Article(id=1198550346315428535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198550344985837722, articleNumber=1009-5438(2023)05-0033-04, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1691769600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763686270550, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1698163200000, pubDateStr=2023-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763686270550, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763686270550, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763686270550, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198550344985837722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, year='2023', volume='49', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763686270233, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764231160152, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200835779015602647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198550344985837722, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200835779015602648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, issueId=1198550344985837722, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=33, endPage=36, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198550347439502020, articleId=1198550346315428535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1185652524569653253, language=EN, title=Mechanism of Action of Rare Earth Elements on Corrosion Resistance of Low Alloy Steel, columnId=1187100781414069182, journalTitle=Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, columnName=Production Practices and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the continuous development of industry, the requirements of steel quality for various countries in the world are higher and higher. It has been current research emphasis how to improve the corrosion resistance of steel. The effects of rare earth elements on improving corrosion resistance of steel have been proved. In the paper, it is mainly elaborated the influence mechanisms of rare earth elements on modification of inclusions, causes of pitting, change of structure and components of rust layers as well as electrochemical corrosion resistance of low alloy steel through investigating a large number of literatures, which could provide the theoretical basis for promoting applications of rare earth elements in steel.

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随着工业的不断发展,世界各国对钢材质量的要求也越来越高,如何提高钢材的耐蚀性,已成为目前的研究重点。稀土元素对钢材耐腐蚀性能的改善作用已经得到了证实,文章通过调研大量文献,重点阐述了稀土元素对低合金钢夹杂物改性、点腐蚀原因、锈层结构和成分变化以及电化学腐蚀性能等方面的影响机理,为促进稀土元素在钢中的应用提供理论依据。

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雷元素(1999-),女,贵州省遵义市人,硕士,主要从事稀土元素在钢中作用方面的研究工作。

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雷元素(1999-),女,贵州省遵义市人,硕士,主要从事稀土元素在钢中作用方面的研究工作。

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雷元素(1999-),女,贵州省遵义市人,硕士,主要从事稀土元素在钢中作用方面的研究工作。

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稀土元素对低合金钢腐蚀性能作用机理
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雷元素 , 董瑞峰 , 母志鹏 , 周培英 , 吴彦杰
包钢科技 | 生产实践与管理 2023,49(5): 33-36
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包钢科技 | 生产实践与管理 2023, 49(5): 33-36
稀土元素对低合金钢腐蚀性能作用机理
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雷元素, 董瑞峰, 母志鹏, 周培英, 吴彦杰
作者信息
  • 内蒙古工业大学材料科学与工程学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051
  • 雷元素(1999-),女,贵州省遵义市人,硕士,主要从事稀土元素在钢中作用方面的研究工作。

Mechanism of Action of Rare Earth Elements on Corrosion Resistance of Low Alloy Steel
Yuan-su Lei, Rui-feng Dong, Zhi-peng Mu, Pei-ying Zhou, Yan-jie Wu
Affiliations
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2023-10-25
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随着工业的不断发展,世界各国对钢材质量的要求也越来越高,如何提高钢材的耐蚀性,已成为目前的研究重点。稀土元素对钢材耐腐蚀性能的改善作用已经得到了证实,文章通过调研大量文献,重点阐述了稀土元素对低合金钢夹杂物改性、点腐蚀原因、锈层结构和成分变化以及电化学腐蚀性能等方面的影响机理,为促进稀土元素在钢中的应用提供理论依据。

低合金钢  /  稀土元素  /  夹杂物  /  点蚀  /  锈层

With the continuous development of industry, the requirements of steel quality for various countries in the world are higher and higher. It has been current research emphasis how to improve the corrosion resistance of steel. The effects of rare earth elements on improving corrosion resistance of steel have been proved. In the paper, it is mainly elaborated the influence mechanisms of rare earth elements on modification of inclusions, causes of pitting, change of structure and components of rust layers as well as electrochemical corrosion resistance of low alloy steel through investigating a large number of literatures, which could provide the theoretical basis for promoting applications of rare earth elements in steel.

