩余的部分NbC发生粗化,粗化的NbC会成为静态再结晶的形核点[5],增大静态再结晶形核率,从而起到细化晶粒尺寸的作用,使得钢卷非轧边焊接热影响区的晶粒小于轧边。
3#和4#试样焊缝及热影响区显微硬度见图6。由图6可知,3#试样焊缝、热影响粗晶区和热影响细晶区显微硬度分别为217、215和223,4#试样焊缝、热影响粗晶区和热影响细晶区显微硬度分别为222、230和235,开裂轮辋两测焊缝及热影响区显微硬度基本相同。结合各自母材硬度比较发现,轮辋未开裂一侧(对应钢卷轧边)焊缝和热影响区的显微硬度与周围基体相近,而开裂一侧(对应钢卷切边)焊缝及热影响区与周围基体形成约70的显微硬度差,存在性能分布不均匀现象。
使用420 MPa级材料加工轮辋,闪光对焊后扩口变形时保留钢卷“轧制圆边”的一侧发生开裂,没有“轧制圆边”(为剪切状态)的另一测没有开裂。轮辋两边焊缝和热影响区金相组织和硬度控制相近,说明焊缝和热影响区组织变化不是引发产品开裂的原因。420 MPa级轮辋用钢在北方冬季生产,环境温度低,钢卷边部冷却速度大,抑制了NbC第二相析出强化作用,导致强度偏低。而闪光对焊后焊接热影响区组织发生变化导致强度增加,使得基体与焊接热影响区硬度差异增大,破坏了轮辋边部协调变形能力,在扩口变形过程中基体与热影响区的结合处产生应力集中,最终导致变形开裂。相比钢卷轧边,非钢卷轧边硬度高,与焊缝和热影响区的硬度相差较小,变形过程中轮辋边部受力均匀,不容易产生应力集中,具有良好成型性。
(1)使用钢卷边条加工成型的轮辋发生开裂的一端(对应钢卷轧边)和未开裂的一端(对应钢卷切边)焊缝组织为块状铁素体+针状铁素体+少量珠光体,热影响区组织为等轴状铁素体+少量珠光体,焊缝和热影响区硬度在210~240,二者组织性能控制基本相同。
(2)受NbC第二相析出强化作用影响不同,钢卷轧边强度相比其他位置低,前者显微硬度为150,其他位置显微硬度为220左右,二者相差70左右。基体与焊接热影响区硬度差异较大破坏了协调变形能力是导致含钢卷轧边轮辋发生开裂的主要原因。
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2023年第49卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2023-08-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-10-25
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    内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司技术中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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