low alloy steel  /  rare earth elements  /  inclusions  /  pitting  /  rust layer
雷元素, 董瑞峰, 母志鹏, 周培英, 吴彦杰. 稀土元素对低合金钢腐蚀性能作用机理. 包钢科技, 2023 , 49 (5) : 33 -36 .
Yuan-su Lei, Rui-feng Dong, Zhi-peng Mu, Pei-ying Zhou, Yan-jie Wu. Mechanism of Action of Rare Earth Elements on Corrosion Resistance of Low Alloy Steel[J]. Science & Technology of Baotou Steel, 2023 , 49 (5) : 33 -36 .
钢铁材料是人们生活中最常见的材料,腐蚀是钢铁材料的主要破坏行为,据统计,钢铁材料由于腐蚀造成的损失是国民生产总值的6%[1]。低合金钢多用于土木工程建筑、汽车制造、造船等领域,除了考虑大气腐蚀、土壤腐蚀和海水腐蚀,更要考虑应力腐蚀。如果在材料表面产生了腐蚀坑会导致应力集中,会加速材料的报废。抑制材料的腐蚀可以有两种途径,一是通过对钢材表面进行涂装,可以让钢材表面和基体紧密接触会有效地防止局部腐蚀;二是通过多元合金化来防止腐蚀。对于方法一不是一劳永逸的,涂层的材料需要根据钢材的使用环境进行选择,涂装完成之后需要根据使用情况进行反复涂装,不仅浪费人力、物力和财力,还污染环境;方法二相比方法一来说更加环保和经济。提高钢材耐腐蚀性能的传统方式是在钢中添加Cu、Ni、Cr、P等合金元素来提高其耐蚀性,在发生腐蚀之后钢材的表面会形成致密锈层,可以防止介质中的腐蚀性粒子进入钢基体,从而提高了钢的服役年限。这种方法虽然能够提高钢的耐腐蚀性能,但是由于使用的Cu、Ni等合金元素属于贵金属,造成生产成本升高。近年来,微量稀土元素作为改善钢材耐腐蚀性能的有效元素也得到证实,并成为研究热点[2]
钢中存在夹杂物是不可避免的,例如Al2O3的存在,由于铝与氧的反应性极强,因此铝通常被用做脱氧剂。夹杂物引起钢的组织不均匀性会显著影响点蚀的发生,而夹杂物周围基体的成分或应变会进一步影响点蚀的驱动力,随着腐蚀的进行腐蚀会由局部腐蚀转变为均匀腐蚀。
稀土元素具有未充满4f电子层结构,因此有良好的化学活性,对氧、硫具有很强的亲和力,会有效地改善钢材中的氧化物和硫化物夹杂。随着稀土元素的加入,夹杂物的平均当量直径先减小后增大。Luo[3]研究表明,不含稀土的钢中Al2O3和MnS可以单独存在,也可以复合存在,钢中的氧化物主要以不规则形状存在,颗粒尺寸小于3 μm,复合夹杂物以少量MnS包裹的Al2O3和少量MgO的形式存在。王野光等[4]研究表明,在铝脱氧试验钢中,随着夹杂物中氧化铝(Al2O3)含量的逐渐降低,氧化铈(Ce2O3)含量逐渐增加,导致夹杂物从Al2O3向CeAlO3的转变。经过稀土处理的钢,其夹杂物由不规则Al2O3和MnS夹杂物转变为球形或准球形RE-O-S夹杂物,夹杂物的直径细化到小于2 μm。加入Ce-La稀土合金后,部分Ce和La将MnO-SiO2和MnS夹杂物改性为高熔点(Ce,La)2O3和(Ce,La)2O2S夹杂物,剩余的Ce和La会与氧、硫结合生成稀土夹杂物,由于钢中的S被大量消耗,因此稀土合金化之后的钢中无单独的MnS夹杂物。
Wang[5]通过对Ce-Si-Al-O-S体系进行了不同脱氧条件下的试验研究发现,Ce的加入使Al2O3转化为CeAlO3,增加Ce的加入量,CeAlO3转化为Ce2O2S。在Si和Si、Al脱氧的熔体中加入Ce,SiO2和SiO2-Al2O3分别逐渐被Ce2SiO5和SiO2-Al2O3-Ce2O3液体夹杂物取代。在腐蚀过程中,在夹杂物和基体之间的界面处形成凹坑,在凹坑形成后,腐蚀性离子在凹坑富集,腐蚀性离子的富集会有加速局部腐蚀的趋势。
低合金钢在大气环境下的腐蚀是由点蚀坑均匀扩散到面,形成均匀腐蚀。低合金钢由于含有少量的合金元素,所以其腐蚀产物是致密且连续均匀的锈层,有着保护基体的作用,因此低合金钢比普碳钢更耐腐蚀。低合金钢含有的合金元素会促进氧化产物中γ-FeOOH转变为α-FeOOH[6]
Wang等[7]的研究发现大气中SO2的含量在腐蚀初期对腐蚀行为的影响很大,在腐蚀后期则是Cl-的影响最大。其中钢在大气中的腐蚀过程可由以下化学式表示:
阳极:Fe→2e-+Fe2-
阴极:O2+2H2O+4e-→4OH-
总化学反应:2Fe+O2+2H2O→2Fe(OH)2
生成铁锈:4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O→4Fe(OH)3
钢中不含稀土元素时,钢材表面的点蚀主要是由Al2O3、MnS引起的。当夹杂物暴露在腐蚀性溶液中时,MnS首先作为阳极相溶解,产生各种含硫腐蚀性产物,从而促进点蚀发展,随着阳极溶解在微裂纹中进行,暴露的金属基体经历水解,导致凹坑的局部酸化。最后,Al2O3从钢基体中分离或化学溶解在坑内的酸性环境中。在钢材中添加稀土元素之后,不含铝的稀土氧硫化物不具备导电性,因此此类夹杂物不会与钢基体形成腐蚀电偶。在腐蚀过程中,夹杂物的中心部位最先溶解,在反应过程中形成氧浓差电池,随着点蚀的发展,点蚀坑内的pH会逐渐降低,当pH低到一定值时,稀土氧铝化合物开始溶解,当夹杂物完全溶解,钢材表面会形成稳定的点蚀坑。随着稀土元素的溶解,其溶解产物集中在点蚀坑中,抑制了点蚀坑的连续膨胀,因此钢的抗点蚀性随着稀土的加入而增强。夹杂物与基体之间的区域会直接暴露在腐蚀环境中,成为点蚀的根源,然后扩展到夹杂物中,直到它们溶解。一般合金中加入稀土可以形成自由能低的更多球形稀土氧硫化物和稀土氧铝化合物,抑制其他铝氧化物和硫氧化物的形成。严重的腐蚀发生在靠近夹杂物的间隙,而轻微的腐蚀应发生在间隙周围的扩展点。
在初始腐蚀过程中MnS等夹杂物的周围会出现腐蚀间隙,间隙的扩展不仅穿透到深层,还朝着水平方向扩展以形成浅腐蚀点,随之MnS夹杂物周围的腐蚀点尺寸扩大到几十微米,所有腐蚀点都是围绕其各自中心夹杂物的圆圈,并且在MnS和氧化物的混合包裹体中,硫浓度越高,凹坑引发的可能性越大。由于稀土元素对钢液的净化作用,使得钢中夹杂物含量减少,从而减小了点蚀的发生。
高浓度的腐蚀性离子会使得钢材电位分布更加不均匀,具有明显的低电位区和高电位区,促进腐蚀进行;随着腐蚀周期的延长,低腐蚀性离子钢形成保护性锈层,使电位分布变得相对均匀,从而降低腐蚀速率。张蕙文[8]通过干湿周浸试验和交流阻抗谱测定发现当钢表面形成稳定的锈层后,随着其稀土含量的增加钢的法拉第电阻值有所增加,也就是说钢的耐蚀性提高。林勤[9]对比不同稀土含量耐候钢腐蚀速率发现耐候钢中稀土含量较高的试件其腐蚀速率比未加稀土的试件降低了56%,其脱硫率也高达48%,并且随着稀土含量的增加钢材表面形成了厚度均匀、致密且连续的锈层,提高了钢材的耐大气腐蚀性能。通过能谱分析发现稀土含量的增加还会促进Si、Cu、P在内锈层富集,而生成的 SiO 3 2 - PO 4 3 -都有缓蚀的作用。耐候钢在大气腐蚀下的锈层分为内层和外层,外层锈层松散,内层锈层均匀致密,在锈层演化过程中,含稀土元素耐候钢的锈层与基体的接合处出现齿状界面,保证了锈层与基体的结合强度。稀土的添加会提高腐蚀产物中α-FeOOH含量,使得锈层的稳定性和致密性提高,能有效地隔离腐蚀介质的渗透,提高锈层的电化学耐蚀性,在腐蚀环境中具有较好的耐蚀性。
上述内容提到钢中添加稀土元素会对夹杂物进行改性。夹杂物尺寸减小会削弱微电偶腐蚀。MnS等夹杂物和基体之间存在的间隙构成了原电池,MnS做阴极,基体做阳极,从而加速了腐蚀的进行,而稀土元素可以变质MnS等夹杂物使得微区电化学腐蚀减弱,从某种程度上说延缓了腐蚀的进程。含有稀土的低合金钢具有很高的耐蚀性,是因为随着腐蚀的进行,阳极过程受到抑制,电阻的演变增加。样品在腐蚀过程中主要经历三个阶段,第一阶段样品表面没有致密膜形成,随着浸泡时间的增加,保护性腐蚀产物开始沉淀在样品表面,并与基体形成电偶,开始进入第二阶段;第二阶段由于腐蚀产生氧化物之间的转变使得此时的电位急剧增加;第三阶段由于基体表面形成了稳定的腐蚀产物膜,此时电位稳定并且处于钝化区。稀土元素可以最大限度地减小基体表面微观区域的电位差,从而减缓了基体腐蚀的进行。添加稀土元素会促致密锈层的形成,在腐蚀过程中致密锈层会阻碍阳极反应进行,在极化曲线中表现出“伪钝化”行为,因此致密的锈层显示出更高的耐蚀性。
随着钢铁产业的发展,人们对稀土在钢中的作用机理的研究越来越深入,稀土对钢的各种作用也越来越清晰。稀土元素的添加抑制了腐蚀性元素在锈层的偏聚,促进了合金元素在锈层富集,有利于促进锈层的生成。通过对试样的电化学性能测试可知,稀土元素添加可以提高低合金钢的自腐蚀电位、电荷转移电阻以及降低腐蚀电流密度,出现这些现象的原因是稀土元素添加提高了锈层的致密性。将稀土元素应用于低合金钢中,使得低合金钢在恶劣环境下具有出色的耐腐蚀性能。稀土元素的添加,可以改善合金钢的抗腐蚀能力,使其在酸性、碱性或盐腐蚀等条件下更为稳定。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52161015)
  • 内蒙古科技计划资助项目(2021GG0238)
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2023年第49卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2023-08-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-12
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52161015)
内蒙古科技计划资助项目(2021GG0238)
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    内蒙古工业大学材料科学与工程学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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